Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi
Identifieur interne : 000513 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000512; suivant : 000514Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi
Auteurs : Sébastien Duplessis [France] ; Christina A. Cuomo [États-Unis] ; Yao-Cheng Lin [Belgique] ; Andrea Aerts [États-Unis] ; Emilie Tisserant [France] ; Claire Veneault-Fourrey [France] ; David L. Joly [Canada] ; Stéphane Hacquard [France] ; Joëlle Amselem [France] ; Brandi L. Cantarel [France] ; Readman Chiu [Canada] ; Pedro M. Coutinho [France] ; Nicolas Feau [Canada] ; Matthew Field [Canada] ; Pascal Frey [France] ; Eric Gelhaye [France] ; Jonathan Goldberg [États-Unis] ; Manfred G. Grabherr [États-Unis] ; Chinnappa D. Kodira [États-Unis] ; Annegret Kohler [France] ; Ursula Kües [Allemagne] ; Erika A. Lindquist [États-Unis] ; Susan M. Lucas [États-Unis] ; Rohit Mago [Australie] ; Evan Mauceli [États-Unis] ; Emmanuelle Morin [France] ; Claude Murat [France] ; Jasmyn L. Pangilinan [États-Unis] ; Robert Park [Australie] ; Matthew Pearson [États-Unis] ; Hadi Quesneville [France] ; Nicolas Rouhier [France] ; Sharadha Sakthikumar [États-Unis] ; Asaf A. Salamov [États-Unis] ; Jeremy Schmutz [États-Unis] ; Benjamin Selles [France] ; Harris Shapiro [États-Unis] ; Philippe Tanguay [Canada] ; Gerald A. Tuskan [États-Unis] ; Bernard Henrissat [France] ; Yves Van De Peer [Belgique] ; Pierre Rouzé [Belgique] ; Jeffrey G. Ellis [Australie] ; Peter N. Dodds [Australie] ; Jacqueline E. Schein [Canada] ; Shaobin Zhong [États-Unis] ; Richard C. Hamelin [Canada] ; Igor V. Grigoriev [États-Unis] ; Les J. Szabo [États-Unis] ; Francis Martin [France]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 0027-8424 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of
Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019315108
PubMed: 21536894
PubMed Central: 3107277
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Mauceli, Evan" sort="Mauceli, Evan" uniqKey="Mauceli E" first="Evan" last="Mauceli">Evan Mauceli</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Morin, Emmanuelle" sort="Morin, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Morin E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Morin">Emmanuelle Morin</name>
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;</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Murat, Claude" sort="Murat, Claude" uniqKey="Murat C" first="Claude" last="Murat">Claude Murat</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Park, Robert" sort="Park, Robert" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert" last="Park">Robert Park</name>
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;</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Pearson, Matthew" sort="Pearson, Matthew" uniqKey="Pearson M" first="Matthew" last="Pearson">Matthew Pearson</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Harris" sort="Shapiro, Harris" uniqKey="Shapiro H" first="Harris" last="Shapiro">Harris Shapiro</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
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;</nlm:aff>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Peer, Yves" sort="Van De Peer, Yves" uniqKey="Van De Peer Y" first="Yves" last="Van De Peer">Yves Van De Peer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouze, Pierre" sort="Rouze, Pierre" uniqKey="Rouze P" first="Pierre" last="Rouzé">Pierre Rouzé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schein, Jacqueline E" sort="Schein, Jacqueline E" uniqKey="Schein J" first="Jacqueline E." last="Schein">Jacqueline E. Schein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhong, Shaobin" sort="Zhong, Shaobin" uniqKey="Zhong S" first="Shaobin" last="Zhong">Shaobin Zhong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamelin, Richard C" sort="Hamelin, Richard C" uniqKey="Hamelin R" first="Richard C." last="Hamelin">Richard C. Hamelin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grigoriev, Igor V" sort="Grigoriev, Igor V" uniqKey="Grigoriev I" first="Igor V." last="Grigoriev">Igor V. Grigoriev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis" sort="Martin, Francis" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis" last="Martin">Francis Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">21536894</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3107277</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107277</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3107277</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1019315108</idno>
<date when="2011">2011</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000513</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000513</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000513</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000513</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi</title>
