Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)
Identifieur interne : 000C71 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000C70; suivant : 000C72Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)
Auteurs : Benjamin C. Wang ; Victoria L. Sork ; Misha T. Leong ; Thomas B. SmithSource :
- Biotropica [ 0006-3606 ] ; 2007-05.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Throughout the tropics, mammalian seed dispersers are being driven to local extinction by intense hunting pressure, generating concern not only about the loss of these species, but also about the consequences for the plants they disperse. We compared two rain forest sites in Cameroon—one with heavy hunting pressure and one protected from hunting—to appraise the loss of mammalian seed dispersers and to assess the impact of this loss on seed removal and seed dispersal of Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), a mammal‐dispersed tree. Surveys of arboreal frugivores indicate that three of the five monkey species, as well as chimpanzee and gorilla, have been extirpated from the hunted forest. Diaspore counts underneath A. klaineanum adults (six trees per site) indicate that seed removal is severely reduced in the hunted forest. Finally, genetic maternity exclusion analysis (using 3–7 nuclear microsatellite loci) of maternally inherited endocarp tissue from diaspores collected under the canopies of 12 fruiting “mother” trees (six trees per site) revealed that seed dispersal in the hunted forest is also greatly reduced. In the hunted forest with reduced mammal dispersal agents, only 1 of the 53 assayed endocarps (2%) did not match the mother and was determined to be from a dispersed diaspore. By contrast, in the protected forest, 20 of the 48 assayed endocarps (42%) were from dispersed diaspores. This study provides strong evidence that loss of dispersal agents can lead to reduced seed removal and loss of seed dispersal, disrupting the seed dispersal cycle.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00275.x
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Wang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: bcw@ucla.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sork, Victoria L" sort="Sork, Victoria L" uniqKey="Sork V" first="Victoria L." last="Sork">Victoria L. Sork</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leong, Misha T" sort="Leong, Misha T" uniqKey="Leong M" first="Misha T." last="Leong">Misha T. Leong</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Thomas B" sort="Smith, Thomas B" uniqKey="Smith T" first="Thomas B." last="Smith">Thomas B. Smith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Biotropica</title><idno type="ISSN">0006-3606</idno><idno type="eISSN">1744-7429</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><pubPlace>Malden, USA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2007-05">2007-05</date><biblScope unit="volume">39</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="340">340</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="347">347</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0006-3606</idno></series><idno type="istex">863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00275.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">BTP275</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0006-3606</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>Antrocaryon klaineanum</term><term>hunting</term><term>microsatellite</term><term>seed dispersal</term><term>seed removal</term><term>tropical forest</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Throughout the tropics, mammalian seed dispersers are being driven to local extinction by intense hunting pressure, generating concern not only about the loss of these species, but also about the consequences for the plants they disperse. We compared two rain forest sites in Cameroon—one with heavy hunting pressure and one protected from hunting—to appraise the loss of mammalian seed dispersers and to assess the impact of this loss on seed removal and seed dispersal of Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), a mammal‐dispersed tree. Surveys of arboreal frugivores indicate that three of the five monkey species, as well as chimpanzee and gorilla, have been extirpated from the hunted forest. Diaspore counts underneath A. klaineanum adults (six trees per site) indicate that seed removal is severely reduced in the hunted forest. Finally, genetic maternity exclusion analysis (using 3–7 nuclear microsatellite loci) of maternally inherited endocarp tissue from diaspores collected under the canopies of 12 fruiting “mother” trees (six trees per site) revealed that seed dispersal in the hunted forest is also greatly reduced. In the hunted forest with reduced mammal dispersal agents, only 1 of the 53 assayed endocarps (2%) did not match the mother and was determined to be from a dispersed diaspore. By contrast, in the protected forest, 20 of the 48 assayed endocarps (42%) were from dispersed diaspores. This study provides strong evidence that loss of dispersal agents can lead to reduced seed removal and loss of seed dispersal, disrupting the seed dispersal cycle.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Benjamin C. Wang</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</json:string><json:string>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</json:string><json:string>E-mail: bcw@ucla.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Victoria L. Sork</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</json:string><json:string>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Misha T. Leong</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Thomas B. Smith</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</json:string><json:string>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</json:string><json:string>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Africa</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Antrocaryon klaineanum</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>hunting</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>microsatellite</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>tropical forest</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>seed dispersal</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>seed removal</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>BTP275</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Throughout the tropics, mammalian seed dispersers are being driven to local extinction by intense hunting pressure, generating concern not only about the loss of these species, but also about the consequences for the plants they disperse. We compared two rain forest sites in