New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe
Identifieur interne : 000139 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000138; suivant : 000140New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe
Auteurs : A. Mougou ; C. Dutech ; M. Desprez-LoustauSource :
- Forest Pathology [ 1437-4781 ] ; 2008-08.
Abstract
Powdery mildew is the most common disease on oaks in Europe where it was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, little is known about the origin of the causal agent. In this study, we analysed the variability of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the pathogen. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the 5.8S rRNA coding gene and the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rDNA of 33 European (mostly French) samples of oak powdery mildew were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Four different haplotypes were obtained for ITS among the various samples (ITSA, ITSB, ITSC and ITSD). Each ITS sequence corresponded to a different IGS sequence. The comparison of ITS sequences obtained with sequences accessible in the GenBank database revealed very high homologies with different taxa. Of these, three taxa had already been described on oaks in Europe, i.e. Erysiphe alphitoides (100% homology with ITSA), Erysiphe hypophylla (99.4% homology with ITSC) and Phyllactinia guttata (97.64% homology with ITSD). Our data also confirmed the 100% homology between ITSA and the sequence described for Oïdium mangiferae, the agent of mango powdery mildew. The fourth haplotype, i.e. ITSB, represented by nearly 25% samples, showed 100% homology with the recently described Erysiphe quercicola from Quercus spp. in Asia, and several tropical and sub‐tropical powdery mildew species, including Oïdium heveae, a major pathogen of rubber trees worldwide. Our results suggest that oak powdery mildew might originate from host shifts of tropical Erysiphe species introduced to Europe through infected exotic host plants.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x
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Mougou</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutech, C" sort="Dutech, C" uniqKey="Dutech C" first="C." last="Dutech">C. Dutech</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desprez Oustau, M" sort="Desprez Oustau, M" uniqKey="Desprez Oustau M" first="M." last="Desprez-Loustau">M. Desprez-Loustau</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E‐mail: loustau@bordeaux.inra.fr (for correspondence)</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Forest Pathology</title><idno type="ISSN">1437-4781</idno><idno type="eISSN">1439-0329</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2008-08">2008-08</date><biblScope unit="volume">38</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="275">275</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="287">287</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1437-4781</idno></series><idno type="istex">D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">EFP544</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1437-4781</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Powdery mildew is the most common disease on oaks in Europe where it was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, little is known about the origin of the causal agent. In this study, we analysed the variability of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the pathogen. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the 5.8S rRNA coding gene and the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rDNA of 33 European (mostly French) samples of oak powdery mildew were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Four different haplotypes were obtained for ITS among the various samples (ITSA, ITSB, ITSC and ITSD). Each ITS sequence corresponded to a different IGS sequence. The comparison of ITS sequences obtained with sequences accessible in the GenBank database revealed very high homologies with different taxa. Of these, three taxa had already been described on oaks in Europe, i.e. Erysiphe alphitoides (100% homology with ITSA), Erysiphe hypophylla (99.4% homology with ITSC) and Phyllactinia guttata (97.64% homology with ITSD). Our data also confirmed the 100% homology between ITSA and the sequence described for Oïdium mangiferae, the agent of mango powdery mildew. The fourth haplotype, i.e. ITSB, represented by nearly 25% samples, showed 100% homology with the recently described Erysiphe quercicola from Quercus spp. in Asia, and several tropical and sub‐tropical powdery mildew species, including Oïdium heveae, a major pathogen of rubber trees worldwide. Our results suggest that oak powdery mildew might originate from host shifts of tropical Erysiphe species introduced to Europe through infected exotic host plants.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>A. Mougou</name><affiliations><json:string>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>C. Dutech</name><affiliations><json:string>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M.‐L. Desprez‐Loustau</name><affiliations><json:string>E‐mail: loustau@bordeaux.inra.fr (for correspondence)</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>EFP544</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Powdery mildew is the most common disease on oaks in Europe where it was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, little is known about the origin of the causal agent. In this study, we analysed the variability of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the pathogen. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the 5.8S rRNA coding gene and the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rDNA of 33 European (mostly French) samples of oak powdery mildew were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Four different haplotypes were obtained for ITS among the various samples (ITSA, ITSB, ITSC and ITSD). Each ITS sequence corresponded to a different IGS sequence. The comparison of ITS sequences obtained with sequences accessible in the GenBank database revealed very high homologies with different taxa. Of these, three taxa had already been described on oaks in Europe, i.e. Erysiphe alphitoides (100% homology with ITSA), Erysiphe hypophylla (99.4% homology with ITSC) and Phyllactinia guttata (97.64% homology with ITSD). Our data also confirmed the 100% homology between ITSA and the sequence described for Oïdium mangiferae, the agent of mango powdery mildew. The fourth haplotype, i.e. ITSB, represented by nearly 25% samples, showed 100% homology with the recently described Erysiphe quercicola from Quercus spp. in Asia, and several tropical and sub‐tropical powdery mildew species, including Oïdium heveae, a major pathogen of rubber trees worldwide. Our results suggest that oak powdery mildew might originate from host shifts of tropical Erysiphe species introduced to Europe through infected exotic host plants.