Assessment of Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastes as Potential Biosorbents: A Review
Identifieur interne : 001797 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001796; suivant : 001798Assessment of Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastes as Potential Biosorbents: A Review
Auteurs : Hanan E. M. El-Sayed [Égypte, Canada] ; Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed [Égypte, États-Unis]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
There is a growing need for the use of low-cost and ecofriendly adsorbents in water/wastewater treatment applications. Conventional adsorbents as well as biosorbents from different natural and agricultural sources have been extensively studied and reviewed. However, there is a lack of reviews on biosorption utilizing industrial wastes, particularly those of food processing and pharmaceuticals. The current review evaluates the potential of these wastes as biosorbents for the removal of some hazardous contaminants. Sources and applications of these biosorbents are presented, while factors affecting biosorption are discussed. Equilibrium, kinetics, and mechanisms of biosorption are also reviewed. In spite of the wide spread application of these biosorbents in the treatment of heavy metals and dyes, more research is required on other classes of pollutants. In addition, further work should be dedicated to studying scaling up of the process and its economic feasibility. More attention should also be given to enhancing mechanical strength, stability, life time, and reproducibility of the biosorbent. Environmental concerns regarding disposal of consumed biosorbents should be addressed by offering feasible biosorbent regeneration or pollutant immobilization options.
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/146769
PubMed: 25110656
PubMed Central: 4109414
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M." last="El-Sayed">Hanan E. M. El-Sayed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Mechanical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Al Bohooth Station, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Mechanical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Al Bohooth Station, Dokki, Giza 12622</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Giza 12622</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4</nlm:aff><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>ON</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" sort="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" uniqKey="El Sayed M" first="Mayyada M. H." last="El-Sayed">Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Chemical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Al Bohooth Station, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Al Bohooth Station, Dokki, Giza 12622</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Giza 12622</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Chemistry Department, American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Chemistry Department, American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, Cairo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I5">University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 252 TRC Building, 5200 Westland Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 252 TRC Building, 5200 Westland Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21227</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>There is a growing need for the use of low-cost and ecofriendly adsorbents in water/wastewater treatment applications. Conventional adsorbents as well as biosorbents from different natural and agricultural sources have been extensively studied and reviewed. However, there is a lack of reviews on biosorption utilizing industrial wastes, particularly those of food processing and pharmaceuticals. The current review evaluates the potential of these wastes as biosorbents for the removal of some hazardous contaminants. Sources and applications of these biosorbents are presented, while factors affecting biosorption are discussed. Equilibrium, kinetics, and mechanisms of biosorption are also reviewed. In spite of the wide spread application of these biosorbents in the treatment of heavy metals and dyes, more research is required on other classes of pollutants. In addition, further work should be dedicated to studying scaling up of the process and its economic feasibility. More attention should also be given to enhancing mechanical strength, stability, life time, and reproducibility of the biosorbent. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25110656</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4109414</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/146769</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Assessment of Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastes as Potential Biosorbents: A Review</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Sayed</surname><given-names>Hanan E. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Sayed</surname><given-names>Mayyada M. H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Mechanical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Al Bohooth Station, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Chemical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Al Bohooth Station, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Chemistry Department, American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 252 TRC Building, 5200 Westland Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21227, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed: <email>mayyada@aucegypt.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Qaisar Mahmood</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>7</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>146769</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>3</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 H. E. M. El-Sayed and M. M. H. El-Sayed.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>There is a growing need for the use of low-cost and ecofriendly adsorbents in water/wastewater treatment applications. Conventional adsorbents as well as biosorbents from different natural and agricultural sources have been extensively studied and reviewed. However, there is a lack of reviews on biosorption utilizing industrial wastes, particularly those of food processing and pharmaceuticals. The current review evaluates the potential of these wastes as biosorbents for the removal of some hazardous contaminants. Sources and applications of these biosorbents are presented, while factors affecting biosorption are discussed. Equilibrium, kinetics, and mechanisms of biosorption are also reviewed. In spite of the wide spread application of these biosorbents in the treatment of heavy metals and dyes, more research is required on other classes of pollutants. In addition, further work should be dedicated to studying scaling up of the process and its economic feasibility. More attention should also be given to enhancing mechanical strength, stability, life time, and reproducibility of the biosorbent. Environmental concerns regarding disposal of consumed biosorbents should be addressed by offering feasible biosorbent regeneration or pollutant immobilization options.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>A schematic flow diagram showing the different types of available adsorbents.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2014-146769.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Summary of the different industrial food processing and pharmaceutical waste biosorbents; their sources, applications, and the relevant biosorption parameters.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of biosorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source of biosorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feed solution</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sorbate</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contact time, min</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature, °C</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial concentration of sorbate, mg/L</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mode of operation</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum<break></break>%removal</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biosorbent dose</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spent brewery grains (SBG)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mohan breweries and distilleries Limited, Chennai, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthetic dye solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AG25 acid dye of commercial name Alizarin Cyanin Green G</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tea industry waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local tea factory in China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exhausted coffee waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soluble coffee manufacturer, Catalonia, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)<break></break>Cu(II)<break></break>Ni(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8640</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sugarcane bagasse waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From local alcohol and sugar</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industries, City of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gentian Violet </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wine processing waste sludge (WPWS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ilan Wine-Processing Company, Ilan, Taiwan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(III, IV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wine processing waste sludge (WPWS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ilan<break></break>Wine-Processing Co., Ilan, Taiwan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Grape bagasse waste residue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wine production process, Styria region, Austria</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Effluent from research laboratory</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0<break></break>3.