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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis</title><author><name sortKey="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" sort="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" uniqKey="Israde Alcantara I" first="Isabel" last="Israde-Alcántara">Isabel Israde-Alcántara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Departamento de Geología y Mineralogía, Edif. U-4. Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas de Hidalgo, C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, México;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bischoff, James L" sort="Bischoff, James L" uniqKey="Bischoff J" first="James L." last="Bischoff">James L. Bischoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dominguez Vazquez, Gabriela" sort="Dominguez Vazquez, Gabriela" uniqKey="Dominguez Vazquez G" first="Gabriela" last="Domínguez-Vázquez">Gabriela Domínguez-Vázquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas Hidalgo C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, México;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Hong Chun" sort="Li, Hong Chun" uniqKey="Li H" first="Hong-Chun" last="Li">Hong-Chun Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decarli, Paul S" sort="Decarli, Paul S" uniqKey="Decarli P" first="Paul S." last="Decarli">Paul S. Decarli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bunch, Ted E" sort="Bunch, Ted E" uniqKey="Bunch T" first="Ted E." last="Bunch">Ted E. Bunch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittke, James H" sort="Wittke, James H" uniqKey="Wittke J" first="James H." last="Wittke">James H. Wittke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, James C" sort="Weaver, James C" uniqKey="Weaver J" first="James C." last="Weaver">James C. Weaver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firestone, Richard B" sort="Firestone, Richard B" uniqKey="Firestone R" first="Richard B." last="Firestone">Richard B. Firestone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Allen" sort="West, Allen" uniqKey="West A" first="Allen" last="West">Allen West</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">GeoScience Consulting, Dewey, AZ 86327;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennett, James P" sort="Kennett, James P" uniqKey="Kennett J" first="James P." last="Kennett">James P. Kennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mercer, Chris" sort="Mercer, Chris" uniqKey="Mercer C" first="Chris" last="Mercer">Chris Mercer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Sujing" sort="Xie, Sujing" uniqKey="Xie S" first="Sujing" last="Xie">Sujing Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">CAMCOR High Resolution and MicroAnalytical Facilities, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richman, Eric K" sort="Richman, Eric K" uniqKey="Richman E" first="Eric K." last="Richman">Eric K. Richman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kinzie, Charles R" sort="Kinzie, Charles R" uniqKey="Kinzie C" first="Charles R." last="Kinzie">Charles R. Kinzie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolbach, Wendy S" sort="Wolbach, Wendy S" uniqKey="Wolbach W" first="Wendy S." last="Wolbach">Wendy S. Wolbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22392980</idno><idno type="pmc">3324006</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324006</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3324006</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1110614109</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000153</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000153</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis</title><author><name sortKey="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" sort="Israde Alcantara, Isabel" uniqKey="Israde Alcantara I" first="Isabel" last="Israde-Alcántara">Isabel Israde-Alcántara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Departamento de Geología y Mineralogía, Edif. U-4. Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas de Hidalgo, C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, México;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bischoff, James L" sort="Bischoff, James L" uniqKey="Bischoff J" first="James L." last="Bischoff">James L. Bischoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dominguez Vazquez, Gabriela" sort="Dominguez Vazquez, Gabriela" uniqKey="Dominguez Vazquez G" first="Gabriela" last="Domínguez-Vázquez">Gabriela Domínguez-Vázquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas Hidalgo C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, México;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Hong Chun" sort="Li, Hong Chun" uniqKey="Li H" first="Hong-Chun" last="Li">Hong-Chun Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decarli, Paul S" sort="Decarli, Paul S" uniqKey="Decarli P" first="Paul S." last="Decarli">Paul S. Decarli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bunch, Ted E" sort="Bunch, Ted E" uniqKey="Bunch T" first="Ted E." last="Bunch">Ted E. Bunch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittke, James H" sort="Wittke, James H" uniqKey="Wittke J" first="James H." last="Wittke">James H. Wittke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ 86011;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weaver, James C" sort="Weaver, James C" uniqKey="Weaver J" first="James C." last="Weaver">James C. Weaver</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firestone, Richard B" sort="Firestone, Richard B" uniqKey="Firestone R" first="Richard B." last="Firestone">Richard B. Firestone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Allen" sort="West, Allen" uniqKey="West A" first="Allen" last="West">Allen West</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">GeoScience Consulting, Dewey, AZ 86327;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kennett, James P" sort="Kennett, James P" uniqKey="Kennett J" first="James P." last="Kennett">James P. Kennett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mercer, Chris" sort="Mercer, Chris" uniqKey="Mercer C" first="Chris" last="Mercer">Chris Mercer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Sujing" sort="Xie, Sujing" uniqKey="Xie S" first="Sujing" last="Xie">Sujing Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">CAMCOR High Resolution and MicroAnalytical Facilities, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richman, Eric K" sort="Richman, Eric K" uniqKey="Richman E" first="Eric K." last="Richman">Eric K. Richman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff13">Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kinzie, Charles R" sort="Kinzie, Charles R" uniqKey="Kinzie C" first="Charles R." last="Kinzie">Charles R. Kinzie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolbach, Wendy S" sort="Wolbach, Wendy S" uniqKey="Wolbach W" first="Wendy S." last="Wolbach">Wendy S. Wolbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We report the discovery in Lake Cuitzeo in central Mexico of a black, carbon-rich, lacustrine layer, containing nanodiamonds, microspherules, and other unusual materials that date to the early Younger Dryas and are interpreted to result from an extraterrestrial impact. These proxies were found in a 27-m-long core as part of an interdisciplinary effort to extract a paleoclimate record back through the previous interglacial. Our attention focused early on an anomalous, 10-cm-thick, carbon-rich layer at a depth of 2.8 m that dates to 12.9 ka and coincides with a suite of anomalous coeval environmental and biotic changes independently recognized in other regional lake sequences. Collectively, these changes have produced the most distinctive boundary layer in the late Quaternary record. This layer contains a diverse, abundant assemblage of impact-related markers, including nanodiamonds, carbon spherules, and magnetic spherules with rapid melting/quenching textures, all reaching synchronous peaks immediately beneath a layer containing the largest peak of charcoal in the core. Analyses by multiple methods demonstrate the presence of three allotropes of nanodiamond: n-diamond, i-carbon, and hexagonal nanodiamond (lonsdaleite), in order of estimated relative abundance. This nanodiamond-rich layer is consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary layer found at numerous sites across North America, Greenland, and Western Europe. We have examined multiple hypotheses to account for these observations and find the evidence cannot be explained by any known terrestrial mechanism. It is, however, consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary impact hypothesis postulating a major extraterrestrial impact involving multiple airburst(s) and and/or ground impact(s) at 12.9 ka.