Fumigant Antifungal Activity of Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species
Identifieur interne : 000819 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000818; suivant : 000820Fumigant Antifungal Activity of Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species
Auteurs : Raimundo Wagner De S. Aguiar [Brésil] ; Marcio A. Ootani [Brésil] ; Sérgio Donizeti Ascencio [Brésil] ; Talita P. S. Ferreira [Brésil] ; Manoel M. Dos Santos [Brésil] ; Gil R. Dos Santos [Brésil]Source :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 1537-744X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/492138
PubMed: 24600325
PubMed Central: 3926400
Affiliations:
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PMC:3926400Le document en format XML
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and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic>
Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species</title>
<author><name sortKey="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" sort="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" uniqKey="Aguiar R" first="Raimundo Wagner De S." last="Aguiar">Raimundo Wagner De S. Aguiar</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ootani, Marcio A" sort="Ootani, Marcio A" uniqKey="Ootani M" first="Marcio A." last="Ootani">Marcio A. Ootani</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" sort="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" uniqKey="Ascencio S" first="Sérgio Donizeti" last="Ascencio">Sérgio Donizeti Ascencio</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Manoel M" sort="Dos Santos, Manoel M" uniqKey="Dos Santos M" first="Manoel M." last="Dos Santos">Manoel M. Dos Santos</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Gil R" sort="Dos Santos, Gil R" uniqKey="Dos Santos G" first="Gil R." last="Dos Santos">Gil R. Dos Santos</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Fumigant Antifungal Activity of <italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic>
and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic>
Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species</title>
<author><name sortKey="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" sort="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" uniqKey="Aguiar R" first="Raimundo Wagner De S." last="Aguiar">Raimundo Wagner De S. Aguiar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tocantins</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ootani, Marcio A" sort="Ootani, Marcio A" uniqKey="Ootani M" first="Marcio A." last="Ootani">Marcio A. Ootani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tocantins</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" sort="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" uniqKey="Ascencio S" first="Sérgio Donizeti" last="Ascencio">Sérgio Donizeti Ascencio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tocantins</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Talita P S" sort="Ferreira, Talita P S" uniqKey="Ferreira T" first="Talita P. S." last="Ferreira">Talita P. S. Ferreira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tocantins</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Manoel M" sort="Dos Santos, Manoel M" uniqKey="Dos Santos M" first="Manoel M." last="Dos Santos">Manoel M. Dos Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tocantins</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Gil R" sort="Dos Santos, Gil R" uniqKey="Dos Santos G" first="Gil R." last="Dos Santos">Gil R. Dos Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Tocantins</region>
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<series><title level="j">The Scientific World Journal</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1537-744X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic>
and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic>
essential oils samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and their qualitative and quantitative compositions established. The main component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic>
and <italic>C. nardus</italic>
was citronellal, at 61.78% and 36.6%, respectively. The essential oils and citronellal were tested for their fumigant antifungal activity against <italic>Pyricularia</italic>
(<italic>Magnaporthe</italic>
) <italic>grisea</italic>
, <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>
. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 100 to 200 ppm for the essential oils and 25 to 50 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
for citronellal. The contact assay using the essential oils and citronellal showed growth inhibition of the three fungal species. However, a concentration of 1.47 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
only reduced the inhibition of <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
growth to 90% at 14 days of exposure. For the fumigant assay, 0.05, 0.11, and 0.23 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
of essential oils and citronellal drastically affected growth of <italic>P. grisea, Aspergillus</italic>
spp., and <italic>C. musae</italic>
. Harmful effects on the sporulation and germination of the three fungi were seen, and there was complete inhibition at 0.15 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
with both oils and citronellal. This showed that the crude component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic>
and <italic>C. nardus</italic>
markedly suppressed spore production, germination, and growth inhibition of <italic>P. grisea</italic>
, <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>
.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24600325</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3926400</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/492138</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Fumigant Antifungal Activity of <italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic>
and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic>
Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aguiar</surname>
<given-names>Raimundo Wagner de S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ootani</surname>
<given-names>Marcio A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ascencio</surname>
<given-names>Sérgio Donizeti</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname>
<given-names>Talita P. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>dos Santos</surname>
<given-names>Manoel M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>dos Santos</surname>
<given-names>Gil R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO, Brazil</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Raimundo Wagner de S. Aguiar: <email>rwsa@uft.edu.br</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editors: Y. I. Kuk and W. Ma</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2014</volume>
<elocation-id>492138</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Raimundo Wagner de S. Aguiar et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p><italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic>
and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic>
essential oils samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and their qualitative and quantitative compositions established. The main component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic>
and <italic>C. nardus</italic>
was citronellal, at 61.78% and 36.6%, respectively. The essential oils and citronellal were tested for their fumigant antifungal activity against <italic>Pyricularia</italic>
(<italic>Magnaporthe</italic>
) <italic>grisea</italic>
, <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>
. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 100 to 200 ppm for the essential oils and 25 to 50 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
for citronellal. The contact assay using the essential oils and citronellal showed growth inhibition of the three fungal species. However, a concentration of 1.47 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
only reduced the inhibition of <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
growth to 90% at 14 days of exposure. For the fumigant assay, 0.05, 0.11, and 0.23 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
of essential oils and citronellal drastically affected growth of <italic>P. grisea, Aspergillus</italic>
spp., and <italic>C. musae</italic>
. Harmful effects on the sporulation and germination of the three fungi were seen, and there was complete inhibition at 0.15 mg<italic>·</italic>
mL<sup>−1</sup>
with both oils and citronellal. This showed that the crude component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic>
and <italic>C. nardus</italic>
markedly suppressed spore production, germination, and growth inhibition of <italic>P. grisea</italic>
, <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>
