EXPLORING POSSIBLE HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES
Identifieur interne : 001166 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001165; suivant : 001167EXPLORING POSSIBLE HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES
Auteurs : Luis Fernando De Le N ; Joost A. M. Raeymaekers ; Eldredge Bermingham ; Jeffrey Podos ; Anthony Herrel ; Andrew P. HendrySource :
- Evolution [ 0014-3820 ] ; 2011-08.
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Abstract
Humans are an increasingly common influence on the evolution of natural populations. Potential arenas of influence include altered evolutionary trajectories within populations and modifications of the process of divergence among populations. We consider this second arena in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Our study compared the G. fortis population at a relatively undisturbed site, El Garrapatero, to the population at a severely disturbed site, Academy Bay, which is immediately adjacent to the town of Puerto Ayora. The El Garrapatero population currently shows beak size bimodality that is tied to assortative mating and disruptive selection, whereas the Academy Bay population was historically bimodal but has lost this property in conjunction with a dramatic increase in local human population density. We here evaluate potential ecological‐adaptive drivers of the differences in modality by quantifying relationships between morphology (beak and head dimensions), functional performance (bite force), and environmental characteristics (diet). Our main finding is that associations among these variables are generally weaker at Academy Bay than at El Garrapatero, possibly because novel foods are used at the former site irrespective of individual morphology and performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rugged adaptive landscapes promoting and maintaining diversification in nature can be smoothed by human activities, thus hindering ongoing adaptive radiation.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01297.x
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Raeymaekers</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bermingham, Eldredge" sort="Bermingham, Eldredge" uniqKey="Bermingham E" first="Eldredge" last="Bermingham">Eldredge Bermingham</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Podos, Jeffrey" sort="Podos, Jeffrey" uniqKey="Podos J" first="Jeffrey" last="Podos">Jeffrey Podos</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herrel, Anthony" sort="Herrel, Anthony" uniqKey="Herrel A" first="Anthony" last="Herrel">Anthony Herrel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hendry, Andrew P" sort="Hendry, Andrew P" uniqKey="Hendry A" first="Andrew P." last="Hendry">Andrew P. 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M." last="Raeymaekers">Joost A. M. Raeymaekers</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bermingham, Eldredge" sort="Bermingham, Eldredge" uniqKey="Bermingham E" first="Eldredge" last="Bermingham">Eldredge Bermingham</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Podos, Jeffrey" sort="Podos, Jeffrey" uniqKey="Podos J" first="Jeffrey" last="Podos">Jeffrey Podos</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herrel, Anthony" sort="Herrel, Anthony" uniqKey="Herrel A" first="Anthony" last="Herrel">Anthony Herrel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hendry, Andrew P" sort="Hendry, Andrew P" uniqKey="Hendry A" first="Andrew P." last="Hendry">Andrew P. Hendry</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Evolution</title><title level="j" type="sub">International Journal of Organic Evolution</title><idno type="ISSN">0014-3820</idno><idno type="eISSN">1558-5646</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><pubPlace>Malden, USA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-08">2011-08</date><biblScope unit="volume">65</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2258">2258</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2272">2272</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0014-3820</idno></series><idno type="istex">016D78B5222AAE5EE5BB3B623D5560BFFA473490</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01297.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">EVO1297</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0014-3820</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Galápagos</term><term>adaptive radiation</term><term>contemporary evolution</term><term>diversification</term><term>ecological speciation</term><term>human impact</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Humans are an increasingly common influence on the evolution of natural populations. Potential arenas of influence include altered evolutionary trajectories within populations and modifications of the process of divergence among populations. We consider this second arena in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Our study compared the G. fortis population at a relatively undisturbed site, El Garrapatero, to the population at a severely disturbed site, Academy Bay, which is immediately adjacent to the town of Puerto Ayora. The El Garrapatero population currently shows beak size bimodality that is tied to assortative mating and disruptive selection, whereas the Academy Bay population was historically bimodal but has lost this property in conjunction with a dramatic increase in local human population density. We here evaluate potential ecological‐adaptive drivers of the differences in modality by quantifying relationships between morphology (beak and head dimensions), functional performance (bite force), and environmental characteristics (diet). Our main finding is that associations among these variables are generally weaker at Academy Bay than at El Garrapatero, possibly because novel foods are used at the former site irrespective of individual morphology and performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rugged adaptive landscapes promoting and maintaining diversification in nature can be smoothed by human activities, thus hindering ongoing adaptive radiation.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Luis Fernando De León</name><affiliations><json:string>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</json:string><json:string>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</json:string><json:string>E‐mail: luis.deleonreyna@mail.mcgill.ca.</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Joost A.M. Raeymaekers</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Eldredge Bermingham</name><affiliations><json:string>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jeffrey Podos</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Anthony Herrel</name><affiliations><json:string>UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Andrew P. Hendry</name><affiliations><json:string>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>contemporary evolution</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>diversification</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ecological speciation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Galápagos</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>adaptive radiation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>human impact</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>EVO1297</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Humans are an increasingly common influence on the evolution of natural populations. Potential arenas of influence include altered evolutionary trajectories within populations and modifications of the process of divergence among populations. We consider this second arena in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Our study compared the G. fortis population at a relatively undisturbed site, El Garrapatero, to the population at a severely disturbed site, Academy Bay, which is immediately adjacent to the town of Puerto Ayora. The El Garrapatero population currently shows beak size bimodality that is tied to assortative mating and disruptive selection, whereas the Academy Bay population was historically bimodal but has lost this property in conjunction with a dramatic increase in local human population density. We here evaluate potential ecological‐adaptive drivers of the differences in modality by quantifying relationships between morphology (beak and head dimensions), functional performance (bite force), and environmental characteristics (diet). Our main finding is that associations among these variables are generally weaker at Academy Bay than at El Garrapatero, possibly because novel foods are used at the former site irrespective of individual morphology and performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rugged adaptive landscapes promoting and maintaining diversification in nature can be smoothed by human activities, thus hindering ongoing adaptive radiation.