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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Grégoire">Jean-Claude Grégoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625818</idno><idno type="pmc">7009401</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009401</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009401</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5185</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000670</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000670</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Grégoire">Jean-Claude Grégoire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PLH</styled-content>) Panel performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic>, a well‐defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Ceratocystidaceae. The species was moved from the genus <italic>Ceratocystis</italic> to a new genus <italic>Bretziella</italic> following phylogenetic analysis of the species and its close relatives. The former species name <italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> is used in the Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. The pathogen is regulated in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IAI</styled-content> as a harmful organism whose introduction into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is banned. <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> is only reported from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">USA</styled-content>, where it causes a wilt disease on <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. Other hosts are reported based on inoculation trials, although Chinese chestnut (<italic>Castanea mollissima</italic>) is reported to be naturally infected. No North American oak species has been found to be immune to the disease. The European oak species <italic>Quercus robur</italic>,<italic> Quercus petraea</italic> and <italic>Quercus pubescens</italic> were found to be susceptible in inoculation experiments. The pest could enter the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> via wood (with and without bark, including wood packaging material), plants for planting and cut branches. Hosts and favourable climatic conditions are common in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, thus facilitating establishment. The pest would be able to spread following establishment by means of root grafts, insect vectors and movement of wood, plants for planting and other means. The pest introduction would have impacts in woodland and plantations, as oak wilt disease is often lethal in a short period of time. Wood treatment (debarking, kiln drying, fumigation), prompt removal of affected trees and creating root‐free zones between affected and healthy stands are available control measures. The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the survival of the fungus in wood during transport and the association with propagation material, (ii) the presence of suitable vectors in Europe and (iii) the relative susceptibility of the oak species native to Europe under natural conditions. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. For regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is not met.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chirici, G" uniqKey="Chirici G">G Chirici</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chirici, G" uniqKey="Chirici G">G Chirici</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ducci, F" uniqKey="Ducci F">F Ducci</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, P" uniqKey="Gonthier P">P Gonthier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ash, Cl" uniqKey="Ash C">CL Ash</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="San Iguel Yanz, J" uniqKey="San Iguel Yanz J">J San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625818</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009401</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5185</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25185</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (EFSA PLH Panel)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>Elisavet</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grégoire</surname><given-names>Jean‐Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>Trond</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>Ariena</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>Johanna</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25185-cr-0025" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>2</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2018.16.issue-2</issue-id><elocation-id>e05185</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2018 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-16-e05185.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25185-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PLH</styled-content>) Panel performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic>, a well‐defined and distinguishable fungal species of the family Ceratocystidaceae. The species was moved from the genus <italic>Ceratocystis</italic> to a new genus <italic>Bretziella</italic> following phylogenetic analysis of the species and its close relatives. The former species name <italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> is used in the Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. The pathogen is regulated in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IAI</styled-content> as a harmful organism whose introduction into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is banned. <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> is only reported from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">USA</styled-content>, where it causes a wilt disease on <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. Other hosts are reported based on inoculation trials, although Chinese chestnut (<italic>Castanea mollissima</italic>) is reported to be naturally infected. No North American oak species has been found to be immune to the disease. The European oak species <italic>Quercus robur</italic>,<italic> Quercus petraea</italic> and <italic>Quercus pubescens</italic> were found to be susceptible in inoculation experiments. The pest could enter the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> via wood (with and without bark, including wood packaging material), plants for planting and cut branches. Hosts and favourable climatic conditions are common in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, thus facilitating establishment. The pest would be able to spread following establishment by means of root grafts, insect vectors and movement of wood, plants for planting and other means. The pest introduction would have impacts in woodland and plantations, as oak wilt disease is often lethal in a short period of time. Wood treatment (debarking, kiln drying, fumigation), prompt removal of affected trees and creating root‐free zones between affected and healthy stands are available control measures. The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the survival of the fungus in wood during transport and the association with propagation material, (ii) the presence of suitable vectors in Europe and (iii) the relative susceptibility of the oak species native to Europe under natural conditions. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met. For regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is not met.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25185-kwd-0001">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25185-kwd-0002">forest pathology</kwd><kwd id="efs25185-kwd-0003">oak wilt</kwd><kwd id="efs25185-kwd-0004">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25185-kwd-0005">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25185-kwd-0006">quarantine</kwd><kwd id="efs25185-kwd-0007">tree health</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="5"></fig-count><table-count count="4"></table-count><page-count count="30"></page-count><word-count count="14450"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>February 2018</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25185-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Grégoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2018;16(2):5185, 30 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5185</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25185-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25185-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00378</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean‐Claude Grégoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Björn Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter.</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1004"><p>Adopted: 1 February 2018</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1005"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder:</p><p>Figure 1: © European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO); Figure 2: © European Union; Figures 3–4: © EUFORGEN; Figure 5: © Bugwood.org.