AustralieFrV1, PubMed, Checkpoint, bibRecord, 003418

Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines.

Identifieur interne : 003418 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 003417; suivant : 003419

Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines.

Auteurs : Peter J. Murray [États-Unis] ; Judith E. Allen [Royaume-Uni] ; Subhra K. Biswas [Singapour] ; Edward A. Fisher ; Derek W. Gilroy [Royaume-Uni] ; Sergij Goerdt [Allemagne] ; Siamon Gordon [Royaume-Uni] ; John A. Hamilton [Australie] ; Lionel B. Ivashkiv [États-Unis] ; Toby Lawrence [France] ; Massimo Locati [Italie] ; Alberto Mantovani [Italie] ; Fernando O. Martinez [Royaume-Uni] ; Jean-Louis Mege [France] ; David M. Mosser [États-Unis] ; Gioacchino Natoli [Italie] ; Jeroen P. Saeij [États-Unis] ; Joachim L. Schultze [Allemagne] ; Kari Ann Shirey [États-Unis] ; Antonio Sica ; Jill Suttles [États-Unis] ; Irina Udalova [Royaume-Uni] ; Jo A. Van Ginderachter [Belgique] ; Stefanie N. Vogel [États-Unis] ; Thomas A. Wynn

Source :

Immunity [ 1097-4180 ] ; 2014.

RBID : pubmed:25035950

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Animals, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (immunology), Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Macrophage Activation (immunology), Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (immunology), Macrophages (immunology), Mice, Research, Terminology as Topic.
MESH :
- chemical , immunology : Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor.
- immunology : Macrophage Activation, Macrophages.
- Animals, Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Mice, Research, Terminology as Topic.

Abstract

Description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing. Like the biblical Tower of Babel, macrophage activation encompasses a panoply of descriptors used in different ways. The lack of consensus on how to define macrophage activation in experiments in vitro and in vivo impedes progress in multiple ways, including the fact that many researchers still consider there to be only two types of activated macrophages, often termed M1 and M2. Here, we describe a set of standards encompassing three principles-the source of macrophages, definition of the activators, and a consensus collection of markers to describe macrophage activation-with the goal of unifying experimental standards for diverse experimental scenarios. Collectively, we propose a common framework for macrophage-activation nomenclature.

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008
PubMed: 25035950

Affiliations:

