Chromerid genomes reveal the evolutionary path from photosynthetic algae to obligate intracellular parasites.
Identifieur interne : 002E30 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002E29; suivant : 002E31Chromerid genomes reveal the evolutionary path from photosynthetic algae to obligate intracellular parasites.
Auteurs : Yong H. Woo [Arabie saoudite] ; Hifzur Ansari [Arabie saoudite] ; Thomas D. Otto [Royaume-Uni] ; Christen M. Klinger [Canada] ; Martin Kolisko [Canada] ; Jan Michálek [République tchèque] ; Alka Saxena [Arabie saoudite] ; Dhanasekaran Shanmugam [Inde] ; Annageldi Tayyrov [Arabie saoudite] ; Alaguraj Veluchamy [France] ; Shahjahan Ali [Arabie saoudite] ; Axel Bernal [États-Unis] ; Javier Del Campo [Canada] ; Jaromír Cihlá [République tchèque] ; Pavel Flegontov [République tchèque] ; Sebastian G. Gornik [Australie] ; Eva Hajdušková [République tchèque] ; Aleš Horák [République tchèque] ; Jan Janouškovec [Canada] ; Nicholas J. Katris [Australie] ; Fred D. Mast [États-Unis] ; Diego Miranda-Saavedra [Espagne] ; Tobias Mourier [Danemark] ; Raeece Naeem [Arabie saoudite] ; Mridul Nair [Arabie saoudite] ; Aswini K. Panigrahi [Arabie saoudite] ; Neil D. Rawlings [Royaume-Uni] ; Eriko Padron-Regalado [Arabie saoudite] ; Abhinay Ramaprasad [Arabie saoudite] ; Nadira Samad [Australie] ; Aleš Tom Ala [République tchèque] ; Jon Wilkes [Royaume-Uni] ; Daniel E. Neafsey [États-Unis] ; Christian Doerig [Australie] ; Chris Bowler [France] ; Patrick J. Keeling [Canada] ; David S. Roos [États-Unis] ; Joel B. Dacks [Canada] ; Thomas J. Templeton [États-Unis] ; Ross F. Waller [Australie] ; Julius Lukeš [République tchèque] ; Miroslav Oborník [République tchèque] ; Arnab Pain [Arabie saoudite]Source :
- eLife [ 2050-084X ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : DNA, Algal.
- genetics : Alveolata, DNA, Algal.
- Evolution, Molecular, Gene Expression Profiling, Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Analysis, DNA.
Abstract
The eukaryotic phylum Apicomplexa encompasses thousands of obligate intracellular parasites of humans and animals with immense socio-economic and health impacts. We sequenced nuclear genomes of Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis, free-living non-parasitic photosynthetic algae closely related to apicomplexans. Proteins from key metabolic pathways and from the endomembrane trafficking systems associated with a free-living lifestyle have been progressively and non-randomly lost during adaptation to parasitism. The free-living ancestor contained a broad repertoire of genes many of which were repurposed for parasitic processes, such as extracellular proteins, components of a motility apparatus, and DNA- and RNA-binding protein families. Based on transcriptome analyses across 36 environmental conditions, Chromera orthologs of apicomplexan invasion-related motility genes were co-regulated with genes encoding the flagellar apparatus, supporting the functional contribution of flagella to the evolution of invasion machinery. This study provides insights into how obligate parasites with diverse life strategies arose from a once free-living phototrophic marine alga.