</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25185-body-0001"><sec id="efs25185-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25185-note-1006">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25185-note-1007">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorizations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25185-note-1103">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery deadline of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of <italic>Cicadellidae</italic> (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of <italic>Tephritidae</italic> (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery deadline of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A Section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criterion to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25185-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens</italic> (Hedges) Collins and Jones</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L</italic>. and <italic>Vitis L</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb <italic>sensu</italic> lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non‐quarantine pest for the area of the European Union (EU).</p><p>The species was moved from the genus <italic>Ceratocystis</italic> to a new genus <italic>Bretziella</italic> following phylogenetic analysis of the species and its close relatives in the family Ceratocystidaceae (de Beer et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). Therefore, the recommended valid name for the fungus is <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic> (de Beer et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and Methodologies</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the pest as well as the formerly accepted name as search terms. Relevant papers were reviewed, and further references and information were obtained from experts, from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Data about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/agriculture/data/database">http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/agriculture/data/database</ext-link>).</p><p>Information on EU Member State (MS) imports of <italic>Quercus</italic> plants for planting from North America was sought in the ISEFOR database (Eschen et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network launched by the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MSs and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on the harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>In accordance with the guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), this work was started following an evaluation of the EU's plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required as per the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25185-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a regulated non‐quarantine pest. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a regulated non‐quarantine pest which needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone, thus the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, while addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel, in agreement with the EFSA guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25185-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32‐35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pest must be present in the risk assessment area).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone).</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0043" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0050" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but, following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold></p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Z.W.deBeer, Marinc., T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf., comb. nov. is a fungus of the family Ceratocystidaceae.</p><p>Recent reclassification of the Ceratocystidaceae (Microascales) based on multigene phylogenetic inference has shown that the oak wilt fungus <italic>C. fagacearum</italic> (a well‐supported monophyletic lineage in the Ceratocystidaceae, but distinct from all other genera in the family) does not reside in any of the four genera in which it has previously been treated. Therefore, a new genus <italic>Bretziella</italic> was described to accommodate the oak wilt fungus (de Beer et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). In this pest categorisation, the Panel accepts the change of name. The former species name <italic>C. fagacearum</italic> is used in the Council Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p>Other species synonyms are <italic>Chalara quercina</italic>,<italic> Endoconidiophora fagacearum</italic> and <italic>Thielaviopsis quercina</italic> (Index Fungorum, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp">http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp</ext-link>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> is a classic vascular wilt pathogen infecting mainly <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. Other tree species have also been found to be susceptible to infection, including <italic>Castanea mollissima</italic> (Chinese chestnut) and <italic>Castanea sativa</italic> (European chestnut) (see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref> on Host range).</p><p>The pathogen is spread from diseased to healthy oaks through grafted root systems or through transmission by insect vectors. The disease is systemic and once in the vascular system, conidia are spread throughout the tree. As a response, the tree produces tyloses and dark gummy substances that plug the xylem vessels. Together with plugging caused by fungal products, the sap flow is disrupted which causes the wilting symptoms and subsequent death in susceptible trees (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). After the tree has been killed, the fungus grows out into the inner bark where mats of mycelium and fruiting structures are produced. These mycelial mats produce pressure cushions or pads that push the bark away from the sapwood causing cracking of the bark and exposure of the sporulating mats.</p><p>The sporulating mats fruity odour attracts fungus‐feeding arthropods such as nitidulid beetles (e.g. <italic>Carpophilus sayi and Colopterus truncatus</italic>). These then act as vectors of the fungus (Juzwik and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0049" ref-type="ref">1983</xref>; Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>; Juzwik et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>) as the insects move to fresh wounds on trees. Pruning wounds and other trunk wounds are common infection sites (Gibbs and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>; Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Wounds more than a few days old are not suitable sites for infection (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>The sporulating mats initially produce endoconidiophores and endoconidia (hyaline, continuous, cylindrical, truncate at each end, 2–4.5 × 4–22 μm (mean 3 × 6.5 μm), endogenous and catenulate). If visiting insects carry conidia of the opposite mating type, fertilisation occurs and perithecia are formed (True et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0072" ref-type="ref">1960</xref>). Ascospores are hyaline, one‐celled, elliptical (2–3 × 5–10 μm) and exuded in a sticky creamy white mass (Hepting et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">1952</xref>).</p><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> overwinters in diseased or dead trees and insect vectored infection generally takes place in the spring when the trees are most susceptible (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>The nitidulid beetles are reported as the most important vectors of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> but also the oak bark beetles (Scolytinae, Coleoptera) <italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> and <italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> and the oak timber worm <italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> (Brentidae, Coleoptera) have been identified as vectors (Buchanan, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">1957</xref>; Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). However, it has been suggested that there is no foundation to consider <italic>A. minutus</italic> as a vector (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). Subsequently, the role as vectors of the two <italic>Pseudopityophthorus</italic> species has also been debated. It is argued that these species are not well adapted to vector the disease and are thus considered to be of lesser importance (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Nevertheless, <italic>A. minutus</italic>,<italic> P. minutissimus</italic> and <italic>P. pruinosus</italic> are included in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as harmful organisms whose introduction into and spread within all MSs shall be banned.</p><p>North American red oaks are highly susceptible and do not recover from the disease. The trees typically die within a year but often within 6 weeks following the appearance of symptoms (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>While there are no North American oaks known to be immune to the disease (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>), North American white oak species (subgenus <italic>Lepidobalanus</italic>) appear to be more tolerant and the distribution of the fungus in the xylem is more restricted (Gibbs and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>). Some trees die quickly, but others survive several years progressively showing dieback while some even recover (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). In the latter category, the infected ring will be buried under the new xylem vessels being produced and such trees are unlikely to constitute a significant source of inoculum (Gibbs and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>).