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste beer yeast</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aoke Beer Company in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.14<break></break>32.23 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste beer yeast <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beer fermentation industry, brewery located near Chennai, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Electroplating effluents</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suspended brewery yeast waste biomass<break></break>(SBW)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brewery waste biomass collected from CIUC brewery, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthetic aqueous solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beer brewery diatomite waste (SDE)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shan-Hua factory, Tobacco and Liquor Co., TainanTaiwan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthetic aqueous solution<break></break>Industrial wastewater from local factory</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) basic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1440</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spent waste beer yeast<break></break><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fermentor at a brewery, Chennai, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Battery manufacturing industrial effluent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh malted sorghum mash waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">local malted sorghum beer (pito) brewer at Navrongo, Ghana</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthetic aqueous solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) basic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 ± 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste biomass from sugarcane aguardente</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazilian alcoholic beverage production, (Lapinha, Bocaiana, Germana and Taboroa) State of Minas Gerais, Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel effluent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)<break></break>Fe(III)<break></break>Ni(II) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50<break></break>660<break></break>20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70<break></break>50<break></break>20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste biomass Cachaça Brazilian alcoholic beverage</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">the stillage generated by a liquor distillery (Germana), Minas Gerais, Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stainless steel industrial effluent from Acesita Co., Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fe(III)<break></break>Ni(II)<break></break>Cr(VI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8<break></break>2.7<break></break>600</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94<break></break>57<break></break>25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizopus oligosporus</italic> biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food processing wastewaters</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste biomass of <italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A residual biomass of a canned food factory in Bartin, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste biomass of <italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A residual biomass of a local canned food plant, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Textile Reactive Red dye (RR 198)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100–300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Cupuassu shell, <italic>Theobroma grandiflorum</italic>, (CS) </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Food residue from jelly industry, Belém-PA, Brazil </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Red dye (RR 194) </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">480</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct Blue 53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1080</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okra food industrial waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food waste from food canning processes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Fe(II)<break></break>Zn(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.4<break></break>93.8<break></break>79.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sugar industrial waste (bagasse waste)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obtained from food canning processes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Fe(II)<break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.4<break></break>93.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pineapple peel, an agricultural effluent </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food can processing industries</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste baker's yeast biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pakmaya Yeast Company, Izmir, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0<break></break>5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60<break></break>70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Desiccated coconut waste sorbent (DCWS)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">By-product of Coconut Milk Processing </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2880<break></break>400</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 <break></break>100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 <break></break><italic>F</italic> = 4 mL/min</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Pecan nut shells (<italic>C. illinoinensis</italic>) biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Biomass from food factories, Nuevo Leon, Mexico</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Blue 74 (AB74) </td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">6.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Batch<break></break>Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">10<break></break> <italic>F</italic> = 3 mL/min</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Blue 4 (RB4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Blue 25 (AB25)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange peel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid waste from local fruit juice industries, Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Cu(II)<break></break>Cd(II) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.5<break></break>89.57<break></break>81.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange (<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>) waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agrumexport, S.L., an orange juice manufacturing company<break></break>located in Murcia, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0<break></break>4.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4320<break></break>1523</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25<break></break>25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 <break></break>20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81<break></break>57.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pectin-rich fruit wastes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Residues from fruit juice and wine production, from a citrus-juice producer (Sunkist), USA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From orange juice industry, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From orange juice industry, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II) <break></break>Zn(II)<break></break>Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180<break></break>180<break></break>4320</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15<break></break>15<break></break>15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86<break></break>90<break></break>95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peach and Apricot stones</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid wastes of juice and jam industries, Egypt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180<break></break>300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.64<break></break>95.