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.06974
PubMed: 26175406
Affiliations:
- Arabie saoudite, Australie, Canada, Danemark, Espagne, France, Inde, Royaume-Uni, République tchèque, États-Unis
- Communauté de Madrid, Hovedstaden, Pennsylvanie, Victoria (État), Écosse, État de New York, Île-de-France
- Copenhague, Glasgow, Madrid, Melbourne, Paris, Philadelphie
- Université autonome de Madrid, Université de Glasgow, Université de Melbourne
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pubmed:26175406Le document en format XML
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Katris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mast, Fred D" sort="Mast, Fred D" uniqKey="Mast F" first="Fred D" last="Mast">Fred D. Mast</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Seattle</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" sort="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" uniqKey="Miranda Saavedra D" first="Diego" last="Miranda-Saavedra">Diego Miranda-Saavedra</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université autonome de Madrid</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mourier, Tobias" sort="Mourier, Tobias" uniqKey="Mourier T" first="Tobias" last="Mourier">Tobias Mourier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naeem, Raeece" sort="Naeem, Raeece" uniqKey="Naeem R" first="Raeece" last="Naeem">Raeece Naeem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nair, Mridul" sort="Nair, Mridul" uniqKey="Nair M" first="Mridul" last="Nair">Mridul Nair</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panigrahi, Aswini K" sort="Panigrahi, Aswini K" uniqKey="Panigrahi A" first="Aswini K" last="Panigrahi">Aswini K. Panigrahi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rawlings, Neil D" sort="Rawlings, Neil D" uniqKey="Rawlings N" first="Neil D" last="Rawlings">Neil D. Rawlings</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padron Regalado, Eriko" sort="Padron Regalado, Eriko" uniqKey="Padron Regalado E" first="Eriko" last="Padron-Regalado">Eriko Padron-Regalado</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramaprasad, Abhinay" sort="Ramaprasad, Abhinay" uniqKey="Ramaprasad A" first="Abhinay" last="Ramaprasad">Abhinay Ramaprasad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samad, Nadira" sort="Samad, Nadira" uniqKey="Samad N" first="Nadira" last="Samad">Nadira Samad</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tom Ala, Ales" sort="Tom Ala, Ales" uniqKey="Tom Ala A" first="Aleš" last="Tom Ala">Aleš Tom Ala</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkes, Jon" sort="Wilkes, Jon" uniqKey="Wilkes J" first="Jon" last="Wilkes">Jon Wilkes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Glasgow</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Glasgow</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neafsey, Daniel E" sort="Neafsey, Daniel E" uniqKey="Neafsey D" first="Daniel E" last="Neafsey">Daniel E. 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Keeling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roos, David S" sort="Roos, David S" uniqKey="Roos D" first="David S" last="Roos">David S. Roos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Philadelphie</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dacks, Joel B" sort="Dacks, Joel B" uniqKey="Dacks J" first="Joel B" last="Dacks">Joel B. Dacks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Edmonton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Templeton, Thomas J" sort="Templeton, Thomas J" uniqKey="Templeton T" first="Thomas J" last="Templeton">Thomas J. Templeton</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waller, Ross F" sort="Waller, Ross F" uniqKey="Waller R" first="Ross F" last="Waller">Ross F. Waller</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lukes, Julius" sort="Lukes, Julius" uniqKey="Lukes J" first="Julius" last="Lukeš">Julius Lukeš</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obornik, Miroslav" sort="Obornik, Miroslav" uniqKey="Obornik M" first="Miroslav" last="Oborník">Miroslav Oborník</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pain, Arnab" sort="Pain, Arnab" uniqKey="Pain A" first="Arnab" last="Pain">Arnab Pain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26175406</idno><idno type="pmid">26175406</idno><idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.06974</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002B92</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002B92</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002B19</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002B19</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002B19</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002B19</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Chromerid genomes reveal the evolutionary path from photosynthetic algae to obligate intracellular parasites.</title><author><name sortKey="Woo, Yong H" sort="Woo, Yong H" uniqKey="Woo Y" first="Yong H" last="Woo">Yong H. Woo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ansari, Hifzur" sort="Ansari, Hifzur" uniqKey="Ansari H" first="Hifzur" last="Ansari">Hifzur Ansari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otto, Thomas D" sort="Otto, Thomas D" uniqKey="Otto T" first="Thomas D" last="Otto">Thomas D. Otto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klinger, Christen M" sort="Klinger, Christen M" uniqKey="Klinger C" first="Christen M" last="Klinger">Christen M. Klinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Edmonton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolisko, Martin" sort="Kolisko, Martin" uniqKey="Kolisko M" first="Martin" last="Kolisko">Martin Kolisko</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michalek, Jan" sort="Michalek, Jan" uniqKey="Michalek