</p><p>Mat formation is suppressed in dry areas and years (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>The pathogen usually disappears from the above‐ground parts of a dead tree within a year due to competition from other antagonistic fungi, heating and drying (Gibbs and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>; Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Survival below ground may be more prolonged, up to 4 years (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>), especially if the root system is grafted to neighbouring trees.</p><p>Oak trees are more likely to be infected by <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> through root grafts than through wounds (Bruhn et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">1991</xref>; Appel, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>; Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>), although the likelihood of functional root grafts depends upon the oak species (Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). In oak stands where root grafting is naturally common, the pathogen can easily spread from tree to tree. Disease centres commonly expand 1–15 m per year (up to 40 m recorded) and adjacent trees usually wilt 1–6 years after infection (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>The North American population of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> has a very limited genetic variation despite the sexual reproduction (Juzwik et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>; and references therein).</p><p>The origin of the fungus is not known, but Juzwik et al. (<xref rid="efs25185-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>) argue that the pathogen was introduced to the USA most likely from Central America, South America or Mexico.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold></p></boxed-text></p><p>Cultures of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> isolated from infected wood tissue may be identified based on specific morphological characteristics following the EPPO diagnostic protocols for regulated pests PM 7/1(1): <italic>C. fagacearum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>).</p><p>The species can also be identified based on molecular methods and a protocol for amplification and sequencing of the ITS region is found at Qbank (Qbank‐<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.q-bank.eu">http://www.q-bank.eu</ext-link>). There is also a nested real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (Wu et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0075" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>) and a TaqMan assay for <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> available (Lamarche et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0053" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>) that can be used on environmental samples.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> is only known to occur in Texas and the eastern and midwestern parts of the USA based on information dated 2011 (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) (Figure <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25185-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global distribution map for <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> (extracted from <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EPPO</styled-content>, 2017, accessed November 2017). There are no reports of transient populations</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05185-g001"></graphic></fig><sec id="efs25185-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p>The pathogen is reported as present in Texas and the eastern and mid‐western states of the USA (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The pathogen is reported as widespread only in Texas (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>There is a report of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> killing oaks in Turkey (Boyraz and Bastas, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>), but no follow‐up information about this finding could be found (Anon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). It is possible that this record was due to misidentification (as happened in Bulgaria, Poland and Romania, see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0025" ref-type="sec">3.2.2</xref>) of <italic>Ceratocystis</italic>‐like fungi found in declining oaks (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>, the pest is not reported to be present in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><p>There are no reports of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> from the EU (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Earlier records of the pathogen from different European countries, i.e. Bulgaria, Poland and Romania, have been shown to be misidentifications of <italic>Ceratocystis</italic>‐like fungi found in declining oaks (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Lithuania, the Netherlands and Slovenia have reported the pathogen as absent, confirmed by survey in 2017 (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC as <italic>C. fagacearum</italic>. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25185-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref> and <xref rid="efs25185-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25185-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic> in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex I, Part A</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all Member States shall be banned</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section I</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harmful organisms not known to occur in any part of the community and relevant for the entire community</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(c)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fungi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing the hosts of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic></title><table-wrap id="efs25185-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex III, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Castanea</italic> Mill., and <italic>Quercus</italic> L., with leaves, other than fruit and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non‐European countries</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isolated bark of <italic>Quercus</italic> L., other than <italic>Quercus suber</italic> L.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North American countries</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex IV, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Special requirements which must be laid down by all Member States for the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within all Member States</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section I</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating outside the community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Special requirements</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Wood of <italic>Quercus</italic> L., other than in the form of:</p><p>— chips, particles, sawdust, shavings, wood waste and scrap,</p><p>— casks, barrels, vats, tubs and other coopers’ products and parts thereof, of wood, including staves where there is documented evidence that the wood has been produced or manufactured using heat treatment to achieve a minimum temperature of 176°C for 20 minutes</p><p>— Wood packaging material, in the form of packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings, pallets, box pallets and other load boards, pallet collars, dunnage, whether or not actually in use in the transport of objects of all kinds, except dunnage supporting consignments of wood, which is constructed from wood of the same type and quality as the wood in the consignment and which meets the same Union phytosanitary requirements as the wood in the consignment,</p><p>but including wood which has not kept its natural round surface, originating in the USA.</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that the wood:</p><p>(a) is squared so as to remove entirely the rounded surface,</p><p>or</p><p>(b) is bark‐free and the water content is less than 20% expressed as a percentage of the dry matter,</p><p>or</p><p>(c) is bark‐free and has been disinfected by an appropriate hot‐air or hot water treatment,</p><p>or</p><p>(d) if sawn, with or without residual bark attached, has undergone kiln‐drying to below 20% moisture content, expressed as a percentage of dry matter, achieved through an appropriate time/temperature schedule. There shall be evidence thereof by a mark ‘Kiln‐dried’ or ‘KD’ or another internationally recognised mark, put on the wood or on any wrapping in accordance with current usage.