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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kertesz, Virag" sort="Kertesz, Virag" uniqKey="Kertesz V" first="Virág" last="Kertész">Virág Kertész</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Grégoire">Jean-Claude Grégoire</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625819</idno><idno type="pmc">7009752</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009752</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009752</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5186</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000671</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000671</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Michael" sort="Jeger, Michael" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Michael" last="Jeger">Michael Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Caffier, David" sort="Caffier, David" uniqKey="Caffier D" first="David" last="Caffier">David Caffier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Candresse, Thierry" sort="Candresse, Thierry" uniqKey="Candresse T" first="Thierry" last="Candresse">Thierry Candresse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" sort="Chatzivassiliou, Elisavet" uniqKey="Chatzivassiliou E" first="Elisavet" last="Chatzivassiliou">Elisavet Chatzivassiliou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilioli, Gianni" sort="Gilioli, Gianni" uniqKey="Gilioli G" first="Gianni" last="Gilioli">Gianni Gilioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navajas Navarro, Maria" sort="Navajas Navarro, Maria" uniqKey="Navajas Navarro M" first="Maria" last="Navajas Navarro">Maria Navajas Navarro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niere, Bjorn" sort="Niere, Bjorn" uniqKey="Niere B" first="Björn" last="Niere">Björn Niere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rafoss, Trond" sort="Rafoss, Trond" uniqKey="Rafoss T" first="Trond" last="Rafoss">Trond Rafoss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossi, Vittorio" sort="Rossi, Vittorio" uniqKey="Rossi V" first="Vittorio" last="Rossi">Vittorio Rossi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urek, Gregor" sort="Urek, Gregor" uniqKey="Urek G" first="Gregor" last="Urek">Gregor Urek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Bruggen, Ariena" sort="Van Bruggen, Ariena" uniqKey="Van Bruggen A" first="Ariena" last="Van Bruggen">Ariena Van Bruggen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, Jonathan" sort="West, Jonathan" uniqKey="West J" first="Jonathan" last="West">Jonathan West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Stephan" sort="Winter, Stephan" uniqKey="Winter S" first="Stephan" last="Winter">Stephan Winter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kertesz, Virag" sort="Kertesz, Virag" uniqKey="Kertesz V" first="Virág" last="Kertész">Virág Kertész</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gregoire, Jean Laude" sort="Gregoire, Jean Laude" uniqKey="Gregoire J" first="Jean-Claude" last="Grégoire">Jean-Claude Grégoire</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the gall midge <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), for the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. <italic>A. eppoi</italic> is a well‐defined and distinguishable species, native to Japan and Korea, and recognised as a pest of <italic>Juniperus chinensis</italic>, although our knowledge is solely based on one unique publication. <italic>A. eppoi</italic> is absent from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, and is listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content> of Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. Its host plants, <italic>Juniperus</italic> spp. are also listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">III</styled-content> of Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. Plants for planting and branches are considered as pathways for this pest. <italic>A. eppoi</italic> has been intercepted twice (1974; 1975) in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and has been eradicated. The pest is likely to affect bonsai plants of <italic>J. chinensis</italic> if it were to establish in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> territory. However, as it is unknown whether <italic>A. eppoi</italic> would attack the <italic>Juniperus</italic> spp. that occur in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, its potential impact on the wild vegetation is also unknown. As the pest originates from areas with warm climates, impact outdoors would affect the southern parts of the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. Cultural control (destruction of infested material) and chemical control are the major control methods. All criteria assessed by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met, although there are high uncertainties regarding impact. The species is presently absent from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, and thus the criteria for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest are not met.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625819</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009752</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5186</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25186</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (EFSA PLH Panel)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>Elisavet</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>Gianni</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>Björn</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>Trond</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>Vittorio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>Ariena</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kertész</surname><given-names>Virág</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25186-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grégoire</surname><given-names>Jean‐Claude</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>2</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>2</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2018.16.issue-2</issue-id><elocation-id>e05186</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2018 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-16-e05186.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25186-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the gall midge <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), for the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. <italic>A. eppoi</italic> is a well‐defined and distinguishable species, native to Japan and Korea, and recognised as a pest of <italic>Juniperus chinensis</italic>, although our knowledge is solely based on one unique publication. <italic>A. eppoi</italic> is absent from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, and is listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIAI</styled-content> of Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. Its host plants, <italic>Juniperus</italic> spp. are also listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">III</styled-content> of Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content>. Plants for planting and branches are considered as pathways for this pest. <italic>A. eppoi</italic> has been intercepted twice (1974; 1975) in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and has been eradicated. The pest is likely to affect bonsai plants of <italic>J. chinensis</italic> if it were to establish in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> territory. However, as it is unknown whether <italic>A. eppoi</italic> would attack the <italic>Juniperus</italic> spp. that occur in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, its potential impact on the wild vegetation is also unknown. As the pest originates from areas with warm climates, impact outdoors would affect the southern parts of the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. Cultural control (destruction of infested material) and chemical control are the major control methods. All criteria assessed by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> for consideration as a potential quarantine pest are met, although there are high uncertainties regarding impact. The species is presently absent from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, and thus the criteria for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest are not met.