Cameroon—one with heavy hunting pressure and one protected from hunting—to appraise the loss of mammalian seed dispersers and to assess the impact of this loss on seed removal and seed dispersal of Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), a mammal‐dispersed tree. Surveys of arboreal frugivores indicate that three of the five monkey species, as well as chimpanzee and gorilla, have been extirpated from the hunted forest. Diaspore counts underneath A. klaineanum adults (six trees per site) indicate that seed removal is severely reduced in the hunted forest. Finally, genetic maternity exclusion analysis (using 3–7 nuclear microsatellite loci) of maternally inherited endocarp tissue from diaspores collected under the canopies of 12 fruiting “mother” trees (six trees per site) revealed that seed dispersal in the hunted forest is also greatly reduced. In the hunted forest with reduced mammal dispersal agents, only 1 of the 53 assayed endocarps (2%) did not match the mother and was determined to be from a dispersed diaspore. By contrast, in the protected forest, 20 of the 48 assayed endocarps (42%) were from dispersed diaspores. This study provides strong evidence that loss of dispersal agents can lead to reduced seed removal and loss of seed dispersal, disrupting the seed dispersal cycle.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.916</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>648 x 828 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1577</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6056</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>36620</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>243</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>N. M. 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sciences</json:string><json:string>biology</json:string><json:string>ecology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2007</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2007</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00275.x</json:string></doi><id>863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><pubPlace>Malden, USA</pubPlace><availability><p>© 2007 The Author(s) Journal compilation © 2007 by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation</p></availability><date>2007</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Benjamin C.</forename><surname>Wang</surname></persName><email>bcw@ucla.edu</email><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Victoria L.</forename><surname>Sork</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Misha T.</forename><surname>Leong</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Thomas B.</forename><surname>Smith</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Biotropica</title><idno type="pISSN">0006-3606</idno><idno type="eISSN">1744-7429</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1744-7429</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><pubPlace>Malden, USA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2007-05"></date><biblScope unit="volume">39</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="340">340</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="347">347</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00275.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">BTP275</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2007</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Throughout the tropics, mammalian seed dispersers are being driven to local extinction by intense hunting pressure, generating concern not only about the loss of these species, but also about the consequences for the plants they disperse. We compared two rain forest sites in Cameroon—one with heavy hunting pressure and one protected from hunting—to appraise the loss of mammalian seed dispersers and to assess the impact of this loss on seed removal and seed dispersal of Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), a mammal‐dispersed tree. Surveys of arboreal frugivores indicate that three of the five monkey species, as well as chimpanzee and gorilla, have been extirpated from the hunted forest. Diaspore counts underneath A. klaineanum adults (six trees per site) indicate that seed removal is severely reduced in the hunted forest. Finally, genetic maternity exclusion analysis (using 3–7 nuclear microsatellite loci) of maternally inherited endocarp tissue from diaspores collected under the canopies of 12 fruiting “mother” trees (six trees per site) revealed that seed dispersal in the hunted forest is also greatly reduced. In the hunted forest with reduced mammal dispersal agents, only 1 of the 53 assayed endocarps (2%) did not match the mother and was determined to be from a dispersed diaspore. By contrast, in the protected forest, 20 of the 48 assayed endocarps (42%) were from dispersed diaspores. This study provides strong evidence that loss of dispersal agents can lead to reduced seed removal and loss of seed dispersal, disrupting the seed dispersal cycle.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="es"><p>Au travers des tropiques, les mammifères disperseurs de graines sont confrontés à des risques d'extinctions importants à cause de chasses intensives, provoquant des inquiétudes non seulement en regard de la perte de ces espèces, mais également à cause des répercussions sur les végétaux qu'ils dispersent. Nous comparons deux sites dans des forêts tropicales du Cameroun – l'un où une chasse intensive prend place, l'autre protégé contre toute activité de chasse – pour évaluer la perte des mammifères disperseurs de graines, et également estimer l'impacte de cette perte sur le retrait et la dispersion des graines d'Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), un arbre dispersé par les mammifères. L'étude de frugivores arboricoles indique que 3 des 5 espèces de singes, de chimpanzés et gorilles, ont étééradiquées de la forêt où la chasse est autorisée. Les diaspores repertoriées sous les arbres adultes de A. klaineanum (6 arbres par site) montrent que le retrait des graines est sévèrement réduit dans la forêt où la chasse est permise. Finalement, une analyses d'exclusion de maternité (utilisant 3–7 loci microsatellites nucléaires) realisée à partir de tissue d'endocarpes (maternellement herités) de diaspores recoltées sous la canopée de 12 arbres “mères” en fruit (6 arbres par site) montre que la dispersion des graines dans la forêt où la chasse est permise est aussi grandement réduite. Dans la forêt qui présente un nombre de mammif ères disperseurs réduit, seul 1 des 53 endocarpes analysés (2%) ne correspond à aucune mère et a été identifié comme venant d'une diaspore dispersée. A l'opposé, dans la forêt protégée 20 des 48 endocarpes analysés (42%) proviennent de diaspores disseminées. Cette étude montre clairement que la perte d'agents disperseurs peut mener à une réduction du retrait et de la dispersion des graines, interrompant ainsi le cycle de dispersion des graines.