J" first="Jan" last="Michálek">Jan Michálek</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, Alka" sort="Saxena, Alka" uniqKey="Saxena A" first="Alka" last="Saxena">Alka Saxena</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shanmugam, Dhanasekaran" sort="Shanmugam, Dhanasekaran" uniqKey="Shanmugam D" first="Dhanasekaran" last="Shanmugam">Dhanasekaran Shanmugam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pune</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tayyrov, Annageldi" sort="Tayyrov, Annageldi" uniqKey="Tayyrov A" first="Annageldi" last="Tayyrov">Annageldi Tayyrov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veluchamy, Alaguraj" sort="Veluchamy, Alaguraj" uniqKey="Veluchamy A" first="Alaguraj" last="Veluchamy">Alaguraj Veluchamy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, Shahjahan" sort="Ali, Shahjahan" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahjahan" last="Ali">Shahjahan Ali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernal, Axel" sort="Bernal, Axel" uniqKey="Bernal A" first="Axel" last="Bernal">Axel Bernal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Philadelphie</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Del Campo, Javier" sort="Del Campo, Javier" uniqKey="Del Campo J" first="Javier" last="Del Campo">Javier Del Campo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cihla, Jaromir" sort="Cihla, Jaromir" uniqKey="Cihla J" first="Jaromír" last="Cihlá">Jaromír Cihlá</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flegontov, Pavel" sort="Flegontov, Pavel" uniqKey="Flegontov P" first="Pavel" last="Flegontov">Pavel Flegontov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gornik, Sebastian G" sort="Gornik, Sebastian G" uniqKey="Gornik S" first="Sebastian G" last="Gornik">Sebastian G. Gornik</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajduskova, Eva" sort="Hajduskova, Eva" uniqKey="Hajduskova E" first="Eva" last="Hajdušková">Eva Hajdušková</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Horak, Ales" sort="Horak, Ales" uniqKey="Horak A" first="Aleš" last="Horák">Aleš Horák</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janouskovec, Jan" sort="Janouskovec, Jan" uniqKey="Janouskovec J" first="Jan" last="Janouškovec">Jan Janouškovec</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katris, Nicholas J" sort="Katris, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Katris N" first="Nicholas J" last="Katris">Nicholas J. Katris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mast, Fred D" sort="Mast, Fred D" uniqKey="Mast F" first="Fred D" last="Mast">Fred D. Mast</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Seattle</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" sort="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" uniqKey="Miranda Saavedra D" first="Diego" last="Miranda-Saavedra">Diego Miranda-Saavedra</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université autonome de Madrid</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mourier, Tobias" sort="Mourier, Tobias" uniqKey="Mourier T" first="Tobias" last="Mourier">Tobias Mourier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naeem, Raeece" sort="Naeem, Raeece" uniqKey="Naeem R" first="Raeece" last="Naeem">Raeece Naeem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nair, Mridul" sort="Nair, Mridul" uniqKey="Nair M" first="Mridul" last="Nair">Mridul Nair</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panigrahi, Aswini K" sort="Panigrahi, Aswini K" uniqKey="Panigrahi A" first="Aswini K" last="Panigrahi">Aswini K. Panigrahi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rawlings, Neil D" sort="Rawlings, Neil D" uniqKey="Rawlings N" first="Neil D" last="Rawlings">Neil D. Rawlings</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padron Regalado, Eriko" sort="Padron Regalado, Eriko" uniqKey="Padron Regalado E" first="Eriko" last="Padron-Regalado">Eriko Padron-Regalado</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramaprasad, Abhinay" sort="Ramaprasad, Abhinay" uniqKey="Ramaprasad A" first="Abhinay" last="Ramaprasad">Abhinay Ramaprasad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samad, Nadira" sort="Samad, Nadira" uniqKey="Samad N" first="Nadira" last="Samad">Nadira Samad</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tom Ala, Ales" sort="Tom Ala, Ales" uniqKey="Tom Ala A" first="Aleš" last="Tom Ala">Aleš Tom Ala</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkes, Jon" sort="Wilkes, Jon" uniqKey="Wilkes J" first="Jon" last="Wilkes">Jon Wilkes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Glasgow</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Glasgow</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neafsey, Daniel E" sort="Neafsey, Daniel E" uniqKey="Neafsey D" first="Daniel E" last="Neafsey">Daniel E. Neafsey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doerig, Christian" sort="Doerig, Christian" uniqKey="Doerig C" first="Christian" last="Doerig">Christian Doerig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Clayton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bowler, Chris" sort="Bowler, Chris" uniqKey="Bowler C" first="Chris" last="Bowler">Chris Bowler</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keeling, Patrick J" sort="Keeling, Patrick J" uniqKey="Keeling P" first="Patrick J" last="Keeling">Patrick J. Keeling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Vancouver</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roos, David S" sort="Roos, David S" uniqKey="Roos D" first="David S" last="Roos">David S. Roos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Philadelphie</settlement><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dacks, Joel