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22392980</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3324006</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201110614</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1110614109</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>PNAS Plus</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Geology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><series-title>PNAS Plus</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evidence from central Mexico supporting the Younger Dryas extraterrestrial impact hypothesis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Israde-Alcántara</surname><given-names>Isabel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bischoff</surname><given-names>James L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Domínguez-Vázquez</surname><given-names>Gabriela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Hong-Chun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DeCarli</surname><given-names>Paul S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bunch</surname><given-names>Ted E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wittke</surname><given-names>James H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>James C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Firestone</surname><given-names>Richard B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>West</surname><given-names>Allen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>I</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kennett</surname><given-names>James P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>j</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mercer</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>k</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Sujing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>l</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Richman</surname><given-names>Eric K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>m</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kinzie</surname><given-names>Charles R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wolbach</surname><given-names>Wendy S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>n</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>Departamento de Geología y Mineralogía, Edif. U-4. Instituto de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas de Hidalgo, C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, México;</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>US Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, 94025;</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>c</label>Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicólas Hidalgo C. P. 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, México;</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>d</label>Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China;</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>e</label>SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025;</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>f</label>Geology Program, School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AZ 86011;</aff><aff id="aff7"><label>g</label>Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>h</label>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720;</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>I</label>GeoScience Consulting, Dewey, AZ 86327;</aff><aff id="aff10"><label>j</label><label></label>Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;</aff><aff id="aff11"><label>k</label>National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan;</aff><aff id="aff12"><label>l</label>CAMCOR High Resolution and MicroAnalytical Facilities, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403;</aff><aff id="aff13"><label>m</label>Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403; and</aff><aff id="aff14"><label>n</label>Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>jbischoff@usgs.gov</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by* Steven M. Stanley, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved January 31, 2012 (received for review July 13, 2011)</p></fn><fn fn-type="participating-researchers"><p>I.I.-A., J.L.B., G.D.-V., H.-C.L., T.E.B., A.W., S.X., and W.S.W. designed research; I.I.-A., J.L.B., G.D.-V., H.-C.L., T.E.B., J.H.W., J.C.W., A.W., S.X., E.K.R., C.R.K., and W.S.W. performed research; I.I.-A., J.L.B., G.D.-V., H.-C.L., P.S.D., T.E.B., J.H.W., J.C.W., R.B.F., A.W., J.P.K., C.M., S.X., E.K.R., and W.S.W. analyzed data; and I.I.-A., J.L.B., G.D.-V., P.S.D., R.B.F., A.W., J.P.K., and C.M. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>27</day><month>3</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>3</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>5</day><month>3</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>109</volume><issue>13</issue><fpage>E738</fpage><lpage>E747</lpage><page-range>E738-E747</page-range><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.1110614109.pdf"></self-uri><self-uri content-type="author-summary-pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.1110614109_summary.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="d34e293"><p>We report the discovery in Lake Cuitzeo in central Mexico of a black, carbon-rich, lacustrine layer, containing nanodiamonds, microspherules, and other unusual materials that date to the early Younger Dryas and are interpreted to result from an extraterrestrial impact. These proxies were found in a 27-m-long core as part of an interdisciplinary effort to extract a paleoclimate record back through the previous interglacial. Our attention focused early on an anomalous, 10-cm-thick, carbon-rich layer at a depth of 2.8 m that dates to 12.9 ka and coincides with a suite of anomalous coeval environmental and biotic changes independently recognized in other regional lake sequences. Collectively, these changes have produced the most distinctive boundary layer in the late Quaternary record. This layer contains a diverse, abundant assemblage of impact-related markers, including nanodiamonds, carbon spherules, and magnetic spherules with rapid melting/quenching textures, all reaching synchronous peaks immediately beneath a layer containing the largest peak of charcoal in the core. Analyses by multiple methods demonstrate the presence of three allotropes of nanodiamond: n-diamond, i-carbon, and hexagonal nanodiamond (lonsdaleite), in order of estimated relative abundance. This nanodiamond-rich layer is consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary layer found at numerous sites across North America, Greenland, and Western Europe. We have examined multiple hypotheses to account for these observations and find the evidence cannot be explained by any known terrestrial mechanism. It is, however, consistent with the Younger Dryas boundary impact hypothesis postulating a major extraterrestrial impact involving multiple airburst(s) and and/or ground impact(s) at 12.9 ka.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>black mat</kwd><kwd>cosmic impact</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>author-summary</meta-name><meta-value><xref ref-type="other" rid="author-summary"></xref></meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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