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (mango) seed kernel particles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local juice manufacturing industry</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mango seeds (MS) <italic>Mangifera indica L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice producer, Ubá-MG, Brazil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Victazol Orange 3R dye (VO-3R)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste cider yeast<break></break>biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fermentation Lab at the College of Food Science and Engineering of Northwest A & F University (Yangling, China)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apple juice solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patulin (PAT)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2160</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1<break></break>0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 <break></break><italic>F</italic> = 2 mL/min</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dairy sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dairy plant, France</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 <break></break>100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5–4.0 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The waste pomace of olive oil factory (WPOOF)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkish<break></break>Prina, Aegean region, Manisa, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50<break></break>100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100<break></break>21.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 <break></break><italic>F</italic> = 5 mL/min</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid waste from<break></break>olive oil production</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The OS and OMS wastes were provided by the “Cooperativa Nuestra Se<sup>~</sup>nora desl Castillo” extraction plant located in Vilches, in the province of Jaen (Spain)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive mill waste (OMW) two-phase decanter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mixture of pulp and olive<break></break>stones from the crushing of olives to obtain the oil, UK</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Cd(II) <break></break>Cu(II) <break></break>Hg(II) <break></break>Fe(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80<break></break>75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive mill residues (OMR)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid residues of oil production, provided by an olive mill in Abruzzo, Italy.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5<break></break>4-5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150–1440</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Room temperature</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 <break></break>40 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60%<break></break>—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 <break></break>80 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste sludge from palm oil mill, Felda Taib Andak, Johor, Malaysia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4320</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunflower oil<break></break>Waste biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biomass obtained from a sunflower oil production<break></break>Facility, Seville, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution<break></break>(mixed solution)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Ni(II)<break></break>Zn(II)<break></break>Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F</italic> = 2 L/h</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed olive stone wastes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supplied by an olive oil<break></break>Producer, Cordoba, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous <break></break>synthetic<break></break>solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Ni(II)<break></break>Cu(II)<break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.86<break></break>4.20<break></break>4.35<break></break>4.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79<break></break>70<break></break>81<break></break>95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.3 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waste olive cake (OC)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supplied by “ProBeira” an olive oil producer, Envendos Portugal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous <break></break>synthetic<break></break>solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zn(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0-7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive stones<break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From the orujo oil extraction plant ‘‘Orujera<break></break>Ubetense, Sociedad Cooperativa Andaluza,” Jaen, Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous <break></break>synthetic<break></break>Solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive pomace</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supplied by an Italian olive oil production<break></break>plant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous <break></break>synthetic<break></break>Solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)<break></break>Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive pomace<break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supplied by one of the olive oil production<break></break>Plants, Jordan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous <break></break>synthetic<break></break>Solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">240</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<break></break>40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80<break></break>62.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<break></break><italic>F</italic> = 20 mL/min</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive pomace<break></break>OP-1<break></break>OP-2<break></break>OP-3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid by-products of olive oil processing mills, the island of Lesvos, Greece.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oil mill waste water (OMWW)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phenol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50<break></break>500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>90<break></break>90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<break></break><italic>F</italic> = 1 mL/min</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon derived from exhausted olive waste cake</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive waste cake from oil factory “Agrozitex” Sfax, Tunisia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthetic aqueous solution<break></break>Industrial wastewater from local factory</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lanaset Grey G </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon derived from empty fruit bunch (EFB)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial waste from united palm oil mill, Nibong, Tebal, Malaysia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthetic aqueous solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue dye (MB)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon from tea industry waste (TIWAC)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tea waste from tea processing plant, Black Sea region, Trabzon, Turkey</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real water samples</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)<break></break>Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0<break></break>95–100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon from sago waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sago waste is collected from sago industry, Salem district, Tamilnadu, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Synthetic aqueous solution<break></break>Industrial wastewater from radiator industry</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5 ± 0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Canned food factory</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Red 57 dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Textile wastewater</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (spiked wastewater sample)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.68</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial fungi <italic>Penicillium oxalicum var. Armeniaca </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascolor Biotec (Pardubice, Czech Republic)<break></break>and Ivax Pharmaceuticals (Opava, Czech Republic)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Hg(II)<break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 <break></break>50<break></break>50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to 85 for Hg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit waste macrofungi <italic>Flammulina velutipes </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mushroom processing factory</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75<break></break>70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tolypocladium</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czech Industrial Partners</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)<break></break>Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic waste <italic>P</italic>. <italic>mutilus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SAIDAL antibiotic<break></break>production complex at Medea (Algeria)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basic Blue 41, cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0-9.