AustralieFrV1, PubMed, Corpus, bibRecord, 003935

Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.

Identifieur interne : 003935 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 003934; suivant : 003936

Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.

Auteurs : Eske Willerslev ; John Davison ; Mari Moora ; Martin Zobel ; Eric Coissac ; Mary E. Edwards ; Eline D. Lorenzen ; Mette Vesterg Rd ; Galina Gussarova ; James Haile ; Joseph Craine ; Ludovic Gielly ; Sanne Boessenkool ; Laura S. Epp ; Peter B. Pearman ; Rachid Cheddadi ; David Murray ; Kari Anne Br Then ; Nigel Yoccoz ; Heather Binney ; Corinne Cruaud ; Patrick Wincker ; Tomasz Goslar ; Inger Greve Alsos ; Eva Bellemain ; Anne Krag Brysting ; Reidar Elven ; J Rn Henrik S Nsteb ; Julian Murton ; Andrei Sher ; Morten Rasmussen ; Regin R Nn ; Tobias Mourier ; Alan Cooper ; Jeremy Austin ; Per Möller ; Duane Froese ; Grant Zazula ; François Pompanon ; Delphine Rioux ; Vincent Niderkorn ; Alexei Tikhonov ; Grigoriy Savvinov ; Richard G. Roberts ; Ross D E. Macphee ; M Thomas P. Gilbert ; Kurt H. Kj R ; Ludovic Orlando ; Christian Brochmann ; Pierre Taberlet

Source :

Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2014.

RBID : pubmed:24499916

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Animals, Arctic Regions, Biodiversity, Bison (physiology), Cold Climate, Diet, Freezing, Herbivory, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Horses (physiology), Mammoths (physiology), Nematoda (classification), Nematoda (genetics), Nematoda (isolation & purification), Plants (classification), Plants (genetics), Poaceae (genetics), Poaceae (growth & development), Soil, Time Factors, Yukon Territory.
MESH :
- chemical : Soil.
- geographic : Arctic Regions, Yukon Territory.
- classification : Nematoda, Plants.
- genetics : Nematoda, Plants, Poaceae.
- growth & development : Poaceae.
- isolation & purification : Nematoda.
- physiology : Bison, Horses, Mammoths.
- Animals, Biodiversity, Cold Climate, Diet, Freezing, Herbivory, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Time Factors.

Abstract

Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.