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whether or not listed among the CN codes in Annex V, Part B, wood in the form of chips, particles, sawdust, shavings, wood waste and scrap and obtained in whole or part from <italic>Quercus</italic> L. originating in the USA.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that the wood:</p><p>(a) has undergone kiln‐drying to below 20% moisture content, expressed as a percentage of dry matter achieved through an appropriate time/temperature schedule,</p><p>or</p><p>(b) has undergone an appropriate fumigation to a specification approved in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18.2. There shall be evidence of the fumigation by indicating on the certificates referred to in Article 13.1.(ii), the active ingredient, the minimum wood temperature, the rate (g/m3) and the exposure time (h),</p><p>or</p><p>(c) has undergone an appropriate heat treatment to achieve a minimum temperature of 56°C for a minimum duration of 30 continuous minutes throughout the entire profile of the wood (including at its core), the latter to be indicated on the certificates referred to in Article 13.1.(ii).</p></td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Quercus</italic> L., other than fruit and seeds, originating in the USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(2), official statement that the plants originate in areas known to be free from <italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex V</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the Community, before being moved within the Community<italic>—</italic>in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the Community) before being permitted to enter the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community and which must be accompanied by a plant passport</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants intended for planting, other than seeds, of the genera […] <italic>Quercus</italic> L.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0030"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0031"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> mainly cause symptoms on <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. and no North American oak species has been found to be immune (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). Red oaks (subgenus <italic>Erythrobalanus</italic>) are the most susceptible and usually die within a few weeks of infection. American white oaks (subgenus <italic>Lepidobalanus</italic>) are found to be more tolerant. Oak species belonging to this subgenus may take several years to die or recover from the disease (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>The susceptibility of European white oaks (<italic>Quercus robur</italic>,<italic> Quercus petraea</italic>,<italic> Quercus</italic> <italic>pubescens</italic>) was assessed by inoculating hundreds of oaks in West Virginia and South Carolina (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>; Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref> referring to Pinon et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>; MacDonald et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0054" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>). All inoculated oaks, regardless of species, appeared to be susceptible and died within a year after inoculation. No effect was observed due to mode of inoculation (stem or branch) or species provenance (collections were made from various European countries).</p><p>Other tree species have also been found to be susceptible to infection. Chinese chestnut (<italic>C. mollissima</italic>) is reported to be naturally infected and highly susceptible (Rexrode and Brown, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0062" ref-type="ref">1983</xref>). Inoculation experiments have shown that American chestnut (<italic>Castanea dentata</italic>), European chestnut (<italic>C. sativa</italic>), American chinquapin (<italic>Castanea pumila</italic>), tanoak (<italic>Lithocarpus</italic>) and several varieties of apple (<italic>Malus</italic>) are also susceptible (Bretz and Long, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">1950</xref>; Rexrode and Brown, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0062" ref-type="ref">1983</xref>)</p><p>In Council Directive 2000/29/EC, the pest is not regulated on a particular host or commodity; its introduction into the EU is banned (Annex IAI). However, the hosts covered in Annex III are only <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. and <italic>Castanea</italic> spp. (see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0029" ref-type="sec">3.3.2</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0032"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest could enter the EU on wood (with and without bark), isolated bark, plants for planting and cut branches.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The most likely pathway of entry is wood from diseased <italic>Quercus</italic> trees as sporulating mycelial mats can be produced on logs from diseased trees (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>; Robinet et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Not just wood with bark can be a pathway for entry but also wood without bark, as <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> can be isolated from sawn lumber up to 24 weeks after sawing (Gibbs and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>), and wood packaging material (Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><p>Wood from American red oak species is considered to pose a higher risk than wood from American white oak species, due to the higher susceptibility of the former oak species and the association with mycelial mat formation and nitidulid beetles (Miller et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0057" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>; Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>; Robinet et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>Nevertheless, the moisture content of the wood needs to be between 37% and 45% for mycelial mats to form (Campbell and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">1955</xref>) and <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> does not tolerate temperatures above 32°C (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>Plants for planting as well as cut branches of <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. are considered potential host commodities providing a pathway for entry (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). However, there are no reports of oak seedlings or saplings in nurseries getting infected in the USA (Juzwik et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>).</p><p>There is no evidence that seeds or foliage of infected hosts serve as a means of movement for <italic>B. fagacearum</italic>, either locally or over long distances (Bretz and Buchanan, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1957</xref>; Gibbs et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>; Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><p>The main pathways of entry are thus (for <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. and the other hosts mentioned in Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.2</xref>):
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25185-list-0001"><list-item><p>Wood with and without bark</p></list-item><list-item><p>Isolated bark</p></list-item><list-item><p>Plants for planting other than seeds</p></list-item><list-item><p>Cut branches</p></list-item></list></p><p>As there is a ban on importing (i) plants for planting of <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. from non‐European countries and (ii) isolated bark of <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. from North American countries (see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0029" ref-type="sec">3.3.2</xref>), these two potential pathways (at least for <italic>Quercus</italic> spp.) are closed by the existing legislation.</p><p>As of November 2017, there were no records of interception of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> in the Europhyt database.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0034"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold></p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25185-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>The main hosts, <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. are widely distributed within the EU territory but the northern limit excludes the most northern parts of Scandinavia (Figure <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>). There are about 20 species of <italic>Quercus</italic> native to Europe.</p><p>Three of the oak species native to Europe (<italic>Q. robur</italic>,<italic> Q. petraea</italic> and <italic>Q. pubescens</italic>) have been shown to be highly susceptible to <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> in inoculations trials (see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>). The distribution ranges of <italic>Q. robur</italic> and <italic>Q. petraea</italic> overlap to a large extent and cover most of Europe (Figures <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0003" ref-type="fig">3</xref> and <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0004" ref-type="fig">4</xref>).