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<author><name sortKey="Hamilton, John A" sort="Hamilton, John A" uniqKey="Hamilton J" first="John A" last="Hamilton">John A. Hamilton</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mege, Jean Louis" sort="Mege, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Mege J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Mege">Jean-Louis Mege</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Shirey, Kari Ann" sort="Shirey, Kari Ann" uniqKey="Shirey K" first="Kari Ann" last="Shirey">Kari Ann Shirey</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sica, Antonio" sort="Sica, Antonio" uniqKey="Sica A" first="Antonio" last="Sica">Antonio Sica</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Suttles, Jill" sort="Suttles, Jill" uniqKey="Suttles J" first="Jill" last="Suttles">Jill Suttles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 319 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 319 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40292</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kentucky</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Udalova, Irina" sort="Udalova, Irina" uniqKey="Udalova I" first="Irina" last="Udalova">Irina Udalova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Van Ginderachter, Jo A" sort="Van Ginderachter, Jo A" uniqKey="Van Ginderachter J" first="Jo A" last="Van Ginderachter">Jo A. Van Ginderachter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement>
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<author><name sortKey="Vogel, Stefanie N" sort="Vogel, Stefanie N" uniqKey="Vogel S" first="Stefanie N" last="Vogel">Stefanie N. Vogel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wynn, Thomas A" sort="Wynn, Thomas A" uniqKey="Wynn T" first="Thomas A" last="Wynn">Thomas A. Wynn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField"> USA</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Biswas, Subhra K" sort="Biswas, Subhra K" uniqKey="Biswas S" first="Subhra K" last="Biswas">Subhra K. Biswas</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
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<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York University School of Medicine, Smilow 7, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField"> USA</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Gilroy, Derek W" sort="Gilroy, Derek W" uniqKey="Gilroy D" first="Derek W" last="Gilroy">Derek W. Gilroy</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Goerdt, Sergij" sort="Goerdt, Sergij" uniqKey="Goerdt S" first="Sergij" last="Goerdt">Sergij Goerdt</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Gordon, Siamon" sort="Gordon, Siamon" uniqKey="Gordon S" first="Siamon" last="Gordon">Siamon Gordon</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX1 3RE</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Hamilton, John A" sort="Hamilton, John A" uniqKey="Hamilton J" first="John A" last="Hamilton">John A. Hamilton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>VIC 3050</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ivashkiv, Lionel B" sort="Ivashkiv, Lionel B" uniqKey="Ivashkiv L" first="Lionel B" last="Ivashkiv">Lionel B. Ivashkiv</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 535 East 70(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 535 East 70(th) Street, New York, NY 10021</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lawrence, Toby" sort="Lawrence, Toby" uniqKey="Lawrence T" first="Toby" last="Lawrence">Toby Lawrence</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13009 Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>13009 Marseille</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Locati, Massimo" sort="Locati, Massimo" uniqKey="Locati M" first="Massimo" last="Locati">Massimo Locati</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>University of Milan School of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Milan School of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mantovani, Alberto" sort="Mantovani, Alberto" uniqKey="Mantovani A" first="Alberto" last="Mantovani">Alberto Mantovani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>University of Milan School of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Milan School of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinez, Fernando O" sort="Martinez, Fernando O" uniqKey="Martinez F" first="Fernando O" last="Martinez">Fernando O. Martinez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mege, Jean Louis" sort="Mege, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Mege J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Mege">Jean-Louis Mege</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Infectious Diseases, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13285 Marseille, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13285 Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>13285 Marseille</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mosser, David M" sort="Mosser, David M" uniqKey="Mosser D" first="David M" last="Mosser">David M. Mosser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
<settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Natoli, Gioacchino" sort="Natoli, Gioacchino" uniqKey="Natoli G" first="Gioacchino" last="Natoli">Gioacchino Natoli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20146 Milan, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20146 Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saeij, Jeroen P" sort="Saeij, Jeroen P" uniqKey="Saeij J" first="Jeroen P" last="Saeij">Jeroen P. Saeij</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schultze, Joachim L" sort="Schultze, Joachim L" uniqKey="Schultze J" first="Joachim L" last="Schultze">Joachim L. Schultze</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 32115 Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 32115 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>32115 Bonn</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
<region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shirey, Kari Ann" sort="Shirey, Kari Ann" uniqKey="Shirey K" first="Kari Ann" last="Shirey">Kari Ann Shirey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sica, Antonio" sort="Sica, Antonio" uniqKey="Sica A" first="Antonio" last="Sica">Antonio Sica</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField"> Italy</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suttles, Jill" sort="Suttles, Jill" uniqKey="Suttles J" first="Jill" last="Suttles">Jill Suttles</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 319 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 319 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40292</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kentucky</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Udalova, Irina" sort="Udalova, Irina" uniqKey="Udalova I" first="Irina" last="Udalova">Irina Udalova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Ginderachter, Jo A" sort="Van Ginderachter, Jo A" uniqKey="Van Ginderachter J" first="Jo A" last="Van Ginderachter">Jo A. Van Ginderachter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vogel, Stefanie N" sort="Vogel, Stefanie N" uniqKey="Vogel S" first="Stefanie N" last="Vogel">Stefanie N. Vogel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wynn, Thomas A" sort="Wynn, Thomas A" uniqKey="Wynn T" first="Thomas A" last="Wynn">Thomas A. Wynn</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField"> USA</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Immunity</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1097-4180</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (immunology)</term>
<term>Guidelines as Topic</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Macrophage Activation (immunology)</term>
<term>Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (immunology)</term>
<term>Macrophages (immunology)</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Research</term>
<term>Terminology as Topic</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Activation des macrophages (immunologie)</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Facteur de stimulation des colonies de granulocytes et de macrophages (immunologie)</term>
<term>Facteur de stimulation des colonies de macrophages (immunologie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Macrophages (immunologie)</term>