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Africa</term></item><item><term>Antrocaryon klaineanum</term></item><item><term>hunting</term></item><item><term>microsatellite</term></item><item><term>tropical forest</term></item><item><term>seed dispersal</term></item><item><term>seed removal</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2007-05">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisherName><publisherLoc>Malden, USA</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1744-7429</doi><issn type="print">0006-3606</issn><issn type="electronic">1744-7429</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="BTP"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="BIOTROPICA">Biotropica</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="05003"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/btp.2007.39.issue-3</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="39">39</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="3">3</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2007-05">May 2007</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="6" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00275.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="BTP275"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">SPECIAL SECTION: PERVASIVE CONSEQUENCES OF HUNTING FOR TROPICAL FORESTS</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2007 The Author(s) Journal compilation © 2007 by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2007-04-18"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2007-04-18"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.5 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-04-06"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-08"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-15"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="340">340</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="347">347</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><sup>4</sup> Corresponding author; e‐mail: <email>bcw@ucla.edu</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:BTP.BTP275.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received 27 June 2006; revision accepted 24 October 2006</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="3"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="0"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="62"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="95"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree <i>Antrocaryon klaineanum</i> (Anacardiaceae)</title><title type="shortAuthors">Wang, Sork, Leong, and Smith</title><title type="short">Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Dispersal</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Benjamin C.</givenNames><familyName>Wang</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a1 #a3"><personName><givenNames>Victoria L.</givenNames><familyName>Sork</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Misha T.</givenNames><familyName>Leong</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2 #a3"><personName><givenNames>Thomas B.</givenNames><familyName>Smith</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">Africa</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2"><i>Antrocaryon klaineanum</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">hunting</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">microsatellite</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">tropical forest</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">seed dispersal</keyword><keyword xml:id="k7">seed removal</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">ABSTRACT</title><p>Throughout the tropics, mammalian seed dispersers are being driven to local extinction by intense hunting pressure, generating concern not only about the loss of these species, but also about the consequences for the plants they disperse. We compared two rain forest sites in Cameroon—one with heavy hunting pressure and one protected from hunting—to appraise the loss of mammalian seed dispersers and to assess the impact of this loss on seed removal and seed dispersal of <i>Antrocaryon klaineanum</i> (Anacardiaceae), a mammal‐dispersed tree. Surveys of arboreal frugivores indicate that three of the five monkey species, as well as chimpanzee and gorilla, have been extirpated from the hunted forest. Diaspore counts underneath <i>A. klaineanum</i> adults (six trees per site) indicate that seed removal is severely reduced in the hunted forest. Finally, genetic maternity exclusion analysis (using 3–7 nuclear microsatellite loci) of maternally inherited endocarp tissue from diaspores collected under the canopies of 12 fruiting “mother” trees (six trees per site) revealed that seed dispersal in the hunted forest is also greatly reduced. In the hunted forest with reduced mammal dispersal agents, only 1 of the 53 assayed endocarps (2%) did not match the mother and was determined to be from a dispersed diaspore. By contrast, in the protected forest, 20 of the 48 assayed endocarps (42%) were from dispersed diaspores. This study provides strong evidence that loss of dispersal agents can lead to reduced seed removal and loss of seed dispersal, disrupting the seed dispersal cycle.</p></abstract><abstract type="main" xml:lang="es"><title type="main">Résumé </title><p>Au travers des tropiques, les mammifères disperseurs de graines sont confrontés à des risques d'extinctions importants à cause de chasses intensives, provoquant des inquiétudes non seulement en regard de la perte de ces espèces, mais également à cause des répercussions sur les végétaux qu'ils dispersent. Nous comparons deux sites dans des forêts tropicales du Cameroun – l'un où une chasse intensive prend place, l'autre protégé contre toute activité de chasse – pour évaluer la perte des mammifères disperseurs de graines, et également estimer l'impacte de cette perte sur le retrait et la dispersion des graines d'<i>Antrocaryon klaineanum</i> (Anacardiaceae), un arbre dispersé par les mammifères. L'étude de frugivores arboricoles indique que 3 des 5 espèces de singes, de chimpanzés et gorilles, ont étééradiquées de la forêt où la chasse est autorisée. Les diaspores repertoriées sous les arbres adultes de <i>A. klaineanum</i> (6 arbres par site) montrent que le retrait des graines est sévèrement réduit dans la forêt où la chasse est permise. Finalement, une analyses d'exclusion de maternité (utilisant 3–7 loci microsatellites nucléaires) realisée à partir de tissue d'endocarpes (maternellement herités) de diaspores recoltées sous la canopée de 12 arbres “mères” en fruit (6 arbres par site) montre que la dispersion des graines dans la forêt où la chasse est permise est aussi grandement réduite. Dans la forêt qui présente un nombre de mammif ères disperseurs réduit, seul 1 des 53 endocarpes analysés (2%) ne correspond à aucune mère et a été identifié comme venant d'une diaspore dispersée. A l'opposé, dans la forêt protégée 20 des 48 endocarpes analysés (42%) proviennent de diaspores disseminées. Cette étude montre clairement que la perte d'agents disperseurs peut mener à une réduction du retrait et de la dispersion des graines, interrompant ainsi le cycle de dispersion des graines.