</p><p><italic>Quercus palustris</italic> and <italic>Quercus rubra</italic>, which were introduced from North America into Europe as planted trees, are also susceptible to the disease (Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25185-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Left‐hand panel: Relative probability of presence (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RPP</styled-content>) of the genus <italic>Quercus</italic> (based on data from the species: <italic>Q. cerris, Q. petraea, Q. robur, Q. pubescens, Q. rubra, Q. frainetto, Q. ilex, Q. suber, Q. trojana, Q. virgiliana, Q. palustris, Q. pedunculiflora, Q. coccifera, Q. vulcanica, Q. faginea, Q. pyrenaica, Q. canariensis, Q. macrolepis, Q. dalechampii, Q. congesta, Q. x streimii</italic> and <italic>Q. alnifolia</italic>) in Europe, mapped at 100 km<sup>2</sup> resolution. The underlying data are from European‐wide forest monitoring data sets and from national forestry inventories based on standard observation plots measuring in the order of hundreds m<sup>2</sup>. <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RPP</styled-content> represents the probability of finding at least one individual of the taxon in a standard plot placed randomly within the grid cell. For details, see Appendix <xref rid="efs25185-sec-1001" ref-type="sec">A</xref> (courtesy of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">JRC</styled-content>, 2017). Right‐hand panel: Trustability of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RPP</styled-content>. This metric expresses the strength of the underlying information in each grid cell and varies according to the spatial variability in forestry inventories. The colour scale of the trustability map is obtained by plotting the cumulative probabilities (0–1) of the underlying index (for details, see Appendix <xref rid="efs25185-sec-1001" ref-type="sec">A</xref>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05185-g002"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25185-fig-0003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Native range of <italic>Quercus robur</italic> (map prepared by Euforgen in 2008). Blue dots represent isolated occurrences of the species</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-5" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05185-g003"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25185-fig-0004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Native range of <italic>Quercus petraea</italic> (map prepared by Euforgen in 2006). Blue dots represent isolated occurrences of the species</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-7" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05185-g004"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>The distribution of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> in North America (Figure <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>; Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>) covers areas with cold, temperate and arid Köppen–Geiger climate types (Peel et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0060" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>). These climate types overlap to a large extent with the distributions of the native <italic>Quercus</italic> species in Europe. Therefore, the Panel assumes climate will not be a limiting factor for the establishment of the pathogen in most of the EU.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment? How?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> by means of root grafts, vectors and movement of infected wood (including wood packaging material), plants for planting, and cut branches.</p></boxed-text></p><p>In many parts of the pathogens current range, the most important means of spread is transmission from tree to tree via root grafts (Gibbs and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>; Appel et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1989</xref>). Disease transmission via root grafts has also been observed between inoculated trees of European white oaks (<italic>Q. robur</italic>,<italic> Q. petraea</italic>,<italic> Q. pubescens</italic>; Pinon et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). Disease transmission through root grafts in woodland will be most likely in pure stands of <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. <italic>Quercus</italic>‐dominated woodlands are found in several EU regions. For example, in Galicia, Spain, about 27% of the total woodland area (about 376,000 ha) is covered by native hardwoods; of this area, about half is covered by pure stands of <italic>Q. robur</italic> (Diaz‐Maroto and Vila‐Lameiro, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>). In Italy, about 700,000 ha are covered by oak woodland, of which about 10% are estimated to be pure stands of <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. (Ducci, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>).</p><p>In the US, in areas where oaks do not form root grafts, dispersal occurs through the activity of sap‐feeding nitidulid beetles (e.g. <italic>Colopterus truncatus</italic>,<italic> Carpophilus sayi</italic>) spreading spores from sporulating mats to fresh wounds (Appel et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1989</xref>; Ambourn et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Oak bark beetles <italic>P. minutissimus</italic> and <italic>P. pruinosus</italic> are also thought to be vectors in some US areas but are considered to be of less importance (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). If the association between these beetles and the fungus is mostly mechanical, it would not be species‐specific and new vector associations could easily be found in Europe should the fungus be introduced.</p><p>Fungal mats are mainly found in red oaks and are not produced in dry conditions (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Considering the importance of the sporulating mats as the source of inoculum for the vectors, the distribution of red oak species and the climate in some areas of the EU territory could affect the spread capacity (Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>). All red oak species are native to North America; the most commonly planted red oak species in Europe are <italic>Q. rubra</italic> and <italic>Q. palustris</italic>.</p><p>Longer distance spread may be due to transport of wood from infected trees as sporulating mats can be produced on logs from diseased trees (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). In a pathway model, transportation of wood across Europe had a large contribution to the estimated exposure of oak trees to the fungus in Europe (Robinet et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>Given that plants for planting (including large trees for ornamental purposes), as well as wood packaging material and cut branches are considered to be a potential pathway of entry (see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.2</xref>), these commodities could also be a means of spread within the EU.</p><sec id="efs25185-sec-0040"><label>3.4.4.1</label><title>Vectors and their distribution in the EU</title><p>The main vectors in the current range, <italic>C. sayi</italic> and <italic>C. truncatus,</italic> are not found in Europe (de Jong et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fauna-eu.org">http://www.fauna-eu.org</ext-link>). Other species of both genera are found and some of them are widespread, but their potential as vectors of the oak wilt fungus is not known. However, novel associations between ophiostomatoid fungi, insect vectors and host trees are increasingly reported (Wingfield et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0074" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>None of the <italic>Pseudopityophthorus</italic> species are present in Europe (de Jong et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p><p>The oak bark beetle <italic>Scolytus intricatus</italic> which is native in Europe has been suggested to possess the properties necessary to be a vector of <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> (Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>). The beetle is present in almost all European countries (de Jong et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0041"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest introduction would have impacts in woodlands and plantations.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25185-note-1008">4</xref></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the presence of the pest on plants for planting would have an impact on their intended use.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> causes a true vascular wilt disease, very often lethal in a short period of time to oak species, especially in the case of red oaks. Death of trees may be preceded by chlorosis of foliage, bronzing of leaf tips or striking necrosis and chlorosis along the leaf veins, depending on the host species (Appel, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>; Juzwik et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>) and by a characteristic wilt appearance to the crown (McCracken and Burkhardt, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0055" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>; Houston, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0043" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>; Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) (Figure <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0005" ref-type="fig">5</xref>).