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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)</title><author><name sortKey="Henry, Amanda G" sort="Henry, Amanda G" uniqKey="Henry A" first="Amanda G." last="Henry">Amanda G. Henry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anthropology,<institution>Center for Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology</institution>, Washington, DC 20052;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff2">Archaeobiology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology,<institution>Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History</institution>, Washington, DC 20013-7012</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Alison S" sort="Brooks, Alison S" uniqKey="Brooks A" first="Alison S." last="Brooks">Alison S. Brooks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anthropology,<institution>Center for Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology</institution>, Washington, DC 20052;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piperno, Dolores R" sort="Piperno, Dolores R" uniqKey="Piperno D" first="Dolores R." last="Piperno">Dolores R. Piperno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff2">Archaeobiology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology,<institution>Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History</institution>, Washington, DC 20013-7012</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</institution>, Box 2072 Balboa,<country>Panama</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21187393</idno><idno type="pmc">3021051</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021051</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3021051</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1016868108</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000152</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000152</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)</title><author><name sortKey="Henry, Amanda G" sort="Henry, Amanda G" uniqKey="Henry A" first="Amanda G." last="Henry">Amanda G. Henry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anthropology,<institution>Center for Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology</institution>, Washington, DC 20052;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff2">Archaeobiology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology,<institution>Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History</institution>, Washington, DC 20013-7012</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Alison S" sort="Brooks, Alison S" uniqKey="Brooks A" first="Alison S." last="Brooks">Alison S. Brooks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Anthropology,<institution>Center for Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology</institution>, Washington, DC 20052;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piperno, Dolores R" sort="Piperno, Dolores R" uniqKey="Piperno D" first="Dolores R." last="Piperno">Dolores R. Piperno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff2">Archaeobiology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology,<institution>Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History</institution>, Washington, DC 20013-7012</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</institution>, Box 2072 Balboa,<country>Panama</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The nature and causes of the disappearance of Neanderthals and their apparent replacement by modern humans are subjects of considerable debate. Many researchers have proposed biologically or technologically mediated dietary differences between the two groups as one of the fundamental causes of Neanderthal disappearance. Some scenarios have focused on the apparent lack of plant foods in Neanderthal diets. Here we report direct evidence for Neanderthal consumption of a variety of plant foods, in the form of phytoliths and starch grains recovered from dental calculus of Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar Cave, Iraq, and Spy Cave, Belgium. Some of the plants are typical of recent modern human diets, including date palms (<italic>Phoenix</italic> spp.), legumes, and grass seeds (Triticeae), whereas others are known to be edible but are not heavily used today. Many of the grass seed starches showed damage that is a distinctive marker of cooking. Our results indicate that in both warm eastern Mediterranean and cold northwestern European climates, and across their latitudinal range, Neanderthals made use of the diverse plant foods available in their local environment and transformed them into more easily digestible foodstuffs in part through cooking them, suggesting an overall sophistication in Neanderthal dietary regimes.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21187393</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3021051</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201016868</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1016868108</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anthropology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henry</surname><given-names>Amanda G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brooks</surname><given-names>Alison S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Piperno</surname><given-names>Dolores R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Department of Anthropology,<institution>Center for Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology</institution>, Washington, DC 20052;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Archaeobiology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology,<institution>Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History</institution>, Washington, DC 20013-7012; and</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup><institution>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</institution>, Box 2072 Balboa,<country>Panama</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: <email>ahenry@gwmail.gwu.edu</email> or <email>pipernod@si.edu</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Contributed by Dolores R. Piperno, November 12, 2010 (sent for review July 7, 2010)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: A.G.H., A.S.B., and D.R.P. designed research; A.G.H. performed research; A.G.H. and D.R.P. analyzed data; and A.G.H., D.R.P., and A.S.B. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>11</day><month>1</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>108</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>486</fpage><lpage>491</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pnas.201016868.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The nature and causes of the disappearance of Neanderthals and their apparent replacement by modern humans are subjects of considerable debate. Many researchers have proposed biologically or technologically mediated dietary differences between the two groups as one of the fundamental causes of Neanderthal disappearance. Some scenarios have focused on the apparent lack of plant foods in Neanderthal diets. Here we report direct evidence for Neanderthal consumption of a variety of plant foods, in the form of phytoliths and starch grains recovered from dental calculus of Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar Cave, Iraq, and Spy Cave, Belgium. Some of the plants are typical of recent modern human diets, including date palms (<italic>Phoenix</italic> spp.), legumes, and grass seeds (Triticeae), whereas others are known to be edible but are not heavily used today. Many of the grass seed starches showed damage that is a distinctive marker of cooking. Our results indicate that in both warm eastern Mediterranean and cold northwestern European climates, and across their latitudinal range, Neanderthals made use of the diverse plant foods available in their local environment and transformed them into more easily digestible foodstuffs in part through cooking them, suggesting an overall sophistication in Neanderthal dietary regimes.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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