DOI: 10.1038/nature12921
PubMed: 24499916

Links to Exploration step

pubmed:24499916

Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Willerslev, Eske" sort="Willerslev, Eske" uniqKey="Willerslev E" first="Eske" last="Willerslev">Eske Willerslev</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davison, John" sort="Davison, John" uniqKey="Davison J" first="John" last="Davison">John Davison</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moora, Mari" sort="Moora, Mari" uniqKey="Moora M" first="Mari" last="Moora">Mari Moora</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zobel, Martin" sort="Zobel, Martin" uniqKey="Zobel M" first="Martin" last="Zobel">Martin Zobel</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coissac, Eric" sort="Coissac, Eric" uniqKey="Coissac E" first="Eric" last="Coissac">Eric Coissac</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, Mary E" sort="Edwards, Mary E" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Mary E" last="Edwards">Mary E. Edwards</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lorenzen, Eline D" sort="Lorenzen, Eline D" uniqKey="Lorenzen E" first="Eline D" last="Lorenzen">Eline D. Lorenzen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA [3].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vesterg Rd, Mette" sort="Vesterg Rd, Mette" uniqKey="Vesterg Rd M" first="Mette" last="Vesterg Rd">Mette Vesterg Rd</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gussarova, Galina" sort="Gussarova, Galina" uniqKey="Gussarova G" first="Galina" last="Gussarova">Galina Gussarova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Botany, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia [3].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haile, James" sort="Haile, James" uniqKey="Haile J" first="James" last="Haile">James Haile</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Ancient DNA Laboratory, Veterinary and Life Sciences School, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, 6150 Western Australia, Australia [3].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Craine, Joseph" sort="Craine, Joseph" uniqKey="Craine J" first="Joseph" last="Craine">Joseph Craine</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gielly, Ludovic" sort="Gielly, Ludovic" uniqKey="Gielly L" first="Ludovic" last="Gielly">Ludovic Gielly</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boessenkool, Sanne" sort="Boessenkool, Sanne" uniqKey="Boessenkool S" first="Sanne" last="Boessenkool">Sanne Boessenkool</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Epp, Laura S" sort="Epp, Laura S" uniqKey="Epp L" first="Laura S" last="Epp">Laura S. Epp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearman, Peter B" sort="Pearman, Peter B" uniqKey="Pearman P" first="Peter B" last="Pearman">Peter B. Pearman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheddadi, Rachid" sort="Cheddadi, Rachid" uniqKey="Cheddadi R" first="Rachid" last="Cheddadi">Rachid Cheddadi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 Université Montpellier 2, Bat.22, CC061, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murray, David" sort="Murray, David" uniqKey="Murray D" first="David" last="Murray">David Murray</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, 99775-6960 Alaska, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Br Then, Kari Anne" sort="Br Then, Kari Anne" uniqKey="Br Then K" first="Kari Anne" last="Br Then">Kari Anne Br Then</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yoccoz, Nigel" sort="Yoccoz, Nigel" uniqKey="Yoccoz N" first="Nigel" last="Yoccoz">Nigel Yoccoz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Binney, Heather" sort="Binney, Heather" uniqKey="Binney H" first="Heather" last="Binney">Heather Binney</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cruaud, Corinne" sort="Cruaud, Corinne" uniqKey="Cruaud C" first="Corinne" last="Cruaud">Corinne Cruaud</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wincker, Patrick" sort="Wincker, Patrick" uniqKey="Wincker P" first="Patrick" last="Wincker">Patrick Wincker</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goslar, Tomasz" sort="Goslar, Tomasz" uniqKey="Goslar T" first="Tomasz" last="Goslar">Tomasz Goslar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland [2] Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alsos, Inger Greve" sort="Alsos, Inger Greve" uniqKey="Alsos I" first="Inger Greve" last="Alsos">Inger Greve Alsos</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bellemain, Eva" sort="Bellemain, Eva" uniqKey="Bellemain E" first="Eva" last="Bellemain">Eva Bellemain</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brysting, Anne Krag" sort="Brysting, Anne Krag" uniqKey="Brysting A" first="Anne Krag" last="Brysting">Anne Krag Brysting</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elven, Reidar" sort="Elven, Reidar" uniqKey="Elven R" first="Reidar" last="Elven">Reidar Elven</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" sort="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" uniqKey="S Nsteb J" first="J Rn Henrik" last="S Nsteb">J Rn Henrik S Nsteb</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murton, Julian" sort="Murton, Julian" uniqKey="Murton J" first="Julian" last="Murton">Julian Murton</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sher, Andrei" sort="Sher, Andrei" uniqKey="Sher A" first="Andrei" last="Sher">Andrei Sher</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Morten" sort="Rasmussen, Morten" uniqKey="Rasmussen M" first="Morten" last="Rasmussen">Morten Rasmussen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="R Nn, Regin" sort="R Nn, Regin" uniqKey="R Nn R" first="Regin" last="R Nn">Regin R Nn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mourier, Tobias" sort="Mourier, Tobias" uniqKey="Mourier T" first="Tobias" last="Mourier">Tobias Mourier</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooper, Alan" sort="Cooper, Alan" uniqKey="Cooper A" first="Alan" last="Cooper">Alan