Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.
Identifieur interne : 003820 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 003819; suivant : 003821Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.
Auteurs : Eske Willerslev ; John Davison ; Mari Moora ; Martin Zobel ; Eric Coissac ; Mary E. Edwards [Royaume-Uni] ; Eline D. Lorenzen ; Mette Vesterg Rd ; Galina Gussarova ; James Haile ; Joseph Craine [États-Unis] ; Ludovic Gielly [France] ; Sanne Boessenkool ; Laura S. Epp ; Peter B. Pearman [Suisse] ; Rachid Cheddadi [France] ; David Murray [États-Unis] ; Kari Anne Br Then [Norvège] ; Nigel Yoccoz [Norvège] ; Heather Binney [Royaume-Uni] ; Corinne Cruaud [France] ; Patrick Wincker [France] ; Tomasz Goslar [Pologne] ; Inger Greve Alsos [Norvège] ; Eva Bellemain ; Anne Krag Brysting [Norvège] ; Reidar Elven [Norvège] ; J Rn Henrik S Nsteb [Norvège] ; Julian Murton [Royaume-Uni] ; Andrei Sher ; Morten Rasmussen [Danemark] ; Regin R Nn [Danemark] ; Tobias Mourier [Danemark] ; Alan Cooper [Australie] ; Jeremy Austin [Australie] ; Per Möller [Suède] ; Duane Froese [Canada] ; Grant Zazula [Canada] ; François Pompanon [France] ; Delphine Rioux [France] ; Vincent Niderkorn [France] ; Alexei Tikhonov [Russie] ; Grigoriy Savvinov [Russie] ; Richard G. Roberts [Australie] ; Ross D E. Macphee [États-Unis] ; M Thomas P. Gilbert [Danemark] ; Kurt H. Kj R [Danemark] ; Ludovic Orlando [Danemark] ; Christian Brochmann ; Pierre TaberletSource :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Biodiversité, Bisons (physiologie), Climat froid, Congélation, Equus caballus (physiologie), Facteurs temps, Herbivorie, Mammouths (physiologie), Nematoda (), Nematoda (génétique), Nematoda (isolement et purification), Plantes (), Plantes (génétique), Poaceae (croissance et développement), Poaceae (génétique), Régime alimentaire, Régions arctiques, Sol, Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit, Territoire du Yukon.
- MESH :
- croissance et développement : Poaceae.
- génétique : Nematoda, Plantes, Poaceae.
- isolement et purification : Nematoda.
- physiologie : Bisons, Equus caballus, Mammouths.
- Animaux, Biodiversité, Climat froid, Congélation, Facteurs temps, Herbivorie, Nematoda, Plantes, Régime alimentaire, Régions arctiques, Sol, Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit, Territoire du Yukon.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Arctic Regions, Biodiversity, Bison (physiology), Cold Climate, Diet, Freezing, Herbivory, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Horses (physiology), Mammoths (physiology), Nematoda (classification), Nematoda (genetics), Nematoda (isolation & purification), Plants (classification), Plants (genetics), Poaceae (genetics), Poaceae (growth & development), Soil, Time Factors, Yukon Territory.
- MESH :
- chemical : Soil.
- geographic : Arctic Regions, Yukon Territory.
- classification : Nematoda, Plants.
- genetics : Nematoda, Plants, Poaceae.
- growth & development : Poaceae.
- isolation & purification : Nematoda.
- physiology : Bison, Horses, Mammoths.
- Animals, Biodiversity, Cold Climate, Diet, Freezing, Herbivory, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Time Factors.
Abstract
Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.