<author><name sortKey="Duplessis, Sebastien" sort="Duplessis, Sebastien" uniqKey="Duplessis S" first="Sébastien" last="Duplessis">Sébastien Duplessis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, Yao Cheng" sort="Lin, Yao Cheng" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yao-Cheng" last="Lin">Yao-Cheng Lin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aerts, Andrea" sort="Aerts, Andrea" uniqKey="Aerts A" first="Andrea" last="Aerts">Andrea Aerts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tisserant, Emilie" sort="Tisserant, Emilie" uniqKey="Tisserant E" first="Emilie" last="Tisserant">Emilie Tisserant</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" sort="Veneault Fourrey, Claire" uniqKey="Veneault Fourrey C" first="Claire" last="Veneault-Fourrey">Claire Veneault-Fourrey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joly, David L" sort="Joly, David L" uniqKey="Joly D" first="David L." last="Joly">David L. Joly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hacquard, Stephane" sort="Hacquard, Stephane" uniqKey="Hacquard S" first="Stéphane" last="Hacquard">Stéphane Hacquard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amselem, Joelle" sort="Amselem, Joelle" uniqKey="Amselem J" first="Joëlle" last="Amselem">Joëlle Amselem</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>
, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cantarel, Brandi L" sort="Cantarel, Brandi L" uniqKey="Cantarel B" first="Brandi L." last="Cantarel">Brandi L. Cantarel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiu, Readman" sort="Chiu, Readman" uniqKey="Chiu R" first="Readman" last="Chiu">Readman Chiu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coutinho, Pedro M" sort="Coutinho, Pedro M" uniqKey="Coutinho P" first="Pedro M." last="Coutinho">Pedro M. Coutinho</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feau, Nicolas" sort="Feau, Nicolas" uniqKey="Feau N" first="Nicolas" last="Feau">Nicolas Feau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Field, Matthew" sort="Field, Matthew" uniqKey="Field M" first="Matthew" last="Field">Matthew Field</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frey, Pascal" sort="Frey, Pascal" uniqKey="Frey P" first="Pascal" last="Frey">Pascal Frey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelhaye, Eric" sort="Gelhaye, Eric" uniqKey="Gelhaye E" first="Eric" last="Gelhaye">Eric Gelhaye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Jonathan" sort="Goldberg, Jonathan" uniqKey="Goldberg J" first="Jonathan" last="Goldberg">Jonathan Goldberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grabherr, Manfred G" sort="Grabherr, Manfred G" uniqKey="Grabherr M" first="Manfred G." last="Grabherr">Manfred G. Grabherr</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kodira, Chinnappa D" sort="Kodira, Chinnappa D" uniqKey="Kodira C" first="Chinnappa D." last="Kodira">Chinnappa D. Kodira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kohler, Annegret" sort="Kohler, Annegret" uniqKey="Kohler A" first="Annegret" last="Kohler">Annegret Kohler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kues, Ursula" sort="Kues, Ursula" uniqKey="Kues U" first="Ursula" last="Kües">Ursula Kües</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Division of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>
, Büsgenweg, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lindquist, Erika A" sort="Lindquist, Erika A" uniqKey="Lindquist E" first="Erika A." last="Lindquist">Erika A. Lindquist</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lucas, Susan M" sort="Lucas, Susan M" uniqKey="Lucas S" first="Susan M." last="Lucas">Susan M. Lucas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mago, Rohit" sort="Mago, Rohit" uniqKey="Mago R" first="Rohit" last="Mago">Rohit Mago</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mauceli, Evan" sort="Mauceli, Evan" uniqKey="Mauceli E" first="Evan" last="Mauceli">Evan Mauceli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morin, Emmanuelle" sort="Morin, Emmanuelle" uniqKey="Morin E" first="Emmanuelle" last="Morin">Emmanuelle Morin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murat, Claude" sort="Murat, Claude" uniqKey="Murat C" first="Claude" last="Murat">Claude Murat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" sort="Pangilinan, Jasmyn L" uniqKey="Pangilinan J" first="Jasmyn L." last="Pangilinan">Jasmyn L. Pangilinan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Park, Robert" sort="Park, Robert" uniqKey="Park R" first="Robert" last="Park">Robert Park</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty,<institution>University of Sydney</institution>
, Camden, NSW 2570,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearson, Matthew" sort="Pearson, Matthew" uniqKey="Pearson M" first="Matthew" last="Pearson">Matthew Pearson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quesneville, Hadi" sort="Quesneville, Hadi" uniqKey="Quesneville H" first="Hadi" last="Quesneville">Hadi Quesneville</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>
, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouhier, Nicolas" sort="Rouhier, Nicolas" uniqKey="Rouhier N" first="Nicolas" last="Rouhier">Nicolas Rouhier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salamov, Asaf A" sort="Salamov, Asaf A" uniqKey="Salamov A" first="Asaf A." last="Salamov">Asaf A. Salamov</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmutz, Jeremy" sort="Schmutz, Jeremy" uniqKey="Schmutz J" first="Jeremy" last="Schmutz">Jeremy Schmutz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Selles, Benjamin" sort="Selles, Benjamin" uniqKey="Selles B" first="Benjamin" last="Selles">Benjamin Selles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shapiro, Harris" sort="Shapiro, Harris" uniqKey="Shapiro H" first="Harris" last="Shapiro">Harris Shapiro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tanguay, Philippe" sort="Tanguay, Philippe" uniqKey="Tanguay P" first="Philippe" last="Tanguay">Philippe Tanguay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tuskan, Gerald A" sort="Tuskan, Gerald A" uniqKey="Tuskan G" first="Gerald A." last="Tuskan">Gerald A. Tuskan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Biosciences Division,<institution>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</institution>
, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Oak Ridge</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van De Peer, Yves" sort="Van De Peer, Yves" uniqKey="Van De Peer Y" first="Yves" last="Van De Peer">Yves Van De Peer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rouze, Pierre" sort="Rouze, Pierre" uniqKey="Rouze P" first="Pierre" last="Rouzé">Pierre Rouzé</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellis, Jeffrey G" sort="Ellis, Jeffrey G" uniqKey="Ellis J" first="Jeffrey G." last="Ellis">Jeffrey G. Ellis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dodds, Peter N" sort="Dodds, Peter N" uniqKey="Dodds P" first="Peter N." last="Dodds">Peter N. Dodds</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schein, Jacqueline E" sort="Schein, Jacqueline E" uniqKey="Schein J" first="Jacqueline E." last="Schein">Jacqueline E. Schein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhong, Shaobin" sort="Zhong, Shaobin" uniqKey="Zhong S" first="Shaobin" last="Zhong">Shaobin Zhong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamelin, Richard C" sort="Hamelin, Richard C" uniqKey="Hamelin R" first="Richard C." last="Hamelin">Richard C. Hamelin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
G1V 4C7;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grigoriev, Igor V" sort="Grigoriev, Igor V" uniqKey="Grigoriev I" first="Igor V." last="Grigoriev">Igor V. Grigoriev</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, Walnut Creek</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Szabo, Les J" sort="Szabo, Les J" uniqKey="Szabo L" first="Les J." last="Szabo">Les J. Szabo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Minnesota</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>, St. Paul</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis" sort="Martin, Francis" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis" last="Martin">Francis Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011">2011</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of <italic>Melampsora larici</italic>
-<italic>populina</italic>
, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic>
f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic>
, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of <italic>M. larici-populina</italic>
with the 17,773 predicted proteins of <italic>P. graminis</italic>
f. sp <italic>tritici</italic>
. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters <italic>in planta</italic>
suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21536894</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3107277</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201019315</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1019315108</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Genetics</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<series-title>From the Cover</series-title>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duplessis</surname>
<given-names>Sébastien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cuomo</surname>
<given-names>Christina A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>Yao-Cheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aerts</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tisserant</surname>
<given-names>Emilie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Veneault-Fourrey</surname>
<given-names>Claire</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Joly</surname>
<given-names>David L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn2"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hacquard</surname>
<given-names>Stéphane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn3"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amselem</surname>
<given-names>Joëlle</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cantarel</surname>
<given-names>Brandi L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chiu</surname>
<given-names>Readman</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coutinho</surname>
<given-names>Pedro M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feau</surname>
<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn4"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Field</surname>
<given-names>Matthew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frey</surname>
<given-names>Pascal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gelhaye</surname>
<given-names>Eric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goldberg</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grabherr</surname>
