Fumigant Antifungal Activity of Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species
Identifieur interne : 001281 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001280; suivant : 001282Fumigant Antifungal Activity of Corymbia citriodora and Cymbopogon nardus Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species
Auteurs : Raimundo Wagner De S. Aguiar [Brésil] ; Marcio A. Ootani [Brésil] ; Sérgio Donizeti Ascencio [Brésil] ; Talita P. S. Ferreira [Brésil] ; Manoel M. Dos Santos [Brésil] ; Gil R. Dos Santos [Brésil]Source :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 1537-744X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/492138
PubMed: 24600325
PubMed Central: 3926400
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Fumigant Antifungal Activity of <italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic> and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic> Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species</title><author><name sortKey="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" sort="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" uniqKey="Aguiar R" first="Raimundo Wagner De S." last="Aguiar">Raimundo Wagner De S. Aguiar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ootani, Marcio A" sort="Ootani, Marcio A" uniqKey="Ootani M" first="Marcio A." last="Ootani">Marcio A. Ootani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" sort="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" uniqKey="Ascencio S" first="Sérgio Donizeti" last="Ascencio">Sérgio Donizeti Ascencio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Talita P S" sort="Ferreira, Talita P S" uniqKey="Ferreira T" first="Talita P. S." last="Ferreira">Talita P. S. Ferreira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Manoel M" sort="Dos Santos, Manoel M" uniqKey="Dos Santos M" first="Manoel M." last="Dos Santos">Manoel M. Dos Santos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Gil R" sort="Dos Santos, Gil R" uniqKey="Dos Santos G" first="Gil R." last="Dos Santos">Gil R. Dos Santos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24600325</idno><idno type="pmc">3926400</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3926400</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3926400</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/492138</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001283</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001281</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Fumigant Antifungal Activity of <italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic> and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic> Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species</title><author><name sortKey="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" sort="Aguiar, Raimundo Wagner De S" uniqKey="Aguiar R" first="Raimundo Wagner De S." last="Aguiar">Raimundo Wagner De S. Aguiar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ootani, Marcio A" sort="Ootani, Marcio A" uniqKey="Ootani M" first="Marcio A." last="Ootani">Marcio A. Ootani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" sort="Ascencio, Sergio Donizeti" uniqKey="Ascencio S" first="Sérgio Donizeti" last="Ascencio">Sérgio Donizeti Ascencio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Talita P S" sort="Ferreira, Talita P S" uniqKey="Ferreira T" first="Talita P. S." last="Ferreira">Talita P. S. Ferreira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Manoel M" sort="Dos Santos, Manoel M" uniqKey="Dos Santos M" first="Manoel M." last="Dos Santos">Manoel M. Dos Santos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Gil R" sort="Dos Santos, Gil R" uniqKey="Dos Santos G" first="Gil R." last="Dos Santos">Gil R. Dos Santos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Scientific World Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1537-744X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic> and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic> essential oils samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and their qualitative and quantitative compositions established. The main component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic> and <italic>C. nardus</italic> was citronellal, at 61.78% and 36.6%, respectively. The essential oils and citronellal were tested for their fumigant antifungal activity against <italic>Pyricularia</italic> (<italic>Magnaporthe</italic>) <italic>grisea</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 100 to 200 ppm for the essential oils and 25 to 50 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> for citronellal. The contact assay using the essential oils and citronellal showed growth inhibition of the three fungal species. However, a concentration of 1.47 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> only reduced the inhibition of <italic>Aspergillus</italic> growth to 90% at 14 days of exposure. For the fumigant assay, 0.05, 0.11, and 0.23 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> of essential oils and citronellal drastically affected growth of <italic>P. grisea, Aspergillus</italic> spp., and <italic>C. musae</italic>. Harmful effects on the sporulation and germination of the three fungi were seen, and there was complete inhibition at 0.15 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> with both oils and citronellal. This showed that the crude component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic> and <italic>C. nardus</italic> markedly suppressed spore production, germination, and growth inhibition of <italic>P. grisea</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Skamnioti, P" uniqKey="Skamnioti P">P Skamnioti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gurr, Sj" uniqKey="Gurr S">SJ Gurr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ma, B C" uniqKey="Ma B">B-C Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, W L" uniqKey="Tang W">W-L Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, L Y" uniqKey="Ma L">L-Y Ma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mateo, Em" uniqKey="Mateo E">EM Mateo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gil Serna, J" uniqKey="Gil Serna J">J 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24600325</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3926400</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/492138</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Fumigant Antifungal Activity of <italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic> and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic> Essential Oils and Citronellal against Three Fungal Species</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aguiar</surname><given-names>Raimundo Wagner de S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ootani</surname><given-names>Marcio A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ascencio</surname><given-names>Sérgio Donizeti</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Talita P. S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>dos Santos</surname><given-names>Manoel M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>dos Santos</surname><given-names>Gil R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, 77410-530 Gurupi, TO, Brazil</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Palmas, 77.020-210 Palmas,TO, Brazil</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Raimundo Wagner de S. Aguiar: <email>rwsa@uft.edu.br</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editors: Y. I. Kuk and W. Ma</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>492138</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>8</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Raimundo Wagner de S. Aguiar et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Corymbia citriodora</italic> and <italic>Cymbopogon nardus</italic> essential oils samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS and their qualitative and quantitative compositions established. The main component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic> and <italic>C. nardus</italic> was citronellal, at 61.78% and 36.6%, respectively. The essential oils and citronellal were tested for their fumigant antifungal activity against <italic>Pyricularia</italic> (<italic>Magnaporthe</italic>) <italic>grisea</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 100 to 200 ppm for the essential oils and 25 to 50 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> for citronellal. The contact assay using the essential oils and citronellal showed growth inhibition of the three fungal species. However, a concentration of 1.47 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> only reduced the inhibition of <italic>Aspergillus</italic> growth to 90% at 14 days of exposure. For the fumigant assay, 0.05, 0.11, and 0.23 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> of essential oils and citronellal drastically affected growth of <italic>P. grisea, Aspergillus</italic> spp., and <italic>C. musae</italic>. Harmful effects on the sporulation and germination of the three fungi were seen, and there was complete inhibition at 0.15 mg<italic>·</italic>mL<sup>−1</sup> with both oils and citronellal. This showed that the crude component of essential oils of <italic>C. citriodora</italic> and <italic>C. nardus</italic> markedly suppressed spore production, germination, and growth inhibition of <italic>P. grisea</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp., and <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Effects of essential oils of <italic>C. nardus</italic>, <italic>C. citriodora</italic>, and the major constituent citronellal in PDA on the mycelial development of <italic>P. grisea</italic> (a), <italic>Aspergillus </italic>spp. (b), and <italic>C. musae</italic> (c). Volatile effects of <italic>C. nardus</italic>, <italic>C. citriodora,</italic> and citronellal on mycelial development of <italic>P. grisea</italic> (d), <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. (e), and <italic>C. musae</italic> (f), 14 days after treatment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-492138.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Effects of volatile compounds of <italic>C. nardus</italic>, <italic>C. citriodora, </italic>and the major constituent citronellal in the sporulation of <italic>P. grisea</italic> (a), <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. (b), and<italic> C. musae </italic>(c). Volatile effects of <italic>C. nardus</italic>, <italic>C. citriodora</italic>, and citronellal on spore germination (%) of <italic>P. grisea</italic> (d), <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. (e), and <italic>C. musae</italic> (f), 14 days after treatment.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-492138.002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Chemical composition, concentrations (%), and Kovats indices (calculated and tabled) for essential oils of <italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic>and<italic> Corymbia citriodora. </italic></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chemical compound</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Concentrations (%)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Kovats indices</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corymbia citriodora </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IKtab</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IKcalc</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">980</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">980</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-Cineol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1033</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1027</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isopulegol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1146</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1144</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1153</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1152</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Citronellol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1228</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1229</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Z)-Caryophyllene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1404</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1399</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1094</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1098</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geraniol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1255</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1249</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1354</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1351</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geraniol acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1383</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1386</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germacrene-D</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1480</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1489</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Delta cadinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1524</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1516</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elemol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1549</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1548</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germecrene-D-4-ol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1574</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1573</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Screening of (ppm) of <italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic>and<italic> Corymbia citriodora</italic> and citronellal essential oils by the PF technique. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Essential oils</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Fungi</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyricularia grisea </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Colletotrichum musae </italic></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. nardus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100<break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100<break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50<break></break></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. citriodora </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellal
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>The values are the average of three determinations. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). </p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Percent of inhibition (%) of essential oils and the major constituent citronellal (0.47 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) in PDA in the micelia development of <italic>P. grisea</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus </italic>spp., and <italic>C. musae</italic>, after 14 days.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Essential oils</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Fungi</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. grisea </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus </italic>spp.</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. musae </italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. nardus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 ± 1.1<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 ± 2.4<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 2.9<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. citriodora </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65± 1.4<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 ± 1.9<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 ± 3.2<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellal
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 ± 1.0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 1.3<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 ± 2.6<sup>a</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Values are the mean of three replicates ± SE. Where the letters are the same, there is no significant difference between the fungal species at this concentration (0.47 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup>).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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