DOI: 10.1038/nature12921
PubMed: 24499916
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Eske Willerslev<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Denmark [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">USA [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Denmark [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Botany, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Russia [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Ancient DNA Laboratory, Veterinary and Life Sciences School, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, 6150 Western Australia, Australia [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Australia [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Russia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Norway [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.</title><author><name sortKey="Willerslev, Eske" sort="Willerslev, Eske" uniqKey="Willerslev E" first="Eske" last="Willerslev">Eske Willerslev</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Denmark [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davison, John" sort="Davison, John" uniqKey="Davison J" first="John" last="Davison">John Davison</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moora, Mari" sort="Moora, Mari" uniqKey="Moora M" first="Mari" last="Moora">Mari Moora</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zobel, Martin" sort="Zobel, Martin" uniqKey="Zobel M" first="Martin" last="Zobel">Martin Zobel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coissac, Eric" sort="Coissac, Eric" uniqKey="Coissac E" first="Eric" last="Coissac">Eric Coissac</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Mary E" sort="Edwards, Mary E" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Mary E" last="Edwards">Mary E. Edwards</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK [2].</nlm:affiliation><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lorenzen, Eline D" sort="Lorenzen, Eline D" uniqKey="Lorenzen E" first="Eline D" last="Lorenzen">Eline D. Lorenzen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">USA [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vesterg Rd, Mette" sort="Vesterg Rd, Mette" uniqKey="Vesterg Rd M" first="Mette" last="Vesterg Rd">Mette Vesterg Rd</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Denmark [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gussarova, Galina" sort="Gussarova, Galina" uniqKey="Gussarova G" first="Galina" last="Gussarova">Galina Gussarova</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Botany, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Russia [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haile, James" sort="Haile, James" uniqKey="Haile J" first="James" last="Haile">James Haile</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Ancient DNA Laboratory, Veterinary and Life Sciences School, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, 6150 Western Australia, Australia [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Australia [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craine, Joseph" sort="Craine, Joseph" uniqKey="Craine J" first="Joseph" last="Craine">Joseph Craine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gielly, Ludovic" sort="Gielly, Ludovic" uniqKey="Gielly L" first="Ludovic" last="Gielly">Ludovic Gielly</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boessenkool, Sanne" sort="Boessenkool, Sanne" uniqKey="Boessenkool S" first="Sanne" last="Boessenkool">Sanne Boessenkool</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Epp, Laura S" sort="Epp, Laura S" uniqKey="Epp L" first="Laura S" last="Epp">Laura S. Epp</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearman, Peter B" sort="Pearman, Peter B" uniqKey="Pearman P" first="Peter B" last="Pearman">Peter B. Pearman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheddadi, Rachid" sort="Cheddadi, Rachid" uniqKey="Cheddadi R" first="Rachid" last="Cheddadi">Rachid Cheddadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 Université Montpellier 2, Bat.22, CC061, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 Université Montpellier 2, Bat.22, CC061, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, David" sort="Murray, David" uniqKey="Murray D" first="David" last="Murray">David Murray</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, 99775-6960 Alaska, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, 99775-6960 Alaska</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Br Then, Kari Anne" sort="Br Then, Kari Anne" uniqKey="Br Then K" first="Kari Anne" last="Br Then">Kari Anne Br Then</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoccoz, Nigel" sort="Yoccoz, Nigel" uniqKey="Yoccoz N" first="Nigel" last="Yoccoz">Nigel Yoccoz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Binney, Heather" sort="Binney, Heather" uniqKey="Binney H" first="Heather" last="Binney">Heather Binney</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cruaud, Corinne" sort="Cruaud, Corinne" uniqKey="Cruaud C" first="Corinne" last="Cruaud">Corinne Cruaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wincker, Patrick" sort="Wincker, Patrick" uniqKey="Wincker P" first="Patrick" last="Wincker">Patrick Wincker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goslar, Tomasz" sort="Goslar, Tomasz" uniqKey="Goslar T" first="Tomasz" last="Goslar">Tomasz Goslar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland [2] Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland [2] Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alsos, Inger Greve" sort="Alsos, Inger Greve" uniqKey="Alsos I" first="Inger Greve" last="Alsos">Inger Greve Alsos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellemain, Eva" sort="Bellemain, Eva" uniqKey="Bellemain E" first="Eva" last="Bellemain">Eva Bellemain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brysting, Anne Krag" sort="Brysting, Anne Krag" uniqKey="Brysting A" first="Anne Krag" last="Brysting">Anne Krag Brysting</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elven, Reidar" sort="Elven, Reidar" uniqKey="Elven R" first="Reidar" last="Elven">Reidar Elven</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" sort="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" uniqKey="S Nsteb J" first="J Rn Henrik" last="S Nsteb">J Rn Henrik S