</p><p>In the upper midwest of USA, loss of timber value due to oak wilt can be heavy (Haugen et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>), but losses of amenity trees are of greater economic importance (Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>).</p><p>In the sandiest soils of Michigan, mortality of 8–11 red oaks per hectare and year has been documented (Bruhn and Heyd, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">1992</xref>; Juzwik, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0048" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>). The mortality rate is lower in Pennsylvania (1–3 oaks per disease centre and year) and West Virginia (0.2–0.4 oaks per disease centre and year) (Jones, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0046" ref-type="ref">1971</xref>; Mielke et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">1983</xref>).</p><p>Oak wilt is very important in central Texas, where at least 2,500 hectares are affected by the disease (Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). In this region, thousands of oak trees are killed each year – probably millions of trees in total (Appel, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>; Juzwik et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>), resulting in a loss of property values and of historically and aesthetically significant trees (Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). The disease also implies ecological impacts (Sakalidis et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0068" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). For instance, the loss of oak habitat is a further threat to the endangered animals associated with oaks (Greene and Reemts, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>).</p><p>Impacts can be expected in the EU, should the pathogen be introduced (Moricca et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). Three of the oak species native to Europe (<italic>Q. robur</italic>,<italic> Q. petraea</italic> and <italic>Q. pubescens</italic>) have been shown to be highly susceptible to <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> in inoculation trials (Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>). <italic>Q. robur</italic> and <italic>Q. petraea</italic> are among the most economically and ecologically important deciduous forest tree species in Europe. However, red oaks are not as widespread in the EU as they are in the USA.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25185-fig-0005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><italic>Quercus</italic> spp. in Texas, <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">USA</styled-content>, showing symptoms of oak wilt disease due to <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> (photo by William M. Ciesla, Bugwood.org, available online at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0758073">https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0758073</ext-link>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-9" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05185-g005"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0043"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25185-blkfxd-0008" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>. Please see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0045" ref-type="sec">3.6.1</xref>.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, production of plants for planting in pest free areas can prevent pest presence on plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25185-sec-0045"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Phytosanitary measures</title><p>Phytosanitary measures are currently applied to <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. and <italic>Castanea</italic> spp. (see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0029" ref-type="sec">3.3.2</xref>). However, pathways exist via other hosts (<italic>Lithocarpus, Malus</italic>) (see Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>). For these hosts, pest‐free area for the production of clean nursery stock is an available phytosanitary measure.</p><sec id="efs25185-sec-0046"><label>3.6.1.1</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25185-list-0002"><list-item><p>Long‐distance spread through infected wood (with or without bark) or plants for planting can make local containment efforts (e.g. by means of root graft barriers) ineffective.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The efficacy of control measures can vary markedly, for example from 54% to 100% for root graft barriers (Koch et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0052" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>The fungus usually disappears from the above‐ground parts of its host within a year of death of the tree. Survival in underground parts, however, can be considerably longer (Anon, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Educational programmes are needed to increase the efficacy of prevention efforts, detection and compliance with recommended management methods (Koch et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0052" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0047"><label>3.6.1.2</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the ability to prevent the presence of the pest on plants for planting</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25185-list-0003"><list-item><p>It is uncertain how effective chemical control in nurseries could be and whether it might just mask symptoms, hence allowing the movement of the pathogen via the trade in plants for planting.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0048"><label>3.6.2</label><title>Control methods</title><p>Control methods have been reviewed by Harrington (<xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>).</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25185-list-0004"><list-item><p>To avoid or reduce the risk of pathogen introduction and spread through infected wood, three options are available: (1) removal of all bark and natural rounded surface; (2) kiln drying; (3) fumigation (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Harvesting should be curtailed during spring and early summer because of the risk of infections through wounds in these periods (Cummings‐Carlson and Martin, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>; Haugen et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>). The same also applies to pruning (Gleason and Mueller, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). If pruning is done during the summer, e.g. removing broken branches, all wounds should be sealed immediately with a tree wound dressing or latex paint (French and Juzwik, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Prompt removal of all symptomatic and recently killed trees before mats form (Harrington, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). The same applies to portions of diseased trees greater than 5 cm diameter (Haugen et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>While fungicide treatment of symptomatic red oaks is not recommended, therapeutic treatments of white oaks with propiconazole are effective in delaying symptom development and mortality (Osterbauer et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0059" ref-type="ref">1994</xref>; Eggers et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Reduction in the root graft transmission of the oak wilt pathogen by the use of root‐free zones has been practised for many years and can be effective in reducing losses (Bretz, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1951</xref>; Gehring, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>; Cummings‐Carlson and Martin, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>; Gleason and Mueller, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Juzwik et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). Usually, a trench is made to delimit infected from healthy trees.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0049"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>The origin of the pathogen is still unknown. Juzwik et al. (<xref rid="efs25185-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>) claimed that the pathogen was introduced to the USA most likely from Mexico, Central or South America. If so, the distribution of the pathogen could be wider than currently reported.</p><p>There is uncertainty about the survival of the fungus in wood during transport and the association with propagation material. However, <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> can be isolated from sawn lumber up to 24 weeks after sawing (Gibbs and French, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">1980</xref>).</p><p>A knowledge gap is the presence of suitable vectors in Europe. Similarly, there is a lack of knowledge on mycelial mat formation in European oak species affecting the spread. Moreover, the relative susceptibility of the various oak species native to Europe is uncertain. It is not known to what extent the limited (compared to the USA) distribution of red oak species in Europe would restrict the spread rate of the disease.