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial waste of <italic>Clitopilus scyphoides </italic>(<italic>Pleurotus mutilus</italic>) fungal biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic<break></break>production plant, SAIDAL antibiotic<break></break>production complex in Médéa (Algeria)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fungal waste biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pharmaceutical companies, Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Textile wastewater effluents</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dye mixtures</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60–5000 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonliving biomass <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fermentation industry, Artemis Pharmaceuticals Limited, HAD, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">perse<break></break>mixture<break></break>Cu(II)<break></break>Cd(II)<break></break>Co(II)<break></break>Ni(II) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8<break></break>2.9<break></break>4.8<break></break>2.7<break></break>2.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70<break></break>90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 <break></break>8 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonliving biomass <italic>Aspergillus awamori </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial complex enzyme preparation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>] </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonliving biomass <italic>Aspergillus awamori </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial complex enzyme preparation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corynebacterium</italic> <break></break><italic> glutamicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fermentation industry <break></break>(BASF-Korea)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Black 5 (RB5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon from antibiotic waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial antibiotic production</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="12" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel biomass (<italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical herb, local Unani medicine manufacturing unit at Aligarh, India</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous synthetic solution</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Mixture<break></break>Cd(II)<break></break>Ni(II)<break></break>Zn(II)<break></break>Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50<break></break>50 each</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Batch Column</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92<break></break>97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10<break></break><italic>F</italic> = 1 mL/min</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Suggested biosorption mechanisms based on interacting functional groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biosorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sorbate</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Functional group</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mechanism</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange peel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Cu(II) <break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxylic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEX/H-bonding</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxyl/hydroxyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemisorption</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxyl/hydroxyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II) <break></break>Zn(II)<break></break>Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mainly carboxyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Desiccated coconut</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl/carboxyl/amine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chelation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pecan nut shells <break></break>(<italic>C. illinoinensis</italic>) biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Blue <break></break>Reactive Blue <break></break>Acid Blue </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sulfonyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cupuassu shell, <italic>Theobroma grandiflorum</italic>, (CS) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive red dye <break></break>Direct blue </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl/carboxylic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEX</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mango seeds (MS) <italic>Mangifera indica L</italic>.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Victazol orange </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sulfonyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okra food industrial waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Fe(II)<break></break>Zn((II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl/carbonyl/amide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEX/complexation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sugar industrial waste (bagasse waste)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Fe(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl/carbonyl/amide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEX/complexation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pineapple peel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MB dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl/carboxyl/amine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]<break></break></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive pomace</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Cu(II) <break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxylic/phenolic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surface complexation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive mill stone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxylic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEX</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxylic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wine processing sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amino/carboxyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physical adsorption/chemical complexation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spent waste beer yeast<break></break><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amine/carboxylic/<break></break>phosphates/sulfhydryl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEX/complexation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Grape bagasse waste residue</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carbonyl/hydroxyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amino/hydroxyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon from antibiotic waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl/carbonyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complexation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonliving biomass <italic>Aspergillus awamori </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonliving biomass <italic>Aspergillus Fumigatus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd (II) <italic>perse</italic><break></break>mixture<break></break>Cu(II)<break></break>Cd(II)<break></break>Co(II)<break></break>Ni(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxyl/amine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Complexation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel biomass<break></break> (<italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carboxylic/phenolic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IEX∗</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> [<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*IEX: ion exchange adsorption.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Main adsorption isotherm models involved in the present study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adsorption isotherm model</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model parameters</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freundlich <break></break><italic>q</italic> = <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>F</italic></sub>C<sup>1/<italic>n</italic></sup> <break></break>Linear form <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M1"><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>F</italic></sub>: Freundlich isotherm constant that indicates adsorption capacity<break></break> (mg/g) (L/mg)<sup><italic>n</italic></sup> <break></break><italic>n</italic>: measure of adsorption intensity or surface heterogeneity (dimensionless)<break></break><italic>q</italic>: amount adsorbed at equilibrium, mg/g<break></break><italic>C</italic>: adsorbate concentration at equilibrium, mg/L</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M2"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula><break></break>Linear form <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M3"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi></mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>q</italic><sub><italic>m</italic></sub>: maximum binding capacity, mg/g<break></break><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>L</italic></sub>: Langmuir binding (adsorption) constant, L/mg</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sips <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M4"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula><break></break> <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M5"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub>: Sips binding (adsorption) constant, (L/mg)<sup><italic>n</italic></sup> <break></break><italic>n</italic>: dimensionless exponent constant<break></break><italic>β</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = Sips sorption exponent<break></break><italic>a</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = Sips sorption constant (L/mg)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dubinin-Astakhov <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M6"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>exp</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic>: mean free energy of adsorption, KJ/mol<break></break><italic>n</italic>: Dubinin-Astakhov dimensionless exponent<break></break><italic>T</italic>: temperature, K<break></break><italic>R</italic>: universal gas constant, KJ/mol<italic>·</italic>K</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BET <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M7"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BET</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BET</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi> </mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula><break></break>Linear form <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M8"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BET</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BET</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>BET</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>·</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula> <break></break>Alternative form <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M9"><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic><sub>BET</sub>: BET isotherm constant which indicates energy of surface interaction, L/mg<break></break><italic>C</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub>: saturation concentration of adsorbate, mg/L<break></break><italic>b</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub>: isotherm constant for BET adsorption in the first layer, L/mg<break></break><italic>b</italic><sub><italic>L</italic></sub>: isotherm constant for BET adsorption in upper layers, mg/L</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Equations of kinetic models involved in the current study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kinetic Model</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model Parameters</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-first order <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M10"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi></mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula> <break></break>Linear Form <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M11"><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.303</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>k</italic><sub>1</sub>: rate constant of pseudo-first order model, min<sup>−1</sup> <break></break><italic>q</italic>: amount adsorbed at equilibrium, mg/g<break></break><italic>q</italic><sub><italic>t</italic></sub>: amount adsorbed at time <italic>t</italic>, mg/g</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M12"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mi></mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula> <break></break>Linear Form <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M13"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi></mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>k</italic><sub>2</sub>: rate constant of pseudo-second order model, g/mg<italic>·</italic>min</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elovich <break></break><inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="M14"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mo>·</mml:mo><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mi>ln</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula></inline-formula></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>: initial adsorption rate, mmol/g<italic>·</italic>min<break></break><italic>β</italic>: Elovich constant, related to extent of surface coverage and activation energy, g/mmol</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Equilibrium parameters as predicted by the well-established sorption models.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biosorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target ion/compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Equilibrium model</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum sorption capacity (mg/g)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sorption constant∗</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH/temperature (°C)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local dairy sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178.6<break></break>69.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03<break></break>0.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Baker's yeast biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.75<break></break>60.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.092<break></break>0.066</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/30<break></break>5.0/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cider yeast</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patulin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0082</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.064</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beer yeast</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66<break></break>2.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.314<break></break>0.259</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spent waste beer yeast<break></break><italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freundlich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 0.515 <break></break><italic>n</italic> = 0.842</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spent brewery grains (SBG)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AG25 dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">212.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.036</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wine processing sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.113</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5/50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic waste <italic>P</italic>. <italic>mutilus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic waste <italic>P</italic>. <italic>mutilus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basic Blue 41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir<break></break>Freundlich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111.00<break></break></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.097<break></break><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 24.1 <break></break><italic>n</italic> = 2.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8.0-9.0)/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Red 57 dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Red 198</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freundlich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 1.99 <break></break><italic>n</italic> = 10.037</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit waste macrofungi <italic>Flammulina velutipes </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 8.43<break></break>18.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial fungi <italic>Penicillium oxalicum var. Armeniaca </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)<break></break>Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.90<break></break>47.40<break></break>269.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05<break></break>1.01<break></break>0.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Industrial fungi <break></break><italic>Tolypocladium</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)<break></break>Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.90<break></break>28.40<break></break>161.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03<break></break>0.61<break></break>0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">industrial waste of <italic>Clitopilus scyphoides</italic> <break></break><italic>(Pleurotus mutilus)</italic> fungal biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BET</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16<break></break><italic>b</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 0.03 <break></break><italic>b</italic><sub><italic>L</italic></sub> = 0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fungal waste biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Simulated acid bath for wool (SABW) dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0114</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">biomass of<break></break><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L</italic>.