Nsteb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murton, Julian" sort="Murton, Julian" uniqKey="Murton J" first="Julian" last="Murton">Julian Murton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sher, Andrei" sort="Sher, Andrei" uniqKey="Sher A" first="Andrei" last="Sher">Andrei Sher</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Russia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Morten" sort="Rasmussen, Morten" uniqKey="Rasmussen M" first="Morten" last="Rasmussen">Morten Rasmussen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="R Nn, Regin" sort="R Nn, Regin" uniqKey="R Nn R" first="Regin" last="R Nn">Regin R Nn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mourier, Tobias" sort="Mourier, Tobias" uniqKey="Mourier T" first="Tobias" last="Mourier">Tobias Mourier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Alan" sort="Cooper, Alan" uniqKey="Cooper A" first="Alan" last="Cooper">Alan Cooper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Austin, Jeremy" sort="Austin, Jeremy" uniqKey="Austin J" first="Jeremy" last="Austin">Jeremy Austin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moller, Per" sort="Moller, Per" uniqKey="Moller P" first="Per" last="Möller">Per Möller</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Froese, Duane" sort="Froese, Duane" uniqKey="Froese D" first="Duane" last="Froese">Duane Froese</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E3 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E3 Edmonton, Alberta</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zazula, Grant" sort="Zazula, Grant" uniqKey="Zazula G" first="Grant" last="Zazula">Grant Zazula</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Government of Yukon, Department of Tourism and Culture, Yukon Palaeontology Program, PO Box 2703 L2A, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Government of Yukon, Department of Tourism and Culture, Yukon Palaeontology Program, PO Box 2703 L2A, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pompanon, Francois" sort="Pompanon, Francois" uniqKey="Pompanon F" first="François" last="Pompanon">François Pompanon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rioux, Delphine" sort="Rioux, Delphine" uniqKey="Rioux D" first="Delphine" last="Rioux">Delphine Rioux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niderkorn, Vincent" sort="Niderkorn, Vincent" uniqKey="Niderkorn V" first="Vincent" last="Niderkorn">Vincent Niderkorn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tikhonov, Alexei" sort="Tikhonov, Alexei" uniqKey="Tikhonov A" first="Alexei" last="Tikhonov">Alexei Tikhonov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savvinov, Grigoriy" sort="Savvinov, Grigoriy" uniqKey="Savvinov G" first="Grigoriy" last="Savvinov">Grigoriy Savvinov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of North-Eastern Federal University, Belinskogo Street 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of North-Eastern Federal University, Belinskogo Street 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Richard G" sort="Roberts, Richard G" uniqKey="Roberts R" first="Richard G" last="Roberts">Richard G. Roberts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 New South Wales</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macphee, Ross D E" sort="Macphee, Ross D E" uniqKey="Macphee R" first="Ross D E" last="Macphee">Ross D E. Macphee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Vertebrate Zoology/Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024 New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Vertebrate Zoology/Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024 New York</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M Thomas P" sort="Gilbert, M Thomas P" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="M Thomas P" last="Gilbert">M Thomas P. Gilbert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kj R, Kurt H" sort="Kj R, Kurt H" uniqKey="Kj R K" first="Kurt H" last="Kj R">Kurt H. Kj R</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orlando, Ludovic" sort="Orlando, Ludovic" uniqKey="Orlando L" first="Ludovic" last="Orlando">Ludovic Orlando</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brochmann, Christian" sort="Brochmann, Christian" uniqKey="Brochmann C" first="Christian" last="Brochmann">Christian Brochmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Norway [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taberlet, Pierre" sort="Taberlet, Pierre" uniqKey="Taberlet P" first="Pierre" last="Taberlet">Pierre Taberlet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:24499916</idno><idno type="pmid">24499916</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature12921</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003935</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003935</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003820</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003820</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.</title><author><name sortKey="Willerslev, Eske" sort="Willerslev, Eske" uniqKey="Willerslev E" first="Eske" last="Willerslev">Eske Willerslev</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Denmark [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davison, John" sort="Davison, John" uniqKey="Davison J" first="John" last="Davison">John Davison</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moora, Mari" sort="Moora, Mari" uniqKey="Moora M" first="Mari" last="Moora">Mari Moora</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zobel, Martin" sort="Zobel, Martin" uniqKey="Zobel M" first="Martin" last="Zobel">Martin Zobel</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Estonia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coissac, Eric" sort="Coissac, Eric" uniqKey="Coissac E" first="Eric" last="Coissac">Eric Coissac</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Mary E" sort="Edwards, Mary E" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Mary E" last="Edwards">Mary E. Edwards</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK [2].