Cooper</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Austin, Jeremy" sort="Austin, Jeremy" uniqKey="Austin J" first="Jeremy" last="Austin">Jeremy Austin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moller, Per" sort="Moller, Per" uniqKey="Moller P" first="Per" last="Möller">Per Möller</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Froese, Duane" sort="Froese, Duane" uniqKey="Froese D" first="Duane" last="Froese">Duane Froese</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E3 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zazula, Grant" sort="Zazula, Grant" uniqKey="Zazula G" first="Grant" last="Zazula">Grant Zazula</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Government of Yukon, Department of Tourism and Culture, Yukon Palaeontology Program, PO Box 2703 L2A, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pompanon, Francois" sort="Pompanon, Francois" uniqKey="Pompanon F" first="François" last="Pompanon">François Pompanon</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rioux, Delphine" sort="Rioux, Delphine" uniqKey="Rioux D" first="Delphine" last="Rioux">Delphine Rioux</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niderkorn, Vincent" sort="Niderkorn, Vincent" uniqKey="Niderkorn V" first="Vincent" last="Niderkorn">Vincent Niderkorn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tikhonov, Alexei" sort="Tikhonov, Alexei" uniqKey="Tikhonov A" first="Alexei" last="Tikhonov">Alexei Tikhonov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Savvinov, Grigoriy" sort="Savvinov, Grigoriy" uniqKey="Savvinov G" first="Grigoriy" last="Savvinov">Grigoriy Savvinov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of North-Eastern Federal University, Belinskogo Street 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Richard G" sort="Roberts, Richard G" uniqKey="Roberts R" first="Richard G" last="Roberts">Richard G. Roberts</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macphee, Ross D E" sort="Macphee, Ross D E" uniqKey="Macphee R" first="Ross D E" last="Macphee">Ross D E. Macphee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Vertebrate Zoology/Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024 New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M Thomas P" sort="Gilbert, M Thomas P" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="M Thomas P" last="Gilbert">M Thomas P. Gilbert</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kj R, Kurt H" sort="Kj R, Kurt H" uniqKey="Kj R K" first="Kurt H" last="Kj R">Kurt H. Kj R</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Orlando, Ludovic" sort="Orlando, Ludovic" uniqKey="Orlando L" first="Ludovic" last="Orlando">Ludovic Orlando</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brochmann, Christian" sort="Brochmann, Christian" uniqKey="Brochmann C" first="Christian" last="Brochmann">Christian Brochmann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taberlet, Pierre" sort="Taberlet, Pierre" uniqKey="Taberlet P" first="Pierre" last="Taberlet">Pierre Taberlet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Willerslev, Eske" sort="Willerslev, Eske" uniqKey="Willerslev E" first="Eske" last="Willerslev">Eske Willerslev</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davison, John" sort="Davison, John" uniqKey="Davison J" first="John" last="Davison">John Davison</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moora, Mari" sort="Moora, Mari" uniqKey="Moora M" first="Mari" last="Moora">Mari Moora</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zobel, Martin" sort="Zobel, Martin" uniqKey="Zobel M" first="Martin" last="Zobel">Martin Zobel</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coissac, Eric" sort="Coissac, Eric" uniqKey="Coissac E" first="Eric" last="Coissac">Eric Coissac</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edwards, Mary E" sort="Edwards, Mary E" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Mary E" last="Edwards">Mary E. Edwards</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lorenzen, Eline D" sort="Lorenzen, Eline D" uniqKey="Lorenzen E" first="Eline D" last="Lorenzen">Eline D. Lorenzen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA [3].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vesterg Rd, Mette" sort="Vesterg Rd, Mette" uniqKey="Vesterg Rd M" first="Mette" last="Vesterg Rd">Mette Vesterg Rd</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gussarova, Galina" sort="Gussarova, Galina" uniqKey="Gussarova G" first="Galina" last="Gussarova">Galina Gussarova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Botany, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia [3].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haile, James" sort="Haile, James" uniqKey="Haile J" first="James" last="Haile">James Haile</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Ancient DNA Laboratory, Veterinary and Life Sciences School, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, 6150 Western Australia, Australia [3].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Craine, Joseph" sort="Craine, Joseph" uniqKey="Craine J" first="Joseph" last="Craine">Joseph Craine</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gielly, Ludovic" sort="Gielly, Ludovic" uniqKey="Gielly L" first="Ludovic" last="Gielly">Ludovic Gielly</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boessenkool, Sanne" sort="Boessenkool, Sanne" uniqKey="Boessenkool S" first="Sanne" last="Boessenkool">Sanne Boessenkool</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Epp, Laura S" sort="Epp, Laura S" uniqKey="Epp L" first="Laura S" last="Epp">Laura S. Epp</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pearman, Peter B" sort="Pearman, Peter B" uniqKey="Pearman P" first="Peter B" last="Pearman">Peter B. Pearman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Landscape Dynamics Unit, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cheddadi, Rachid" sort="Cheddadi, Rachid" uniqKey="Cheddadi R" first="Rachid" last="Cheddadi">Rachid