B" sort="Dacks, Joel B" uniqKey="Dacks J" first="Joel B" last="Dacks">Joel B. Dacks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Edmonton</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Templeton, Thomas J" sort="Templeton, Thomas J" uniqKey="Templeton T" first="Thomas J" last="Templeton">Thomas J. Templeton</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waller, Ross F" sort="Waller, Ross F" uniqKey="Waller R" first="Ross F" last="Waller">Ross F. Waller</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lukes, Julius" sort="Lukes, Julius" uniqKey="Lukes J" first="Julius" last="Lukeš">Julius Lukeš</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Obornik, Miroslav" sort="Obornik, Miroslav" uniqKey="Obornik M" first="Miroslav" last="Oborník">Miroslav Oborník</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>České Budějovice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pain, Arnab" sort="Pain, Arnab" uniqKey="Pain A" first="Arnab" last="Pain">Arnab Pain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thuwal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Alveolata (genetics)</term><term>DNA, Algal (chemistry)</term><term>DNA, Algal (genetics)</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN des algues ()</term><term>ADN des algues (génétique)</term><term>Alveolata (génétique)</term><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA, Algal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Alveolata</term><term>DNA, Algal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN des algues</term><term>Alveolata</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Gene Expression Profiling</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN des algues</term><term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term><term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term><term>Évolution moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The eukaryotic phylum Apicomplexa encompasses thousands of obligate intracellular parasites of humans and animals with immense socio-economic and health impacts. We sequenced nuclear genomes of Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis, free-living non-parasitic photosynthetic algae closely related to apicomplexans. Proteins from key metabolic pathways and from the endomembrane trafficking systems associated with a free-living lifestyle have been progressively and non-randomly lost during adaptation to parasitism. The free-living ancestor contained a broad repertoire of genes many of which were repurposed for parasitic processes, such as extracellular proteins, components of a motility apparatus, and DNA- and RNA-binding protein families. Based on transcriptome analyses across 36 environmental conditions, Chromera orthologs of apicomplexan invasion-related motility genes were co-regulated with genes encoding the flagellar apparatus, supporting the functional contribution of flagella to the evolution of invasion machinery. This study provides insights into how obligate parasites with diverse life strategies arose from a once free-living phototrophic marine alga.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26175406</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>16</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>14</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2050-084X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>4</Volume><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Jul</Month><Day>15</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>eLife</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Elife</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Chromerid genomes reveal the evolutionary path from photosynthetic algae to obligate intracellular parasites.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e06974</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.7554/eLife.06974</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The eukaryotic phylum Apicomplexa encompasses thousands of obligate intracellular parasites of humans and animals with immense socio-economic and health impacts. We sequenced nuclear genomes of Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis, free-living non-parasitic photosynthetic algae closely related to apicomplexans. Proteins from key metabolic pathways and from the endomembrane trafficking systems associated with a free-living lifestyle have been progressively and non-randomly lost during adaptation to parasitism. The free-living ancestor contained a broad repertoire of genes many of which were repurposed for parasitic processes, such as extracellular proteins, components of a motility apparatus, and DNA- and RNA-binding protein families. Based on transcriptome analyses across 36 environmental conditions, Chromera orthologs of apicomplexan invasion-related motility genes were co-regulated with genes encoding the flagellar apparatus, supporting the functional contribution of flagella to the evolution of invasion machinery. This study provides insights into how obligate parasites with diverse life strategies arose from a once free-living phototrophic marine alga.