</p><p>The susceptibility of oak species native to Europe (<italic>Q. robur, Q. petraea</italic> and <italic>Q. pubescens</italic>) was demonstrated using inoculation trials, but the vulnerability under natural conditions in European locations is uncertain (Webber, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0050"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential quarantine pest (Table <xref rid="efs25185-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25185-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest as a species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest as a species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The recent change in name from <italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> to <italic>Bretziella fagacearum</italic> may take time for acceptance by the scientific community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There are no records from EU MSs available to the Panel of the absence of the pathogen other than from Lithuania, the Netherlands and Slovenia</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, as <italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic>) as a harmful organism whose introduction into and spread within all Member States shall be banned</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. fagacearum</italic> is regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI, as <italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic>) as a harmful organism whose introduction into and spread within all Member States shall be banned</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry: the pest could enter the EU via wood (with and without bark), isolated bark, plants for planting and cut branches.</p><p>Establishment: hosts and favourable climatic conditions are widespread in the risk assessment (RA) area.</p><p>Spread: the pest would be able to spread following establishment by various means, i.e. insects, root grafts and movement of infected wood and plants for planting.</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry: the pest could enter the EU via wood (with and without bark), isolated bark, plants for planting and cut branches.</p><p>Establishment: hosts and favourable climatic conditions are widespread in the RA area.</p><p>Spread: the pest would be able to spread following establishment by various means, i.e. insects, root grafts and movement of infected wood and plants for planting.</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>There is uncertainty about the survival of the fungus in wood during transport and the association with propagation material.</p><p>A knowledge gap is the presence of suitable vectors in Europe.</p><p>There is a lack of knowledge on mycelial mat formation in European oak species affecting the spread.</p><p>It is not known to what extent the limited (compared to the USA) distribution of red oak species in Europe would restrict the spread rate of the disease.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest introduction would have economic and environmental impacts in woodlands and plantations.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest introduction would have an impact on the intended use of plants for planting.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There is uncertainty about the relative susceptibility level under natural conditions in European locations of the various oak species native to Europe</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0043" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wood treatment (debarking, kiln drying, fumigation), prompt removal of affected trees and creating root‐free zones between affected and healthy stands are available measures to reduce the risk of entry, establishment and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Production of plants for planting in pest‐free areas can prevent pest presence on plants for planting</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>It is uncertain how effective chemical control in nurseries could be and whether it might just mask symptoms, hence allowing the movement of the pathogen via the trade in plants for planting</p><p>The effectiveness of debarking as wood treatment is uncertain, given that <italic>B. fagacearum</italic> can be isolated from sawn lumber up to 24 weeks after sawing</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0050" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">The main knowledge gaps concern (i) the survival of the fungus in wood (with and without bark) during transport and the association with propagation material, (ii) the presence of suitable vectors in Europe and (iii) the relative susceptibility level under natural conditions in European locations of the oak species native to Europe.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0051"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>CLC</term><def><p>Corine Land Cover</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>C‐SMFA</term><def><p>constrained spatial multiscale frequency analysis</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EUFGIS</term><def><p>European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>GD<sup>2</sup></term><def><p>Georeferenced Data on Genetic Diversity</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MS</term><def><p>Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PCR</term><def><p>Polymerase chain reaction</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>Regulated Non‐Quarantine Pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RPP</term><def><p>Relative probability of presence</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TFEU</term><def><p>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-1001"><title>Appendix A – Methodological notes on Figure <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref></title><sec id="efs25185-sec-0052"><label>1</label><p>The relative probability of presence (RPP) reported here for <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. in Figure <xref rid="efs25185-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref> and in the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) is the probability of that genus to occur in a given spatial unit (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0066" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). In forestry, such a probability for a single taxon is called ‘relative’. The maps of RPP are produced by means of the constrained spatial multiscale frequency analysis (C‐SMFA) (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0066" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) of species presence data reported in geolocated plots by different forest inventories.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0053"><label>A.1.</label><title>Geolocated plot databases</title><p>The RPP models rely on five geodatabases that provide presence/absence data for tree species and genera: four European‐wide forest monitoring data sets and a harmonised collection of records from national forest inventories (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0066" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The databases report observations made inside geolocalised sample plots positioned in a forested area, but do not provide information about the plot size or consistent quantitative information about the recorded species beyond presence/absence.</p><p>The harmonisation of these data sets was performed within the research project at the origin of the European Atlas of Forest Tree Species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0069" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Given the heterogeneity of strategies of field sampling design and establishment of sampling plots in the various national forest inventories (Chirici et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2011a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25185-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">b</xref>), and also given legal constraints, the information from the original data sources was harmonised to refer to an INSPIRE compliant geospatial grid, with a spatial resolution of 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel size, using the ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal‐Area as geospatial projection (EPSG: 3035, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/etrs89-etrs-laea/">http://spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/etrs89-etrs-laea/</ext-link>).</p><sec id="efs25185-sec-0054"><label>A.1.1.</label><title>European National Forestry Inventories database</title><p>This data set was derived from National Forest Inventory data and provides information on the presence/absence of forest tree species in approximately 375,000 sample points with a spatial resolution of 1 km<sup>2</sup>/pixel, covering 21 European countries (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0055"><label>A.1.2.