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>484.724 x 697.323 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1673</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6454</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>40807</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>13</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>256</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>S. F. 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Biol.</title></host><title>Inheritance of DNA methylation in Coprinus cinereus</title></json:item></refBibs><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>38</volume><publisherId><json:string>EFP</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>13</total><last>287</last><first>275</first></pages><issn><json:string>1437-4781</json:string></issn><issue>4</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1439-0329</json:string></eissn><title>Forest Pathology</title><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0329</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>forestry</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>applied sciences</json:string><json:string>agriculture, fisheries & forestry</json:string><json:string>forestry</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2008</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2008</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x</json:string></doi><id>D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><p>© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin</p></availability><date>2008</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename><surname>Mougou</surname></persName><affiliation>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Dutech</surname></persName><affiliation>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">M.‐L.</forename><surname>Desprez‐Loustau</surname></persName><affiliation>E‐mail: loustau@bordeaux.inra.fr (for correspondence)</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Forest Pathology</title><idno type="pISSN">1437-4781</idno><idno type="eISSN">1439-0329</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0329</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2008-08"></date><biblScope unit="volume">38</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="275">275</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="287">287</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">EFP544</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2008</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Powdery mildew is the most common disease on oaks in Europe where it was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, little is known about the origin of the causal agent. In this study, we analysed the variability of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the pathogen. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the 5.8S rRNA coding gene and the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rDNA of 33 European (mostly French) samples of oak powdery mildew were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Four different haplotypes were obtained for ITS among the various samples (ITSA, ITSB, ITSC and ITSD). Each ITS sequence corresponded to a different IGS sequence. The comparison of ITS sequences obtained with sequences accessible in the GenBank database revealed very high homologies with different taxa. Of these, three taxa had already been described on oaks in Europe, i.e. Erysiphe alphitoides (100% homology with ITSA), Erysiphe hypophylla (99.4% homology with ITSC) and Phyllactinia guttata (97.64% homology with ITSD). Our data also confirmed the 100% homology between ITSA and the sequence described for Oïdium mangiferae, the agent of mango powdery mildew. The fourth haplotype, i.e. ITSB, represented by nearly 25% samples, showed 100% homology with the recently described Erysiphe quercicola from Quercus spp. in Asia, and several tropical and sub‐tropical powdery mildew species, including Oïdium heveae, a major pathogen of rubber trees worldwide. Our results suggest that oak powdery mildew might originate from host shifts of tropical Erysiphe species introduced to Europe through infected exotic host plants.</p></abstract></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-08">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0329</doi><issn type="print">1437-4781</issn><issn type="electronic">1439-0329</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="EFP"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="FOREST PATHOLOGY">Forest Pathology</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="08004"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/efp.2008.38.issue-4</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="38">38</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="4">4</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2008-08">August 2008</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="5" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="EFP544"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="13"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2008-02-21"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2008-07-25"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-03-07"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-12"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-16"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="275">275</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="287">287</numbering></numberingGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:EFP.EFP544.