</nlm:affiliation><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lorenzen, Eline D" sort="Lorenzen, Eline D" uniqKey="Lorenzen E" first="Eline D" last="Lorenzen">Eline D. Lorenzen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">USA [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vesterg Rd, Mette" sort="Vesterg Rd, Mette" uniqKey="Vesterg Rd M" first="Mette" last="Vesterg Rd">Mette Vesterg Rd</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Denmark [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gussarova, Galina" sort="Gussarova, Galina" uniqKey="Gussarova G" first="Galina" last="Gussarova">Galina Gussarova</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Botany, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Russia [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haile, James" sort="Haile, James" uniqKey="Haile J" first="James" last="Haile">James Haile</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Ancient DNA Laboratory, Veterinary and Life Sciences School, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, 6150 Western Australia, Australia [3].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Australia [3]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craine, Joseph" sort="Craine, Joseph" uniqKey="Craine J" first="Joseph" last="Craine">Joseph Craine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gielly, Ludovic" sort="Gielly, Ludovic" uniqKey="Gielly L" first="Ludovic" last="Gielly">Ludovic Gielly</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boessenkool, Sanne" sort="Boessenkool, Sanne" uniqKey="Boessenkool S" first="Sanne" last="Boessenkool">Sanne Boessenkool</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Epp, Laura S" sort="Epp, Laura S" uniqKey="Epp L" first="Laura S" last="Epp">Laura S. Epp</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pearman, Peter B" sort="Pearman, Peter B" uniqKey="Pearman P" first="Peter B" last="Pearman">Peter B. Pearman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheddadi, Rachid" sort="Cheddadi, Rachid" uniqKey="Cheddadi R" first="Rachid" last="Cheddadi">Rachid Cheddadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 Université Montpellier 2, Bat.22, CC061, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 Université Montpellier 2, Bat.22, CC061, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, David" sort="Murray, David" uniqKey="Murray D" first="David" last="Murray">David Murray</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, 99775-6960 Alaska, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, 99775-6960 Alaska</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Br Then, Kari Anne" sort="Br Then, Kari Anne" uniqKey="Br Then K" first="Kari Anne" last="Br Then">Kari Anne Br Then</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoccoz, Nigel" sort="Yoccoz, Nigel" uniqKey="Yoccoz N" first="Nigel" last="Yoccoz">Nigel Yoccoz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Binney, Heather" sort="Binney, Heather" uniqKey="Binney H" first="Heather" last="Binney">Heather Binney</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cruaud, Corinne" sort="Cruaud, Corinne" uniqKey="Cruaud C" first="Corinne" last="Cruaud">Corinne Cruaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wincker, Patrick" sort="Wincker, Patrick" uniqKey="Wincker P" first="Patrick" last="Wincker">Patrick Wincker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goslar, Tomasz" sort="Goslar, Tomasz" uniqKey="Goslar T" first="Tomasz" last="Goslar">Tomasz Goslar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland [2] Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland [2] Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alsos, Inger Greve" sort="Alsos, Inger Greve" uniqKey="Alsos I" first="Inger Greve" last="Alsos">Inger Greve Alsos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bellemain, Eva" sort="Bellemain, Eva" uniqKey="Bellemain E" first="Eva" last="Bellemain">Eva Bellemain</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France (E.B.).</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brysting, Anne Krag" sort="Brysting, Anne Krag" uniqKey="Brysting A" first="Anne Krag" last="Brysting">Anne Krag Brysting</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elven, Reidar" sort="Elven, Reidar" uniqKey="Elven R" first="Reidar" last="Elven">Reidar Elven</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" sort="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" uniqKey="S Nsteb J" first="J Rn Henrik" last="S Nsteb">J Rn Henrik S Nsteb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murton, Julian" sort="Murton, Julian" uniqKey="Murton J" first="Julian" last="Murton">Julian Murton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sher, Andrei" sort="Sher, Andrei" uniqKey="Sher A" first="Andrei" last="Sher">Andrei Sher</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Russia [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Morten" sort="Rasmussen, Morten" uniqKey="Rasmussen M" first="Morten" last="Rasmussen">Morten Rasmussen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="R Nn, Regin" sort="R Nn, Regin" uniqKey="R Nn R" first="Regin" last="R Nn">Regin R Nn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mourier, Tobias" sort="Mourier, Tobias" uniqKey="Mourier T" first="Tobias" last="Mourier">Tobias Mourier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Alan" sort="Cooper, Alan" uniqKey="Cooper A" first="Alan" last="Cooper">Alan Cooper</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Austin, Jeremy" sort="Austin, Jeremy" uniqKey="Austin J" first="Jeremy" last="Austin">Jeremy Austin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moller, Per" sort="Moller, Per" uniqKey="Moller P" first="Per" last="Möller">Per Möller</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Froese, Duane" sort="Froese, Duane" uniqKey="Froese D" first="Duane" last="Froese">Duane Froese</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E3 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E3 Edmonton, Alberta</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zazula, Grant" sort="Zazula, Grant" uniqKey="Zazula G" first="Grant" last="Zazula">Grant Zazula</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Government of Yukon, Department of Tourism and Culture, Yukon Palaeontology Program, PO Box 2703 L2A, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Government of Yukon, Department of Tourism and Culture, Yukon Palaeontology Program, PO Box 2703 L2A, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pompanon, Francois" sort="Pompanon, Francois" uniqKey="Pompanon F" first="François" last="Pompanon">François Pompanon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rioux, Delphine" sort="Rioux, Delphine" uniqKey="Rioux