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25186-kwd-0001">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25186-kwd-0002">Juniper gall midge</kwd><kwd id="efs25186-kwd-0003">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25186-kwd-0004">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25186-kwd-0005">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25186-kwd-0006">quarantine</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="4"></table-count><page-count count="17"></page-count><word-count count="7126"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>February 2018</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25186-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname>, <given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kertész</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Grégoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2018;16(2):5186, 17 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5186</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25186-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25186-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25186-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00318</p></fn><fn id="efs25186-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, David Caffier, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean‐Claude Grégoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Michael Jeger, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Björn Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West and Stephan Winter.</p></fn><fn id="efs25186-note-1004"><p><bold>Acknowledgements:</bold> The Panel on Plant Health wishes to acknowledge all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and other organisations that provided data for this scientific output.</p></fn><fn id="efs25186-note-1005"><p>Adopted: 1 February 2018</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25186-body-0001"><sec id="efs25186-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25186-note-1006">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25186-note-1007">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorizations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25186-note-2003">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of <italic>Cicadellidae</italic> (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of <italic>Tephritidae</italic> (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25186-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches' broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches' broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L</italic>. and <italic>Vitis L</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐E<underline underline-style="single">U</underline>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb <italic>sensu</italic> lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non‐quarantine pest for the area of the EU excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MS) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>A. eppoi</italic> in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the pest as search term, revealed one relevant publication. Six additional references were found.</p><p>The Central Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (UK), published a Data Sheet on Quarantine Pests and summary pest risk assessment for <italic>A. eppoi</italic> (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>), based on one original publication and two reports of interception and eradication. Following this analysis, only little additional information (two faunistic studies and one taxonomic catalogue) have been published. Therefore, the data sheet and summary PRA by Baker (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>) is still fully relevant and will be frequently cited in the present opinion. Excerpts from Baker (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>) have been indicated in italics between quotation marks to allow for their easy identification. Direct excerpts from Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>) have been treated similarly.</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the European and Mediterranean Plan Protection Organization (EPPO) Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) and relevant publications.</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network launched by the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MS and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>A. eppoi</italic>, following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on the harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>In accordance with the guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), this work was initiated following an evaluation of the EU plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union regulated non‐quarantine pest in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required in accordance with the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25186-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a regulated non‐quarantine pest. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a regulated non‐quarantine pest that needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone; thus, the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, whereas addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel, in agreement with EFSA guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25186-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pest must be present in the risk assessment area).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone).</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests' introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests' introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0049" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest has been fully described by Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>)</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic>, the Juniper Gall midge, is an insect of the order Diptera, family Cecidomyiidae.</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p>‘<italic>The life history of this species is incompletely known. The larvae spend the winter in the bud gall and are fully grown at the end of April to the beginning of May. They then leave the gall and pupate in the soil. The adults emerge from mid‐May to early June (Inouye</italic>, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref><italic>)</italic>. <italic>A similar species, the Juniper tip midge (Oligotrophus betheli) has 4–5 overlapping generations in a year (Steinhauer</italic>, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">1975</xref><italic>)</italic>’. (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>No intraspecific diversity has been recorded by Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold></p></boxed-text></p><p>‘<italic>This insect causes a very small quadrangular pyramid‐gall at the apical bud of the twigs. In the middle of April a swelling of the apical bud indicates the presence of infestation, but later the twigs become dry and browned</italic>’ (Inouye, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>). ‘<italic>The swollen buds are characteristic of infection by this species and are very obvious in bonsai juniper</italic>’ (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).