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.498</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel biomass (Foeniculum vulgare)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir<break></break>Freundlich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.080<break></break><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 3.16 <break></break><italic>n</italic> = 2.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3/50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonliving biomass <italic>Aspergillus awamori </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.136</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corynebacterium </italic> <break></break><italic>glutamicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Black 5<break></break>RB5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir<break></break>Sips</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">419</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.042<break></break><italic>k</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 108 <break></break><italic>a</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 0.171</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0/35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizopus oligosporus</italic> biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.282</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pectin-rich fruit wastes (lemon peels)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sips</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.038 (<italic>n</italic> = 1.21)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Zn(II)<break></break>Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.66<break></break>14.61<break></break>22.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004<break></break>0.067<break></break>0.372</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange (<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.403</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pineapple peel, an agricultural effluent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.074</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peach stones<break></break>Apricot stones</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freundlich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 0.64 <break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 3.57)<break></break><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 0.636 <break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 3.54) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0/—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (mango) seed kernel particles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">153.846</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8227</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0/50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Desiccated coconut</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Pecan nut shells (<italic>C. illinoinensis</italic>) biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Blue 74 (AB74) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4.851</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">6.5/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Blue 4 (RB4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.410</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Blue 25 (AB25)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sips</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 7.576</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 0.0014 <break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 0.98)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Crushed olive stone wastes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Ni(II)<break></break>Cu(II)<break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freundlich</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">5.5/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Binary mixtures</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extended Langmuir</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive pomace</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)<break></break>Cd(II)<break></break>Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94<break></break>2.98<break></break>6.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.138<break></break>0.046<break></break>1.829</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive pomace</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phenols</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freudlich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>f</italic></sub> = 0.267 <break></break><italic>n</italic> = 1.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pomace from olive oil</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(IV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.055</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0/60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">olive mill residues (OMR)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.080</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solid olive stone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sips</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 0.057</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive oil mill</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dubinin-Astakhov</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 23.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.208</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6/27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sugarcane bagasse waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">202.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.031</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">8.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gentian Violet (GV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">327.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.047</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh malted sorghum mash waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) basic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">384.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0/53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Cupuassu shell, T<italic>heobroma grandiflorum</italic>, (CS) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Red dye (RR 194)</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sips</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 0.214 <break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 0.89)</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct Blue 53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub> = 1.560 <break></break>(<italic>n</italic> = 0.55) </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon derived from exhausted olive waste cake</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lanaset Grey G</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.031</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon derived from empty fruit bunch (EFB)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue dye (MB)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">344.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.060</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon from sago waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Langmuir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.095</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5/27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Units depend on the fitting isotherm model and are indicated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">Table 3</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Kinetic parameters as predicted by the well-established sorption models.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biosorbent</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target ion/compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kinetic model</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>q</italic> (mg/g)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rate constant∗</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pH/temperature (°C)/time (min)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C<sub>o</sub> (mg/L)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local dairy sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)<break></break>Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117.6<break></break>44.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27<break></break>4.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20°C/500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200<break></break>100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wine processing sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(VI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.070</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2/50/240</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wine processing sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.226</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5/50/120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Desiccated coconut</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hg(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">447.