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8.104</score><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>610.299 x 790.299 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1552</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>10533</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>62048</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>15</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>217</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>EXPLORING POSSIBLE HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES</title><refBibs><json:item><author><json:item><name>I. Abbott</name></json:item><json:item><name>L. K. Abbott</name></json:item><json:item><name>P. R. Grant</name></json:item></author><host><volume>47</volume><pages><last>184</last><first>151</first></pages><author></author><title>Ecol. 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Evolution© 2011 The Society for the Study of Evolution.</p></availability><date>2011</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">EXPLORING POSSIBLE HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Luis Fernando</forename><surname>De León</surname></persName><affiliation>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</affiliation><affiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</affiliation><affiliation>E‐mail: luis.deleonreyna@mail.mcgill.ca.</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Joost A.M.</forename><surname>Raeymaekers</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">Eldredge</forename><surname>Bermingham</surname></persName><affiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Jeffrey</forename><surname>Podos</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">Anthony</forename><surname>Herrel</surname></persName><affiliation>UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">Andrew P.</forename><surname>Hendry</surname></persName><affiliation>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Evolution</title><title level="j" type="sub">International Journal of Organic Evolution</title><idno type="pISSN">0014-3820</idno><idno type="eISSN">1558-5646</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1558-5646</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><pubPlace>Malden, USA</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2011-08"></date><biblScope unit="volume">65</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2258">2258</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2272">2272</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">016D78B5222AAE5EE5BB3B623D5560BFFA473490</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01297.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">EVO1297</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2011</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Humans are an increasingly common influence on the evolution of natural populations. Potential arenas of influence include altered evolutionary trajectories within populations and modifications of the process of divergence among populations. We consider this second arena in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Our study compared the G. fortis population at a relatively undisturbed site, El Garrapatero, to the population at a severely disturbed site, Academy Bay, which is immediately adjacent to the town of Puerto Ayora. The El Garrapatero population currently shows beak size bimodality that is tied to assortative mating and disruptive selection, whereas the Academy Bay population was historically bimodal but has lost this property in conjunction with a dramatic increase in local human population density. We here evaluate potential ecological‐adaptive drivers of the differences in modality by quantifying relationships between morphology (beak and head dimensions), functional performance (bite force), and environmental characteristics (diet). Our main finding is that associations among these variables are generally weaker at Academy Bay than at El Garrapatero, possibly because novel foods are used at the former site irrespective of individual morphology and performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rugged adaptive landscapes promoting and maintaining diversification in nature can be smoothed by human activities, thus hindering ongoing adaptive radiation.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>contemporary evolution</term></item><item><term>diversification</term></item><item><term>ecological speciation</term></item><item><term>Galápagos</term></item><item><term>adaptive radiation</term></item><item><term>human impact</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2011-08">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/016D78B5222AAE5EE5BB3B623D5560BFFA473490/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: 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DE LEÓN ET AL.</title><title type="short">HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES ABSTRACT</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2 #a3"><personName><givenNames>Luis Fernando</givenNames><familyName>De León</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a4"><personName><givenNames>Joost A.M.</givenNames><familyName>Raeymaekers</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a2"><personName><givenNames>Eldredge</givenNames><familyName>Bermingham</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a5"><personName><givenNames>Jeffrey</givenNames><familyName>Podos</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a6"><personName><givenNames>Anthony</givenNames><familyName>Herrel</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr6" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Andrew P.</givenNames><familyName>Hendry</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="CA"><unparsedAffiliation>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2"><unparsedAffiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3"><unparsedAffiliation> E‐mail: <email>luis.deleonreyna@mail.mcgill.ca</email>.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a4" countryCode="BE"><unparsedAffiliation>Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a5" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a6" countryCode="FR"><unparsedAffiliation>UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">contemporary evolution</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">diversification</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">ecological speciation</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">Galápagos</keyword><keyword xml:id="k5">adaptive radiation</keyword><keyword xml:id="k6">human impact</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><p><b>Appendix S1.</b> Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island.</p><p><b>Appendix S2.</b> Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by <i>G. fortis</i> on Santa Cruz Island.</p><p><b>Appendix S3</b>. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset.</p><p><b>Appendix S4</b>. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data.</p><p><b>Appendix S5.</b> Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data.