.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Effects of essential oils of <italic>C. nardus</italic>
, <italic>C. citriodora</italic>
, and the major constituent citronellal in PDA on the mycelial development of <italic>P. grisea</italic>
(a), <italic>Aspergillus </italic>
spp. (b), and <italic>C. musae</italic>
(c). Volatile effects of <italic>C. nardus</italic>
, <italic>C. citriodora,</italic>
and citronellal on mycelial development of <italic>P. grisea</italic>
(d), <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp. (e), and <italic>C. musae</italic>
(f), 14 days after treatment.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-492138.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Effects of volatile compounds of <italic>C. nardus</italic>
, <italic>C. citriodora, </italic>
and the major constituent citronellal in the sporulation of <italic>P. grisea</italic>
(a), <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp. (b), and<italic> C. musae </italic>
(c). Volatile effects of <italic>C. nardus</italic>
, <italic>C. citriodora</italic>
, and citronellal on spore germination (%) of <italic>P. grisea</italic>
(d), <italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp. (e), and <italic>C. musae</italic>
(f), 14 days after treatment.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-492138.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Chemical composition, concentrations (%), and Kovats indices (calculated and tabled) for essential oils of <italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic>
and<italic> Corymbia citriodora. </italic>
</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chemical compound</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Concentrations (%)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Kovats indices</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corymbia citriodora </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IKtab</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IKcalc</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>
-Pinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">980</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">980</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-Cineol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.44</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1033</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1027</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isopulegol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1146</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1144</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellal</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.53</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.78</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1153</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1152</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>
-Citronellol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.10</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1228</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1229</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Z)-Caryophyllene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1404</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1399</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalool</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1094</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1098</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geraniol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1255</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1249</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.22</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1354</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1351</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geraniol acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1383</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1386</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germacrene-D</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1480</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1489</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Delta cadinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1524</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1516</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elemol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1549</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1548</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germecrene-D-4-ol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1574</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1573</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.98</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.62</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Screening of (ppm) of <italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic>
and<italic> Corymbia citriodora</italic>
and citronellal essential oils by the PF technique. </p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Essential oils</th>
<th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Fungi</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus</italic>
spp.</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyricularia grisea </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Colletotrichum musae </italic>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. nardus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50<break></break>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. citriodora </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellal
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The values are the average of three determinations. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). </p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Percent of inhibition (%) of essential oils and the major constituent citronellal (0.47 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup>
) in PDA in the micelia development of <italic>P. grisea</italic>
, <italic>Aspergillus </italic>
spp., and <italic>C. musae</italic>
, after 14 days.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Essential oils</th>
<th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Fungi</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. grisea </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus </italic>
spp.</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. musae </italic>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. nardus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 ± 1.1<sup>b</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 ± 2.4<sup>b</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 2.9<sup>a</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. citriodora </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65± 1.4<sup>b</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 ± 1.9<sup>b</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 ± 3.2<sup>a</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellal
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 ± 1.0<sup>b</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 1.3<sup>a</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 2.6<sup>a</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>
Values are the mean of three replicates ± SE. Where the letters are the same, there is no significant difference between the fungal species at this concentration (0.47 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup>
).</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Brésil</li>
</country>
<region><li>Tocantins</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><country name="Brésil"><region name="Tocantins"><name sortKey="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" sort="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" uniqKey="Aguiar R" first="Raimundo Wagner De S." last="Aguiar">Raimundo Wagner De S. Aguiar</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" sort="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" uniqKey="Ascencio S" first="Sérgio Donizeti" last="Ascencio">Sérgio Donizeti Ascencio</name>
<name sortKey="Dos Santos, Gil R" sort="Dos Santos, Gil R" uniqKey="Dos Santos G" first="Gil R." last="Dos Santos">Gil R. Dos Santos</name>
<name sortKey="Dos Santos, Manoel M" sort="Dos Santos, Manoel M" uniqKey="Dos Santos M" first="Manoel M." last="Dos Santos">Manoel M. Dos Santos</name>
<name sortKey="Ferreira, Talita P S" sort="Ferreira, Talita P S" uniqKey="Ferreira T" first="Talita P. S." last="Ferreira">Talita P. S. Ferreira</name>
<name sortKey="Ootani, Marcio A" sort="Ootani, Marcio A" uniqKey="Ootani M" first="Marcio A." last="Ootani">Marcio A. Ootani</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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