D" first="Delphine" last="Rioux">Delphine Rioux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niderkorn, Vincent" sort="Niderkorn, Vincent" uniqKey="Niderkorn V" first="Vincent" last="Niderkorn">Vincent Niderkorn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tikhonov, Alexei" sort="Tikhonov, Alexei" uniqKey="Tikhonov A" first="Alexei" last="Tikhonov">Alexei Tikhonov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savvinov, Grigoriy" sort="Savvinov, Grigoriy" uniqKey="Savvinov G" first="Grigoriy" last="Savvinov">Grigoriy Savvinov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of North-Eastern Federal University, Belinskogo Street 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of North-Eastern Federal University, Belinskogo Street 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Richard G" sort="Roberts, Richard G" uniqKey="Roberts R" first="Richard G" last="Roberts">Richard G. Roberts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 New South Wales</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macphee, Ross D E" sort="Macphee, Ross D E" uniqKey="Macphee R" first="Ross D E" last="Macphee">Ross D E. Macphee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Vertebrate Zoology/Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024 New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Vertebrate Zoology/Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024 New York</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M Thomas P" sort="Gilbert, M Thomas P" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="M Thomas P" last="Gilbert">M Thomas P. Gilbert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kj R, Kurt H" sort="Kj R, Kurt H" uniqKey="Kj R K" first="Kurt H" last="Kj R">Kurt H. Kj R</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orlando, Ludovic" sort="Orlando, Ludovic" uniqKey="Orlando L" first="Ludovic" last="Orlando">Ludovic Orlando</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brochmann, Christian" sort="Brochmann, Christian" uniqKey="Brochmann C" first="Christian" last="Brochmann">Christian Brochmann</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Norway [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taberlet, Pierre" sort="Taberlet, Pierre" uniqKey="Taberlet P" first="Pierre" last="Taberlet">Pierre Taberlet</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">France [2]</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Arctic Regions</term><term>Biodiversity</term><term>Bison (physiology)</term><term>Cold Climate</term><term>Diet</term><term>Freezing</term><term>Herbivory</term><term>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</term><term>Horses (physiology)</term><term>Mammoths (physiology)</term><term>Nematoda (classification)</term><term>Nematoda (genetics)</term><term>Nematoda (isolation & purification)</term><term>Plants (classification)</term><term>Plants (genetics)</term><term>Poaceae (genetics)</term><term>Poaceae (growth & development)</term><term>Soil</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Yukon Territory</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Biodiversité</term><term>Bisons (physiologie)</term><term>Climat froid</term><term>Congélation</term><term>Equus caballus (physiologie)</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Herbivorie</term><term>Mammouths (physiologie)</term><term>Nematoda ()</term><term>Nematoda (génétique)</term><term>Nematoda (isolement et purification)</term><term>Plantes ()</term><term>Plantes (génétique)</term><term>Poaceae (croissance et développement)</term><term>Poaceae (génétique)</term><term>Régime alimentaire</term><term>Régions arctiques</term><term>Sol</term><term>Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit</term><term>Territoire du Yukon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Soil</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Arctic Regions</term><term>Yukon Territory</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Nematoda</term><term>Plants</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="croissance et développement" xml:lang="fr"><term>Poaceae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Nematoda</term><term>Plants</term><term>Poaceae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="growth & development" xml:lang="en"><term>Poaceae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Nematoda</term><term>Plantes</term><term>Poaceae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Nematoda</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Nematoda</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Bisons</term><term>Equus caballus</term><term>Mammouths</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Bison</term><term>Horses</term><term>Mammoths</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Biodiversity</term><term>Cold Climate</term><term>Diet</term><term>Freezing</term><term>Herbivory</term><term>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</term><term>Time Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Biodiversité</term><term>Climat froid</term><term>Congélation</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Herbivorie</term><term>Nematoda</term><term>Plantes</term><term>Régime alimentaire</term><term>Régions arctiques</term><term>Sol</term><term>Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit</term><term>Territoire du Yukon</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24499916</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2014</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>18</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>506</Volume><Issue>7486</Issue><PubDate><Year>2014</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>06</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>47-51</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature12921</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Willerslev</LastName><ForeName>Eske</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davison</LastName><ForeName>John</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moora</LastName><ForeName>Mari</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zobel</LastName><ForeName>Martin</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Coissac</LastName><ForeName>Eric</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Edwards</LastName><ForeName>Mary E</ForeName><Initials>ME</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lorenzen</LastName><ForeName>Eline D</ForeName><Initials>ED</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA [3].