</p><p>Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>) ‘<italic>provides photographs, detailed measurements and descriptions of the males, females, pupae and larvae</italic>’ (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><p>No data is available on the distribution of <italic>A. eppoi</italic> in the EPPO Global Database, nor in the CABI Forestry Compendium.</p><sec id="efs25186-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p><italic>A. eppoi</italic> is known to be present in Japan (Okayama Prefecture, Honshu: Inouye, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>; Gagné and Jaschhof, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>) and in the Korean peninsula (ESK & KSAE <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">1994</xref><italic>in</italic> Paik et al., <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>; Gagné and Jaschhof, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>, the pest is not known to occur in the EU territory.</p></boxed-text></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25186-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref> and <xref rid="efs25186-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25186-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex II, Part A</th><th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1">Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all member states shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section I</th><th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top" rowspan="1">Harmful organisms not known to occur in the community and relevant for the entire community</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(a)</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subject of contamination</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Juniperus</italic> L., other than fruit and seeds, originating in non‐European countries</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing the hosts of <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic></title><table-wrap id="efs25186-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> in Annex III of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex III, Part A</th><th align="left" colspan="2" valign="top" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of […] <italic>Juniperus</italic> L., […] other than fruit and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non‐European countries</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> is listed as one of the harmful organisms of concern for <italic>Juniperus</italic> plants in:</p><p><bold>Commission Decision 2002/499/EC</bold> authorising derogations from certain provisions of Council Directive 2000/29/EC in respect of naturally or artificially dwarfed plants of <italic>Chamaecyparis</italic> Spach, <italic>Juniperus</italic> L. and <italic>Pinus</italic> L., originating in the Republic of Korea.</p><p><bold>Commission Decision 2002/887/EC</bold> authorising derogations from certain provisions of Council Directive 2000/29/EC in respect of naturally or artificially dwarfed plants of <italic>Chamaecyparis</italic> Spach, <italic>Juniperus</italic> L. and <italic>Pinus</italic> L., originating in Japan.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0030"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25186-sec-0031"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p><italic>Juniperus chinensis</italic> is the only known host. It is ‘<italic>widely grown in gardens and as bonsai in Europe</italic>’ (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>). Given the fact there is very little information available, there is uncertainty as to whether <italic>A. eppoi</italic> is able to attack other <italic>Juniperus</italic> species.</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0032"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory? If yes, identify and list the pathways!</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest has been intercepted twice, in the UK, in 1974 and 1975 (EPPO Reporting Services <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1974</xref>; Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).</p></boxed-text></p><p>The main pathways of entry are:</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25186-list-0001"><list-item><p>plants for planting</p></list-item><list-item><p>branches.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Despite the fact that there is a general prohibition for the import of <italic>Juniperus</italic> plants, <italic>Juniperus</italic> bonsai plants can be imported from Japan and Korea providing the export and import requirements as specified in Commission Decisions 2002/499/EC and 2002/887/EC.</p><p>According to Commission Decisions 2002/499/EC and 2002/887/EC, MS have to report the amounts of <italic>Juniperus</italic> bonsai plants imported using these derogations. However, these data are not publicly available.</p><p>There are no records of interception of <italic>A. eppoi</italic> in the Europhyt database. However, in 1973 and 1974, the UK intercepted the pest twice on consignments of <italic>J. chinensis</italic> bonsai plants (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0034"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest would be able to become established in the southern parts of the EU, provided that the European <italic>Juniperus</italic> species are acceptable host species.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25186-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p><italic>Juniperus</italic> species are widely distributed in Europe (Figure <xref rid="efs25186-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). However, <italic>J. chinensis</italic> is not represented in this map as it is only grown in gardens and indoors as bonsai plants.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25186-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Distribution of the genus <italic>Juniperus</italic> according to <italic>Atlas Florae Europeae</italic> (Jalas and Suominen, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1973</xref>). The map considers the following species: <italic>J. drupacea</italic>,<italic> J. communis</italic> s.l., <italic>J. oxycedrus</italic>,<italic> J. brevifolia</italic>,<italic> J. phoenicea</italic>,<italic> J. thurifera</italic>,<italic> J. foetidissima</italic>,<italic> J. excelsa</italic>,<italic> J. sabina</italic>. It indicates where at least one of them is recorded in a 50 × 50 km grid in a <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">UTM</styled-content> projection</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05186-g001"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>The presence of <italic>A. eppoi</italic> in Okayama Prefecture (southern part of Honshu island, Japan) and in the Korean peninsula ‘<italic>suggests that this species requires high temperatures for development and that, outdoors, it would only be a risk to junipers in southern Europe</italic>’ (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>). Bonsai plants, however, are usually kept indoors.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment? How?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>,<italic> A. eppoi</italic> could spread with nursery plants, in particular bonsai plants.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>,<italic> A. eppoi</italic> is mainly spread by the movement of <italic>Juniperus</italic> plants for planting. However, the scarce information available results in high uncertainty regarding the importance of this pathway.