<given-names>Manfred G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kodira</surname>
<given-names>Chinnappa D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn5"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kohler</surname>
<given-names>Annegret</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kües</surname>
<given-names>Ursula</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>i</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lindquist</surname>
<given-names>Erika A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lucas</surname>
<given-names>Susan M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mago</surname>
<given-names>Rohit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mauceli</surname>
<given-names>Evan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morin</surname>
<given-names>Emmanuelle</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murat</surname>
<given-names>Claude</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pangilinan</surname>
<given-names>Jasmyn L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pearson</surname>
<given-names>Matthew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quesneville</surname>
<given-names>Hadi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rouhier</surname>
<given-names>Nicolas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sakthikumar</surname>
<given-names>Sharadha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salamov</surname>
<given-names>Asaf A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schmutz</surname>
<given-names>Jeremy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Selles</surname>
<given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shapiro</surname>
<given-names>Harris</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tanguay</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tuskan</surname>
<given-names>Gerald A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henrissat</surname>
<given-names>Bernard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van de Peer</surname>
<given-names>Yves</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rouzé</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ellis</surname>
<given-names>Jeffrey G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dodds</surname>
<given-names>Peter N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schein</surname>
<given-names>Jacqueline E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhong</surname>
<given-names>Shaobin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn6"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamelin</surname>
<given-names>Richard C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grigoriev</surname>
<given-names>Igor V.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Szabo</surname>
<given-names>Les J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname>
<given-names>Francis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>
Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes,<institution>Centre de Nancy</institution>
, 54280 Champenoux,<country>France</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>
<institution>Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University</institution>
, Cambridge, MA 02142;</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>
Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent,<country>Belgium</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>
<institution>US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute</institution>
, Walnut Creek, CA 94598;</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>
<institution>Natural Resources Canada</institution>
, Ste-Foy, QC,<country>Canada</country>
G1V 4C7;</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup>
<institution>Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Génomique Info</institution>
, 78026 Versailles Cedex,<country>France</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>
Unité Mixte de Recherche 6098,<institution>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Universités Aix-Marseille I and II</institution>
, Marseille,<country>France</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>
Genome Sciences Centre,<institution>British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>
, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4S6<country>Canada</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff9"><sup>i</sup>
Division of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute,<institution>University of Göttingen</institution>
, Büsgenweg, 37077 Göttingen,<country>Germany</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff10"><sup>j</sup>
<institution>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</institution>
, Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601,<country>Australia</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff11"><sup>k</sup>
Plant Breeding Institute Cobbitty,<institution>University of Sydney</institution>
, Camden, NSW 2570,<country>Australia</country>
;</aff>
<aff id="aff12"><sup>l</sup>
Biosciences Division,<institution>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</institution>
, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422;</aff>