</p><p><b>Appendix S6</b>. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3.</p><p><b>Appendix S7.</b> Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed.</p><p><b>Appendix S8.</b> Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two <i>G. fortis</i> beak‐size morphs at each site.</p><p><b>Appendix S9</b>. Frequency of <i>G. fortis</i> feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay.</p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting info item" href="urn-x:wiley:00143820:media:evo1297:EVO_1297_sm_AppendixS1-S9"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting info item</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><p>Humans are an increasingly common influence on the evolution of natural populations. Potential arenas of influence include altered evolutionary trajectories within populations and modifications of the process of divergence among populations. We consider this second arena in the medium ground finch (<i>Geospiza fortis</i>) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Our study compared the <i>G. fortis</i> population at a relatively undisturbed site, El Garrapatero, to the population at a severely disturbed site, Academy Bay, which is immediately adjacent to the town of Puerto Ayora. The El Garrapatero population currently shows beak size bimodality that is tied to assortative mating and disruptive selection, whereas the Academy Bay population was historically bimodal but has lost this property in conjunction with a dramatic increase in local human population density. We here evaluate potential ecological‐adaptive drivers of the differences in modality by quantifying relationships between morphology (beak and head dimensions), functional performance (bite force), and environmental characteristics (diet). Our main finding is that associations among these variables are generally weaker at Academy Bay than at El Garrapatero, possibly because novel foods are used at the former site irrespective of individual morphology and performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rugged adaptive landscapes promoting and maintaining diversification in nature can be smoothed by human activities, thus hindering ongoing adaptive radiation.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>EXPLORING POSSIBLE HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>HUMAN EFFECTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES ABSTRACT</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>EXPLORING POSSIBLE HUMAN INFLUENCES ON THE EVOLUTION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Luis Fernando</namePart><namePart type="family">De León</namePart><affiliation>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</affiliation><affiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</affiliation><affiliation>E‐mail: luis.deleonreyna@mail.mcgill.ca.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Joost A.M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Raeymaekers</namePart><affiliation>Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Eldredge</namePart><namePart type="family">Bermingham</namePart><affiliation>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 2072, Balboa, Panamá</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jeffrey</namePart><namePart type="family">Podos</namePart><affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Anthony</namePart><namePart type="family">Herrel</namePart><affiliation>UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Andrew P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hendry</namePart><affiliation>Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Malden, USA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2011-08</dateIssued><edition>Received March 21, 2010, Accepted March 3, 2011</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2011</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">8</extent><extent unit="tables">5</extent><extent unit="references">90</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Humans are an increasingly common influence on the evolution of natural populations. Potential arenas of influence include altered evolutionary trajectories within populations and modifications of the process of divergence among populations. We consider this second arena in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador. Our study compared the G. fortis population at a relatively undisturbed site, El Garrapatero, to the population at a severely disturbed site, Academy Bay, which is immediately adjacent to the town of Puerto Ayora. The El Garrapatero population currently shows beak size bimodality that is tied to assortative mating and disruptive selection, whereas the Academy Bay population was historically bimodal but has lost this property in conjunction with a dramatic increase in local human population density. We here evaluate potential ecological‐adaptive drivers of the differences in modality by quantifying relationships between morphology (beak and head dimensions), functional performance (bite force), and environmental characteristics (diet). Our main finding is that associations among these variables are generally weaker at Academy Bay than at El Garrapatero, possibly because novel foods are used at the former site irrespective of individual morphology and performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the rugged adaptive landscapes promoting and maintaining diversification in nature can be smoothed by human activities, thus hindering ongoing adaptive radiation.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>contemporary evolution</topic><topic>diversification</topic><topic>ecological speciation</topic><topic>Galápagos</topic><topic>adaptive radiation</topic><topic>human impact</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Evolution</title><subTitle>International Journal of Organic Evolution</subTitle></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><note type="content"> Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay. Appendix S1. Sampled food resources at our two study sites on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S2. Common specific feeding categories (food items) consumed by G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island. Appendix S3. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to beak size in the trimmed dataset. Appendix S4. The average size‐hardness of seeds eaten in relation to bite force at the tip of the beak in the trimmed data. Appendix S5. Bite force at the beak tip in relation to beak size in the trimmed data. Appendix S6. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 3. Appendix S7. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Table 4: Permutational multivariate analysis of variance using matrices of distances between individuals in the frequencies of different food types consumed. Appendix S8. Analysis of "trimmed data" from Figure 5: Permutation tests for Canonical Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the contribution of morphology/performance to the difference in diet between the two G. fortis beak‐size morphs at each site. Appendix S9. Frequency of G. fortis feeding in "human food" at Academy Bay.Supporting Info Item: Supporting info item - </note><identifier type="ISSN">0014-3820</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1558-5646</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1558-5646</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">EVO</identifier><part><date>2011</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>65</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>8</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2258</start><end>2272</end><total>15</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">016D78B5222AAE5EE5BB3B623D5560BFFA473490</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01297.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">EVO1297</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2011 The Author(s). 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