<term>Recherche</term>
<term>Recommandations comme sujet</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>Terminologie comme sujet</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor</term>
<term>Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Activation des macrophages</term>
<term>Facteur de stimulation des colonies de granulocytes et de macrophages</term>
<term>Facteur de stimulation des colonies de macrophages</term>
<term>Macrophages</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Macrophage Activation</term>
<term>Macrophages</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Guidelines as Topic</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Mice</term>
<term>Research</term>
<term>Terminology as Topic</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Recherche</term>
<term>Recommandations comme sujet</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>Terminologie comme sujet</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing. Like the biblical Tower of Babel, macrophage activation encompasses a panoply of descriptors used in different ways. The lack of consensus on how to define macrophage activation in experiments in vitro and in vivo impedes progress in multiple ways, including the fact that many researchers still consider there to be only two types of activated macrophages, often termed M1 and M2. Here, we describe a set of standards encompassing three principles-the source of macrophages, definition of the activators, and a consensus collection of markers to describe macrophage activation-with the goal of unifying experimental standards for diverse experimental scenarios. Collectively, we propose a common framework for macrophage-activation nomenclature.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25035950</PMID>
<DateCreated><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</DateCreated>
<DateCompleted><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>06</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2017</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1097-4180</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>41</Volume>
<Issue>1</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2014</Year>
<Month>Jul</Month>
<Day>17</Day>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Immunity</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Immunity</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>14-20</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008</ELocationID>
<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1074-7613(14)00228-3</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing. Like the biblical Tower of Babel, macrophage activation encompasses a panoply of descriptors used in different ways. The lack of consensus on how to define macrophage activation in experiments in vitro and in vivo impedes progress in multiple ways, including the fact that many researchers still consider there to be only two types of activated macrophages, often termed M1 and M2. Here, we describe a set of standards encompassing three principles-the source of macrophages, definition of the activators, and a consensus collection of markers to describe macrophage activation-with the goal of unifying experimental standards for diverse experimental scenarios. Collectively, we propose a common framework for macrophage-activation nomenclature.</AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Murray</LastName>
<ForeName>Peter J</ForeName>
<Initials>PJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. Electronic address: peter.murray@stjude.org.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Allen</LastName>
<ForeName>Judith E</ForeName>
<Initials>JE</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Biswas</LastName>
<ForeName>Subhra K</ForeName>
<Initials>SK</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Singapore Immunology Network, A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore138648, Singapore.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fisher</LastName>
<ForeName>Edward A</ForeName>
<Initials>EA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York University School of Medicine, Smilow 7, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gilroy</LastName>
<ForeName>Derek W</ForeName>
<Initials>DW</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1 6JJ, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goerdt</LastName>
<ForeName>Sergij</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department Dermatology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gordon</LastName>
<ForeName>Siamon</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hamilton</LastName>
<ForeName>John A</ForeName>
<Initials>JA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ivashkiv</LastName>
<ForeName>Lionel B</ForeName>
<Initials>LB</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College, Cornell University, 535 East 70(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lawrence</LastName>
<ForeName>Toby</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Locati</LastName>
<ForeName>Massimo</ForeName>
<Initials>M</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Milan School of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mantovani</LastName>
<ForeName>Alberto</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Milan School of Medicine, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martinez</LastName>
<ForeName>Fernando O</ForeName>
<Initials>FO</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mege</LastName>
<ForeName>Jean-Louis</ForeName>
<Initials>JL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Infectious Diseases, Aix Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13285 Marseille, France.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mosser</LastName>
<ForeName>David M</ForeName>
<Initials>DM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Natoli</LastName>
<ForeName>Gioacchino</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20146 Milan, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saeij</LastName>
<ForeName>Jeroen P</ForeName>
<Initials>JP</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schultze</LastName>
<ForeName>Joachim L</ForeName>
<Initials>JL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 32115 Bonn, Germany.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shirey</LastName>
<ForeName>Kari Ann</ForeName>
<Initials>KA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sica</LastName>
<ForeName>Antonio</ForeName>
<Initials>A</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro," Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Suttles</LastName>
<ForeName>Jill</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 319 Abraham Flexner Way, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Udalova</LastName>
<ForeName>Irina</ForeName>
<Initials>I</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Ginderachter</LastName>
<ForeName>Jo A</ForeName>
<Initials>JA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vogel</LastName>
<ForeName>Stefanie N</ForeName>
<Initials>SN</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wynn</LastName>
<ForeName>Thomas A</ForeName>
<Initials>TA</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>AI080621</GrantID>
<Acronym>AI</Acronym>
<Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>MR/J001899/1</GrantID>
<Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency>
<Country>United Kingdom</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>R01 AI080621</GrantID>
<Acronym>AI</Acronym>
<Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>087520</GrantID>
<Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency>
<Country>United Kingdom</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>R01 AI046712</GrantID>
<Acronym>AI</Acronym>
<Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency>
<Country>United States</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant><GrantID>AI062921</GrantID>
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	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
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Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines.

Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines.

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