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4/30/60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Pecan nut shells (<italic>C. illinoinensis</italic>) biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Blue 74 (AB74) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-first</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.271</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5/30/500</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Blue 4 (RB4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.010</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.35∗10<sup>−4</sup> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5/30/1000</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Blue 25 (AB25)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second-order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.892</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.15∗10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.5/30/500</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spent brewery grains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AG25 dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.038</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0/30/75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beer brewery diatomite waste (SDE)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue basic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0/25/1440</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic waste <italic>P</italic>. <italic>mutilus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Basic Blue 41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0042</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0-9.0/30/60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Macrofungal waste from antibiotics</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0014</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20/15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel biomass (<italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.476</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/30/50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Red 198</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.036</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0/20/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nonliving biomass <italic>Aspergillus awamori </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-first order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.077</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/20/180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corynebacterium</italic> <break></break><italic>glutamicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reactive Black 5<break></break>RB5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">370.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.4∗10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0/25/500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris L. </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acid Red 57 dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0/20/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Fruit waste macrofungi <italic>Flammulina velutipes </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-first </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/25/60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange (<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/25/4320</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pectin-rich fruit wastes (lemon peels)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.021</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/—/50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elovich</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">333.33 (1/<italic>α</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004 (1/<italic>β</italic>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/25/60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (mango) seed kernel particles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-first order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0461</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0/30/120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizopus oligosporus</italic> biomass</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0/30/120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Crushed olive stone wastes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pb(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Pseudo-second <break></break>order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.141</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">5.5/20/60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ni(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.48</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cu(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.497</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.35</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.121</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.56</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive stones</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.903</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0/80/20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0072</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6/27/4320</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Olive pomace</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0906</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—/25/240</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tea industry waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0/25/180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pineapple peel, an agricultural effluent</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) cationic dye</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/30/400</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Okra food waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Fe(II)<break></break>Zn(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.54<break></break>20.42<break></break>14.99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009<break></break>0.008<break></break>0.013</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—/20/90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon derived from exhausted olive waste cake</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lanaset Grey G </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-first order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0019</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/25/3000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activated carbon from tea industry waste (TIWAC)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cr(III)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-second order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.464</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.0/—/30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sugar industry (waste bagasse)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cd(II)<break></break>Fe(II)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pseudo-first order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3∗10<sup>−5</sup> <break></break>7.2∗10<sup>−5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—/20/90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sugarcane bagasse waste</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylene Blue (MB) </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Pseudo-second <break></break>order</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">192.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0012</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0/25/600</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gentian Violet </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">357.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00005</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0/25/900</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Units depend on the fitting kinetic model and are indicated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">Table 4</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li><li>Égypte</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Maryland</li></region><settlement><li>College Park (Maryland)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université du Maryland</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Égypte"><noRegion><name sortKey="El Sayed, Hanan E M" sort="El Sayed, Hanan E M" uniqKey="El Sayed H" first="Hanan E. M." last="El-Sayed">Hanan E. M. El-Sayed</name></noRegion><name sortKey="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" sort="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" uniqKey="El Sayed M" first="Mayyada M. H." last="El-Sayed">Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed</name><name sortKey="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" sort="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" uniqKey="El Sayed M" first="Mayyada M. H." last="El-Sayed">Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed</name></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="El Sayed, Hanan E M" sort="El Sayed, Hanan E M" uniqKey="El Sayed H" first="Hanan E. M." last="El-Sayed">Hanan E. M. El-Sayed</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Maryland"><name sortKey="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" sort="El Sayed, Mayyada M H" uniqKey="El Sayed M" first="Mayyada M. H." last="El-Sayed">Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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