Cheddadi</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554 Université Montpellier 2, Bat.22, CC061, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murray, David" sort="Murray, David" uniqKey="Murray D" first="David" last="Murray">David Murray</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fairbanks, 99775-6960 Alaska, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Br Then, Kari Anne" sort="Br Then, Kari Anne" uniqKey="Br Then K" first="Kari Anne" last="Br Then">Kari Anne Br Then</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yoccoz, Nigel" sort="Yoccoz, Nigel" uniqKey="Yoccoz N" first="Nigel" last="Yoccoz">Nigel Yoccoz</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Binney, Heather" sort="Binney, Heather" uniqKey="Binney H" first="Heather" last="Binney">Heather Binney</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cruaud, Corinne" sort="Cruaud, Corinne" uniqKey="Cruaud C" first="Corinne" last="Cruaud">Corinne Cruaud</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wincker, Patrick" sort="Wincker, Patrick" uniqKey="Wincker P" first="Patrick" last="Wincker">Patrick Wincker</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Genoscope, Institut de Genomique du Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 91000 Evry, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goslar, Tomasz" sort="Goslar, Tomasz" uniqKey="Goslar T" first="Tomasz" last="Goslar">Tomasz Goslar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland [2] Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznań Science and Technology Park, Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alsos, Inger Greve" sort="Alsos, Inger Greve" uniqKey="Alsos I" first="Inger Greve" last="Alsos">Inger Greve Alsos</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Tromsø University Museum, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bellemain, Eva" sort="Bellemain, Eva" uniqKey="Bellemain E" first="Eva" last="Bellemain">Eva Bellemain</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway (S.B.); Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A 43, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (L.S.E.); SpyGen, Savoie Technolac, 17 allée du lac Saint André, BP 274, 73375 Le Bourget-du-Lac Cedex, France (E.B.).</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brysting, Anne Krag" sort="Brysting, Anne Krag" uniqKey="Brysting A" first="Anne Krag" last="Brysting">Anne Krag Brysting</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elven, Reidar" sort="Elven, Reidar" uniqKey="Elven R" first="Reidar" last="Elven">Reidar Elven</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" sort="S Nsteb, J Rn Henrik" uniqKey="S Nsteb J" first="J Rn Henrik" last="S Nsteb">J Rn Henrik S Nsteb</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murton, Julian" sort="Murton, Julian" uniqKey="Murton J" first="Julian" last="Murton">Julian Murton</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Permafrost Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sher, Andrei" sort="Sher, Andrei" uniqKey="Sher A" first="Andrei" last="Sher">Andrei Sher</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Morten" sort="Rasmussen, Morten" uniqKey="Rasmussen M" first="Morten" last="Rasmussen">Morten Rasmussen</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="R Nn, Regin" sort="R Nn, Regin" uniqKey="R Nn R" first="Regin" last="R Nn">Regin R Nn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, Universitetsparken 15, DK- 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mourier, Tobias" sort="Mourier, Tobias" uniqKey="Mourier T" first="Tobias" last="Mourier">Tobias Mourier</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooper, Alan" sort="Cooper, Alan" uniqKey="Cooper A" first="Alan" last="Cooper">Alan Cooper</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Austin, Jeremy" sort="Austin, Jeremy" uniqKey="Austin J" first="Jeremy" last="Austin">Jeremy Austin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 South Australia, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moller, Per" sort="Moller, Per" uniqKey="Moller P" first="Per" last="Möller">Per Möller</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Froese, Duane" sort="Froese, Duane" uniqKey="Froese D" first="Duane" last="Froese">Duane Froese</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, T6G 2E3 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zazula, Grant" sort="Zazula, Grant" uniqKey="Zazula G" first="Grant" last="Zazula">Grant Zazula</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Government of Yukon, Department of Tourism and Culture, Yukon Palaeontology Program, PO Box 2703 L2A, Y1A 2C6 Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pompanon, Francois" sort="Pompanon, Francois" uniqKey="Pompanon F" first="François" last="Pompanon">François Pompanon</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rioux, Delphine" sort="Rioux, Delphine" uniqKey="Rioux D" first="Delphine" last="Rioux">Delphine Rioux</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Niderkorn, Vincent" sort="Niderkorn, Vincent" uniqKey="Niderkorn V" first="Vincent" last="Niderkorn">Vincent Niderkorn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tikhonov, Alexei" sort="Tikhonov, Alexei" uniqKey="Tikhonov A" first="Alexei" last="Tikhonov">Alexei Tikhonov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Savvinov, Grigoriy" sort="Savvinov, Grigoriy" uniqKey="Savvinov G" first="Grigoriy" last="Savvinov">Grigoriy Savvinov</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Applied Ecology of the North of North-Eastern Federal University, Belinskogo Street 58, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Richard G" sort="Roberts, Richard G" uniqKey="Roberts R" first="Richard G" last="Roberts">Richard G. Roberts</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522 New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macphee, Ross D E" sort="Macphee, Ross D E" uniqKey="Macphee R" first="Ross D E" last="Macphee">Ross D