</label><title>Forest Focus/Monitoring data set</title><p>This project is a Community scheme for harmonised long‐term monitoring of air pollution effects in European forest ecosystems, normed by EC Regulation No. 2152/2003<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25185-note-1009">5</xref>. Under this scheme, the monitoring is carried out by participating countries on the basis of a systematic network of observation points (Level I) and a network of observation plots for intensive and continuous monitoring (Level II). For managing the data, the JRC implemented a Forest Focus Monitoring Database System, from which the data used in this project were taken (Hiederer et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>; Houston Durrant and Hiederer, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>). The complete Forest Focus data set covers 30 European Countries with more than 8,600 sample points.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0056"><label>A.1.3.</label><title>BioSoil data set</title><p>This data set was produced by one of a number of demonstration studies performed in response to the ‘Forest Focus’ Regulation (EC) No. 2152/2003 mentioned above. The aim of the BioSoil project was to provide harmonised soil and forest biodiversity data. It comprised two modules: a Soil Module (Hiederer et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>) and a Biodiversity Module (Houston Durrant et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0045" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). The data set used in the C‐SMFA RPP model came from the Biodiversity module, in which plant species from both the tree layer and the ground vegetation layer were recorded for more than 3,300 sample points in 19 European Countries.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0057"><label>A.1.4.</label><title>European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources (EUFGIS)</title><p>EUFGIS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.eufgis.org">http://portal.eufgis.org</ext-link>) is a smaller geodatabase providing information on tree species composition in over 3,200 forest plots in 34 European countries. The plots are part of a network of forest stands managed for the genetic conservation of one or more target tree species. Hence, the plots represent the natural environment to which the target tree species are adapted.</p></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0058"><label>A.1.5.</label><title>Georeferenced Data on Genetic Diversity (GD<sup>2</sup>)</title><p>GD<sup>2</sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://gd2.pierroton.inra.fr">http://gd2.pierroton.inra.fr</ext-link>) provides information about 63 species of interest for genetic conservation. The database covers 6,254 forest plots located in stands of natural populations that are traditionally analysed in genetic surveys. While this database covers fewer species than the others, it covers 66 countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, making it the dataset with the largest geographic extent.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25185-sec-0059"><label>A.2.</label><title>Modelling methodology</title><p>For modelling, the data were harmonised in order to have the same spatial resolution (1 km<sup>2</sup>) and filtered to a study area comprising 36 countries in the European continent. The density of field observations varies greatly throughout the study area and large areas are poorly covered by the plot databases. A low density of field plots is particularly problematic in heterogeneous landscapes, such as mountainous regions and areas with many different land use and cover types, where a plot in one location is not representative of many nearby locations (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). To account for the spatial variation in plot density, the model used here (C‐SMFA) considers multiple spatial scales when estimating RPP. Furthermore, statistical resampling is systematically applied to mitigate the cumulated data‐driven uncertainty.</p><p>The presence or absence of a given forest tree species then refers to an idealised standard field sample of negligible size compared with the 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel size of the harmonised grid. The modelling methodology considered these presence/absence measures as if they were random samples of a binary quantity (the punctual presence/absence, not the pixel one). This binary quantity is a random variable having its own probability distribution which is a function of the unknown average probability of finding the given tree species within a plot of negligible area belonging to the considered 1 km<sup>2</sup> pixel (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). This unknown statistic is denoted hereinafter with the name of ‘probability of presence’.</p><p>C‐SMFA performs spatial frequency analysis of the geolocated plot data to create preliminary RPP maps (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). For each 1km<sup>2</sup> grid cell, the model estimates kernel densities over a range of kernel sizes to estimate the probability that a given species is present in that cell. The entire array of multiscale spatial kernels is aggregated with adaptive weights based on the local pattern of data density. Thus, in areas where plot data are scarce or inconsistent, the method tends to put weight on larger kernels. Wherever denser local data are available, they are privileged ensuring a more detailed local RPP estimation. Therefore, a smooth multiscale aggregation of the entire arrays of kernels and data sets is applied instead of selecting a local ‘best performing’ one and discarding the remaining information. This array‐based processing and the entire data harmonisation procedure are made possible thanks to the semantic modularisation which defines the Semantic Array Programming modelling paradigm (de Rigo, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0063" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p><p>The probability to find a single species (e.g. a particular coniferous tree species) in a 1 km<sup>2</sup> grid cell cannot be higher than the probability of presence of all the coniferous species combined. The same logical constraints applied to the case of single broadleaved species with respect to the probability of the presence of all the broadleaved species combined. Thus, to improve the accuracy of the maps, the preliminary RPP values were constrained so as not to exceed the local forest‐type cover fraction with an iterative refinement (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). The forest‐type cover fraction was estimated from the classes of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) maps which contain a component of forest trees (Bossard et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>; Büttner et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p><p>The resulting probability of presence is relative to the specific tree taxon, irrespective of the potential co‐occurrence of other tree taxa with the measured plots, and should not be confused with the absolute abundance or proportion of each taxon in the plots. RPP represents the probability of finding at least one individual of the taxon in a plot placed randomly within the grid cell, assuming that the plot has negligible area compared with the cell. As a consequence, the sum of the RPP associated with different taxa in the same area is not constrained to be 100%. For example, in a forest with two codominant tree species which are homogeneously mixed, the RPP of both may be 100% (see e.g. the Glossary in San‐Miguel‐Ayanz et al. (<xref rid="efs25185-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/media/atlas/Glossary.pdf">http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/media/atlas/Glossary.pdf</ext-link>).</p><p>The robustness of RPP maps depends strongly on sample plot density, as areas with few field observations are mapped with greater uncertainty. This uncertainty is shown qualitatively in maps of ‘RPP trustability’. RPP trustability is computed on the basis of the aggregated equivalent number of sample plots in each grid cell (equivalent local density of plot data). The trustability map scale is relative, ranging from 0 to 1, as it is based on the quantiles of the local plot density map obtained using all field observations for the species. Thus, trustability maps may vary among species based on the number of databases that report a particular species (de Rigo et al., <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>, <xref rid="efs25185-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p>The RPP and relative trustability range from 0 to 1 and are mapped at a 1‐km spatial resolution. To improve visualisation, these maps can be aggregated to coarser scales (i.e. 10 × 10 pixels or 25 × 25 pixels, respectively, summarising the information for aggregated spatial cells of 100 km<sup>2</sup> and 625 km<sup>2</sup>) by averaging the values in larger grid cells.</p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25185-ntgp-0002"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25185-note-1006"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1007"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1103"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1008"><label>4</label><p>See Section <xref rid="efs25185-sec-0011" ref-type="sec">2.1</xref> on what falls outside EFSA's remit.</p></fn><fn id="efs25185-note-1009"><label>5</label><p>Council of the European Union, 2003. Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 November 2003 concerning monitoring of forests and environmental interactions in the Community (Forest Focus). 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