<aff id="aff13"><sup>m</sup>
Department of Plant Pathology,<institution>University of Minnesota</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108; and</aff>
<aff id="aff14"><sup>n</sup>
Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service,<institution>US Department of Agriculture</institution>
, St. Paul, MN 55108</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>
To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: <email>duplessi@nancy.inra.fr</email>
, <email>cuomo@broadinstitute.org</email>
, <email>les.szabo@ars.usda.gov</email>
, or <email>fmartin@nancy.inra.fr</email>
.</corresp>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Paul Schulze-Lefert, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany, and approved March 31, 2011 (received for review January 5, 2011)</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: S.D., C.A.C., G.A.T., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. designed research; S.D., C.A.C., Y.-C.L., A.A., E.T., C.V.-F., D.L.J., S.H., J.A., B.L.C., R.C., P.M.C., N.F., M.F., P.F., E.G., J.G., M.G.G., C.D.K., A.K., U.K., E.A.L., S.M.L., R.M., E. Mauceli, E. Morin, C.M., J.L.P., M.P., H.Q., N.R., S.S., A.A.S., J.S., B.S., H.S., P.T., B.H., J.G.E., P.N.D., J.E.S., R.C.H., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. performed research; R.P., Y.V.d.P., P.R., and S.Z. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; S.D., C.A.C., Y.-C.L., A.A., E.T., C.V.-F., D.L.J., S.H., J.A., B.L.C., R.C., P.M.C., N.F., M.F., P.F., E.G., J.G., M.G.G., C.D.K., A.K., U.K., E.A.L., S.M.L., R.M., E. Mauceli, E. Morin, C.M., J.L.P., M.P., H.Q., N.R., S.S., A.A.S., J.S., B.S., H.S., P.T., B.H., J.G.E., P.N.D., J.E.S., R.C.H., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. analyzed data; and S.D., C.A.C., Y.-C.L., C.V.-F., D.L.J., S.H., N.F., P.F., A.K., U.K., C.M., N.R., P.T., B.H., P.N.D., R.C.H., I.V.G., L.J.S., and F.M. wrote the paper.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn1" fn-type="equal"><p><sup>2</sup>
S.D. and C.A.C. contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn2" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>3</sup>
Present address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BC, Canada V0H 1Z0.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn3" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>4</sup>
Present address: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn4" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>5</sup>
Present address: Unité Mixte de Recherche Biodiversity, Genes and Communities 1202, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 33612 Cestas, France.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn5" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>6</sup>
Present address: Roche 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT 06405.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn6" fn-type="present-address"><p><sup>7</sup>
Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>31</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>2</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>2</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
. </pmc-comment>
<volume>108</volume>
<issue>22</issue>
<fpage>9166</fpage>
<lpage>9171</lpage>
<permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201019315.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Rust fungi are some of the most devastating pathogens of crop plants. They are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissues and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Their lifestyle has slowed the dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying host invasion and avoidance or suppression of plant innate immunity. We sequenced the 101-Mb genome of <italic>Melampsora larici</italic>
-<italic>populina</italic>
, the causal agent of poplar leaf rust, and the 89-Mb genome of <italic>Puccinia graminis</italic>
f. sp. <italic>tritici</italic>
, the causal agent of wheat and barley stem rust. We then compared the 16,399 predicted proteins of <italic>M. larici-populina</italic>
with the 17,773 predicted proteins of <italic>P. graminis</italic>
f. sp <italic>tritici</italic>
. Genomic features related to their obligate biotrophic lifestyle include expanded lineage-specific gene families, a large repertoire of effector-like small secreted proteins, impaired nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways, and expanded families of amino acid and oligopeptide membrane transporters. The dramatic up-regulation of transcripts coding for small secreted proteins, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and transporters <italic>in planta</italic>
suggests that they play a role in host infection and nutrient acquisition. Some of these genomic hallmarks are mirrored in the genomes of other microbial eukaryotes that have independently evolved to infect plants, indicating convergent adaptation to a biotrophic existence inside plant cells.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>comparative genomics</kwd>
<kwd>plant pathogen</kwd>
<kwd>basidiomycete</kwd>
<kwd>evolution</kwd>
<kwd>rust disease</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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