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vestergård</LastName><ForeName>Mette</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gussarova</LastName><ForeName>Galina</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Botany, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia [3].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haile</LastName><ForeName>James</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Ancient DNA Laboratory, Veterinary and Life Sciences School, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, 6150 Western Australia, Australia [3].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Craine</LastName><ForeName>Joseph</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gielly</LastName><ForeName>Ludovic</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boessenkool</LastName><ForeName>Sanne</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Epp</LastName><ForeName>Laura S</ForeName><Initials>LS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pearman</LastName><ForeName>Peter B</ForeName><Initials>PB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cheddadi</LastName><ForeName>Rachid</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 Université Montpellier 2, Bat.22, CC061, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Murray</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, 99775-6960 Alaska, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bråthen</LastName><ForeName>Kari Anne</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yoccoz</LastName><ForeName>Nigel</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Binney</LastName><ForeName>Heather</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cruaud</LastName><ForeName>Corinne</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wincker</LastName><ForeName>Patrick</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goslar</LastName><ForeName>Tomasz</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland [2] Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alsos</LastName><ForeName>Inger Greve</ForeName><Initials>IG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bellemain</LastName><ForeName>Eva</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brysting</LastName><ForeName>Anne Krag</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Elven</LastName><ForeName>Reidar</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sønstebø</LastName><ForeName>Jørn Henrik</ForeName><Initials>JH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Murton</LastName><ForeName>Julian</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sher</LastName><ForeName>Andrei</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia [2].</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rasmussen</LastName><ForeName>Morten</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rønn</LastName><ForeName>Regin</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mourier</LastName><ForeName>Tobias</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cooper</LastName><ForeName>Alan</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Austin</LastName><ForeName>Jeremy</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Möller</LastName><ForeName>Per</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Froese</LastName><ForeName>Duane</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E3 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zazula</LastName><ForeName>Grant</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Government of Yukon, Department of Tourism and Culture, Yukon Palaeontology Program, PO Box 2703 L2A, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pompanon</LastName><ForeName>François</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rioux</LastName><ForeName>Delphine</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Niderkorn</LastName><ForeName>Vincent</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tikhonov</LastName><ForeName>Alexei</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Savvinov</LastName><ForeName>Grigoriy</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of North-Eastern Federal 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MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003081" MajorTopicYN="N">Cold Climate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004032" MajorTopicYN="Y">Diet</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005615" MajorTopicYN="N">Freezing</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D060434" MajorTopicYN="Y">Herbivory</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D059014" MajorTopicYN="N">High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006736" MajorTopicYN="N">Horses</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D056665" MajorTopicYN="N">Mammoths</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009348" MajorTopicYN="Y">Nematoda</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="N">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010944" MajorTopicYN="Y">Plants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="N">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006109" MajorTopicYN="N">Poaceae</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000254" MajorTopicYN="N">growth & development</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012987" MajorTopicYN="N">Soil</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013997" MajorTopicYN="N">Time Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015874" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Yukon Territory</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2013</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>24</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2013</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>28</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2014</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2014</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2014</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">24499916</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">nature12921</ArticleId><ArticleId 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