E. Macphee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Vertebrate Zoology/Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 10024 New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M Thomas P" sort="Gilbert, M Thomas P" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="M Thomas P" last="Gilbert">M Thomas P. Gilbert</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kj R, Kurt H" sort="Kj R, Kurt H" uniqKey="Kj R K" first="Kurt H" last="Kj R">Kurt H. Kj R</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Orlando, Ludovic" sort="Orlando, Ludovic" uniqKey="Orlando L" first="Ludovic" last="Orlando">Ludovic Orlando</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brochmann, Christian" sort="Brochmann, Christian" uniqKey="Brochmann C" first="Christian" last="Brochmann">Christian Brochmann</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taberlet, Pierre" sort="Taberlet, Pierre" uniqKey="Taberlet P" first="Pierre" last="Taberlet">Pierre Taberlet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</nlm:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Nature</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date>
</imprint>
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<term>Bison (physiology)</term>
<term>Cold Climate</term>
<term>Diet</term>
<term>Freezing</term>
<term>Herbivory</term>
<term>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</term>
<term>Horses (physiology)</term>
<term>Mammoths (physiology)</term>
<term>Nematoda (classification)</term>
<term>Nematoda (genetics)</term>
<term>Nematoda (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Plants (classification)</term>
<term>Plants (genetics)</term>
<term>Poaceae (genetics)</term>
<term>Poaceae (growth & development)</term>
<term>Soil</term>
<term>Time Factors</term>
<term>Yukon Territory</term>
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<term>Yukon Territory</term>
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<term>Plants</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">24499916</PMID>
<DateCreated><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>02</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</DateCreated>
<DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>02</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>11</Month>
<Day>16</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-4687</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>506</Volume>
<Issue>7486</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>Feb</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Nature</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Nature</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>47-51</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/nature12921</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Although it is generally agreed that the Arctic flora is among the youngest and least diverse on Earth, the processes that shaped it are poorly understood. Here we present 50 thousand years (kyr) of Arctic vegetation history, derived from the first large-scale ancient DNA metabarcoding study of circumpolar plant diversity. For this interval we also explore nematode diversity as a proxy for modelling vegetation cover and soil quality, and diets of herbivorous megafaunal mammals, many of which became extinct around 10 kyr bp (before present). For much of the period investigated, Arctic vegetation consisted of dry steppe-tundra dominated by forbs (non-graminoid herbaceous vascular plants). During the Last Glacial Maximum (25-15 kyr bp), diversity declined markedly, although forbs remained dominant. Much changed after 10 kyr bp, with the appearance of moist tundra dominated by woody plants and graminoids. Our analyses indicate that both graminoids and forbs would have featured in megafaunal diets. As such, our findings question the predominance of a Late Quaternary graminoid-dominated Arctic mammoth steppe.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Willerslev</LastName>
<ForeName>Eske</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davison</LastName>
<ForeName>John</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moora</LastName>
<ForeName>Mari</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zobel</LastName>
<ForeName>Martin</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005 Tartu, Estonia [2].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Coissac</LastName>
<ForeName>Eric</ForeName>
<Initials>E</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA) CNRS UMR 5553, University Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France [2].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Edwards</LastName>
<ForeName>Mary E</ForeName>
<Initials>ME</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK [2].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lorenzen</LastName>
<ForeName>Eline D</ForeName>
<Initials>ED</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720 California, USA [3].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vestergård</LastName>
<ForeName>Mette</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gussarova</LastName>
<ForeName>Galina</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway [2] Department of Botany, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia [3].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haile</LastName>
<ForeName>James</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark [2] Ancient DNA Laboratory, Veterinary and Life Sciences School, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, 6150 Western Australia, Australia [3].</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Craine</LastName>
<ForeName>Joseph</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4901 Kansas, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gielly</LastName>
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	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.

Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet.

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