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Dispersal</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Hunting of Mammals Reduces Seed Removal and Dispersal of the Afrotropical Tree Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae)</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Benjamin C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Wang</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: bcw@ucla.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Victoria L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Sork</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Misha T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Leong</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thomas B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1606, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of the Environment, University of California, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1496, U.S.A.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Malden, USA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-05</dateIssued><edition>Received 27 June 2006; revision accepted 24 October 2006</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">3</extent><extent unit="references">62</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Throughout the tropics, mammalian seed dispersers are being driven to local extinction by intense hunting pressure, generating concern not only about the loss of these species, but also about the consequences for the plants they disperse. We compared two rain forest sites in Cameroon—one with heavy hunting pressure and one protected from hunting—to appraise the loss of mammalian seed dispersers and to assess the impact of this loss on seed removal and seed dispersal of Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), a mammal‐dispersed tree. Surveys of arboreal frugivores indicate that three of the five monkey species, as well as chimpanzee and gorilla, have been extirpated from the hunted forest. Diaspore counts underneath A. klaineanum adults (six trees per site) indicate that seed removal is severely reduced in the hunted forest. Finally, genetic maternity exclusion analysis (using 3–7 nuclear microsatellite loci) of maternally inherited endocarp tissue from diaspores collected under the canopies of 12 fruiting “mother” trees (six trees per site) revealed that seed dispersal in the hunted forest is also greatly reduced. In the hunted forest with reduced mammal dispersal agents, only 1 of the 53 assayed endocarps (2%) did not match the mother and was determined to be from a dispersed diaspore. By contrast, in the protected forest, 20 of the 48 assayed endocarps (42%) were from dispersed diaspores. This study provides strong evidence that loss of dispersal agents can lead to reduced seed removal and loss of seed dispersal, disrupting the seed dispersal cycle.</abstract><abstract lang="es">Au travers des tropiques, les mammifères disperseurs de graines sont confrontés à des risques d'extinctions importants à cause de chasses intensives, provoquant des inquiétudes non seulement en regard de la perte de ces espèces, mais également à cause des répercussions sur les végétaux qu'ils dispersent. Nous comparons deux sites dans des forêts tropicales du Cameroun – l'un où une chasse intensive prend place, l'autre protégé contre toute activité de chasse – pour évaluer la perte des mammifères disperseurs de graines, et également estimer l'impacte de cette perte sur le retrait et la dispersion des graines d'Antrocaryon klaineanum (Anacardiaceae), un arbre dispersé par les mammifères. L'étude de frugivores arboricoles indique que 3 des 5 espèces de singes, de chimpanzés et gorilles, ont étééradiquées de la forêt où la chasse est autorisée. Les diaspores repertoriées sous les arbres adultes de A. klaineanum (6 arbres par site) montrent que le retrait des graines est sévèrement réduit dans la forêt où la chasse est permise. Finalement, une analyses d'exclusion de maternité (utilisant 3–7 loci microsatellites nucléaires) realisée à partir de tissue d'endocarpes (maternellement herités) de diaspores recoltées sous la canopée de 12 arbres “mères” en fruit (6 arbres par site) montre que la dispersion des graines dans la forêt où la chasse est permise est aussi grandement réduite. Dans la forêt qui présente un nombre de mammif ères disperseurs réduit, seul 1 des 53 endocarpes analysés (2%) ne correspond à aucune mère et a été identifié comme venant d'une diaspore dispersée. A l'opposé, dans la forêt protégée 20 des 48 endocarpes analysés (42%) proviennent de diaspores disseminées. Cette étude montre clairement que la perte d'agents disperseurs peut mener à une réduction du retrait et de la dispersion des graines, interrompant ainsi le cycle de dispersion des graines.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Africa</topic><topic>Antrocaryon klaineanum</topic><topic>hunting</topic><topic>microsatellite</topic><topic>tropical forest</topic><topic>seed dispersal</topic><topic>seed removal</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Biotropica</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0006-3606</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1744-7429</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1744-7429</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">BTP</identifier><part><date>2007</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>39</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>340</start><end>347</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">863C44B5BF7D337622343E9B6861F137A9A99275</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00275.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">BTP275</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2007 The Author(s) Journal compilation © 2007 by The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Blackwell Publishing Inc</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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