</p></boxed-text></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0040"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests' introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, to some extent. ‘<italic>Infestation would make the bonsai unmarketable and “severe injury for two or three successive years causes the tree to appear thin and severely infested trees lose nearly all their tip growth</italic>” (<italic>Inouye</italic>, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref><italic>)</italic>. <italic>Although A. eppoi on bonsai juniper is not likely to be difficult to control, if it were able to colonise wild or garden juniper, control would be impossible</italic>’ (Baker, <xref rid="efs25186-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25186-note-1008">4</xref></p><p><bold>Yes</bold> (see above)</p></boxed-text></p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0042"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25186-blkfxd-0008" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, as illustrated by the absence of interceptions since 1975, suggesting that careful inspection and treatment in the country of origin allows preventing entry of the pest.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold> (see above)</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25186-sec-0044"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Phytosanitary measures</title><p><italic>A. eppoi</italic> is listed as one of the harmful organisms of concern for <italic>Juniperus</italic> plants in Commission Decisions 2002/499/EC and 2002/887/EC authorising derogations from certain provisions of Council Directive 2000/29/EC in respect of naturally or artificially dwarfed plants of <italic>Chamaecyparis</italic> Spach, <italic>Juniperus</italic> L. and <italic>Pinus</italic> L., originating, respectively, in the Republic of Korea and in Japan.</p><p>Summary of requirements:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25186-list-0002"><list-item><p>Prior to export, the <italic>Juniperus</italic> plants have been grown, held and trained for at least two consecutive years in officially registered nurseries, which are subject to an officially supervised control regime.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The nurseries and their immediate vicinity are inspected at least six times a year at appropriate intervals for the presence of <italic>A. eppoi</italic> and other harmful organisms.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The plants have to be potted and placed either on shelves at least 50 cm above ground or onto concrete flooring, impenetrable for nematodes, which is well maintained and free from debris.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The plants shall have been found free, in these inspections, from the harmful organisms mentioned in the legislation above. Infested plants shall be removed. The remaining plants shall be effectively treated.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The material shall be subject, before it is released, to official post‐entry quarantine for a period including the active growth season from 1 April until 30 June in the case of <italic>Juniperus</italic> plants and must be found free, during this quarantine period, from any harmful organisms of concern.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0045"><label>3.6.2</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p>None, judging from the absence of interception since 1975.</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0046"><label>3.6.3</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the ability to prevent the presence of the pest on plants for planting</title><p>None, judging from the absence of interception since 1975.</p></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0047"><label>3.6.4</label><title>Control methods</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25186-list-0003"><list-item><p>Insecticide treatments</p></list-item><list-item><p>Destruction of the contaminated plants.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0048"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>Given the paucity of the available information, there is a high uncertainty regarding the harmfulness of <italic>A. eppoi</italic> and the danger it represents for the EU. There is also a high uncertainty regarding the width of its host plant range.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0049"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>A. eppoi</italic> meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential quarantine pest for the EU territory, although there is high uncertainty regarding its impact. It does not meet the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a regulated non quarantine pest because it is absent from the EU territory (Table <xref rid="efs25186-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25186-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest has been fully described by Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest has been fully described by Inouye (<xref rid="efs25186-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Only one description available in the literature.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is absent from the EU territory.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is absent from the EU territory. Therefore, it cannot be considered as a regulated non‐quarantine pest.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIAI; on plants of <italic>Juniperus</italic>, other than fruit and seeds, originating in non‐European countries) and in Commission Decisions 2002/499/EC and 2002/887/EC.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIAI; on plants of <italic>Juniperus</italic>, other than fruit and seeds, originating in non‐European countries) and in Commission Decisions 2002/499/EC and 2002/887/EC.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The pest is able to enter into and establish in the EU territory on plants for planting and cut flowers or branches.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main pathway.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infestation would reduce tree growth, and make the bonsai unmarketable.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infestation would reduce tree growth, and make the bonsai unmarketable.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The harmfulness of the pest is weakly documented.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Careful inspection and treatment in the country of origin allows to prevent entry of the pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Careful inspection and treatment in the country of origin allows to prevent entry of the pest.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0049" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest for the EU territory were met.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were not met: the pest is absent from the EU territory.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The harmfulness of the pest is weakly documented.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">A deeper knowledge of the biology, geographic range and impact of the pest would allow reducing the uncertainties.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25186-sec-0050"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MS</term><def><p>Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TFEU</term><def><p>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25186-ntgp-0002"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25186-note-1006"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25186-note-1007"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25186-note-2003"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs25186-note-1008"><label>4</label><p>See Section <xref rid="efs25186-sec-0011" ref-type="sec">2.1</xref> on what falls outside EFSA's remit.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list content-type="cited-references" id="efs25186-bibl-0001"><title>References</title><ref id="efs25186-bib-0001"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25186-cit-0001"><string-name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>RHA</given-names></string-name>, <year>1995</year><article-title>Aschistonyx eppoi. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests and summary pest risk assessment</article-title>. 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