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory>Received: 29.6.2007; accepted: 20.11.2007; editor: J.N. Gibbs</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="1"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="4"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe</title><title type="shortAuthors"><i>A. Mougou, C. Dutech and M.‐L. Desprez‐Loustau</i></title><title type="short"><i>Causal agent of oak powdery mildew</i></title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>A.</givenNames><familyName>Mougou</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>C.</givenNames><familyName>Dutech</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>M.‐L.</givenNames><familyName>Desprez‐Loustau</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2"><unparsedAffiliation> E‐mail: <email>loustau@bordeaux.inra.fr</email> (for correspondence)</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Summary</title><p>Powdery mildew is the most common disease on oaks in Europe where it was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, little is known about the origin of the causal agent. In this study, we analysed the variability of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the pathogen. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the 5.8S rRNA coding gene and the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rDNA of 33 European (mostly French) samples of oak powdery mildew were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Four different haplotypes were obtained for ITS among the various samples (ITS<sub>A</sub>, ITS<sub>B</sub>, ITS<sub>C</sub> and ITS<sub>D</sub>). Each ITS sequence corresponded to a different IGS sequence. The comparison of ITS sequences obtained with sequences accessible in the GenBank database revealed very high homologies with different taxa. Of these, three taxa had already been described on oaks in Europe, i.e. <i>Erysiphe alphitoides</i> (100% homology with ITS<sub>A</sub>), <i>Erysiphe hypophylla</i> (99.4% homology with ITS<sub>C</sub>) and <i>Phyllactinia guttata</i> (97.64% homology with ITS<sub>D</sub>). Our data also confirmed the 100% homology between ITS<sub>A</sub> and the sequence described for <i>Oïdium mangiferae</i>, the agent of mango powdery mildew. The fourth haplotype, i.e. ITS<sub>B</sub>, represented by nearly 25% samples, showed 100% homology with the recently described <i>Erysiphe quercicola</i> from <i>Quercus</i> spp. in Asia, and several tropical and sub‐tropical powdery mildew species, including <i>Oïdium heveae</i>, a major pathogen of rubber trees worldwide. Our results suggest that oak powdery mildew might originate from host shifts of tropical <i>Erysiphe</i> species introduced to Europe through infected exotic host plants.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Causal agent of oak powdery mildew</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>New insights into the identity and origin of the causal agent of oak powdery mildew in Europe</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Mougou</namePart><affiliation>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Dutech</namePart><affiliation>INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Equipe de Pathologie forestière, 71 avenue Edouard Bourleaux BP81 F33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.‐L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Desprez‐Loustau</namePart><affiliation>E‐mail: loustau@bordeaux.inra.fr (for correspondence)</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008-08</dateIssued><edition>Received: 29.6.2007; accepted: 20.11.2007; editor: J.N. Gibbs</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">1</extent><extent unit="tables">4</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Powdery mildew is the most common disease on oaks in Europe where it was first recorded at the beginning of the 20th century. Yet, little is known about the origin of the causal agent. In this study, we analysed the variability of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the pathogen. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the 5.8S rRNA coding gene and the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rDNA of 33 European (mostly French) samples of oak powdery mildew were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR products were subsequently sequenced. Four different haplotypes were obtained for ITS among the various samples (ITSA, ITSB, ITSC and ITSD). Each ITS sequence corresponded to a different IGS sequence. The comparison of ITS sequences obtained with sequences accessible in the GenBank database revealed very high homologies with different taxa. Of these, three taxa had already been described on oaks in Europe, i.e. Erysiphe alphitoides (100% homology with ITSA), Erysiphe hypophylla (99.4% homology with ITSC) and Phyllactinia guttata (97.64% homology with ITSD). Our data also confirmed the 100% homology between ITSA and the sequence described for Oïdium mangiferae, the agent of mango powdery mildew. The fourth haplotype, i.e. ITSB, represented by nearly 25% samples, showed 100% homology with the recently described Erysiphe quercicola from Quercus spp. in Asia, and several tropical and sub‐tropical powdery mildew species, including Oïdium heveae, a major pathogen of rubber trees worldwide. Our results suggest that oak powdery mildew might originate from host shifts of tropical Erysiphe species introduced to Europe through infected exotic host plants.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Forest Pathology</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">1437-4781</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1439-0329</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0329</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">EFP</identifier><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>38</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>275</start><end>287</end><total>13</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">D84E20680EAF290C5E905DD653906C318AF3E748</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00544.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">EFP544</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2008 The Authors. 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