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Woo</LastName><ForeName>Yong H</ForeName><Initials>YH</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0338-6493</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ansari</LastName><ForeName>Hifzur</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Otto</LastName><ForeName>Thomas D</ForeName><Initials>TD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Klinger</LastName><ForeName>Christen M</ForeName><Initials>CM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kolisko</LastName><ForeName>Martin</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Michálek</LastName><ForeName>Jan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Saxena</LastName><ForeName>Alka</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shanmugam</LastName><ForeName>Dhanasekaran</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tayyrov</LastName><ForeName>Annageldi</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Veluchamy</LastName><ForeName>Alaguraj</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ali</LastName><ForeName>Shahjahan</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bernal</LastName><ForeName>Axel</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>del Campo</LastName><ForeName>Javier</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5292-1421</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cihlář</LastName><ForeName>Jaromír</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Flegontov</LastName><ForeName>Pavel</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gornik</LastName><ForeName>Sebastian G</ForeName><Initials>SG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hajdušková</LastName><ForeName>Eva</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Horák</LastName><ForeName>Aleš</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Janouškovec</LastName><ForeName>Jan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Katris</LastName><ForeName>Nicholas J</ForeName><Initials>NJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mast</LastName><ForeName>Fred D</ForeName><Initials>FD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miranda-Saavedra</LastName><ForeName>Diego</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mourier</LastName><ForeName>Tobias</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Naeem</LastName><ForeName>Raeece</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nair</LastName><ForeName>Mridul</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Panigrahi</LastName><ForeName>Aswini K</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rawlings</LastName><ForeName>Neil D</ForeName><Initials>ND</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Padron-Regalado</LastName><ForeName>Eriko</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ramaprasad</LastName><ForeName>Abhinay</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Samad</LastName><ForeName>Nadira</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tomčala</LastName><ForeName>Aleš</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wilkes</LastName><ForeName>Jon</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Neafsey</LastName><ForeName>Daniel E</ForeName><Initials>DE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Broad Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Doerig</LastName><ForeName>Christian</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bowler</LastName><ForeName>Chris</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Keeling</LastName><ForeName>Patrick J</ForeName><Initials>PJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roos</LastName><ForeName>David S</ForeName><Initials>DS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dacks</LastName><ForeName>Joel B</ForeName><Initials>JB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Templeton</LastName><ForeName>Thomas J</ForeName><Initials>TJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Waller</LastName><ForeName>Ross F</ForeName><Initials>RF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lukeš</LastName><ForeName>Julius</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Oborník</LastName><ForeName>Miroslav</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pain</LastName><ForeName>Arnab</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1755-2819</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>HHSN266200400037C</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>HHSN272200900018C</GrantID><Agency>PHS HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>15</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Elife</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101579614</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2050-084X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D048028">DNA, 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MajorTopicYN="N">toxoplasmosis</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26175406</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.7554/eLife.06974</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4501334</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Arabie saoudite</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Inde</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>Hovedstaden</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Victoria (État)</li><li>Écosse</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Copenhague</li><li>Glasgow</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Melbourne</li><li>Paris</li><li>Philadelphie</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université autonome de Madrid</li><li>Université de Glasgow</li><li>Université de Melbourne</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Arabie saoudite"><noRegion><name sortKey="Woo, Yong H" sort="Woo, Yong H" uniqKey="Woo Y" first="Yong H" last="Woo">Yong H. Woo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ali, Shahjahan" sort="Ali, Shahjahan" uniqKey="Ali S" first="Shahjahan" last="Ali">Shahjahan Ali</name><name sortKey="Ansari, Hifzur" sort="Ansari, Hifzur" uniqKey="Ansari H" first="Hifzur" last="Ansari">Hifzur Ansari</name><name sortKey="Naeem, Raeece" sort="Naeem, Raeece" uniqKey="Naeem R" first="Raeece" last="Naeem">Raeece Naeem</name><name sortKey="Nair, Mridul" sort="Nair, Mridul" uniqKey="Nair M" first="Mridul" last="Nair">Mridul Nair</name><name sortKey="Padron Regalado, Eriko" sort="Padron Regalado, Eriko" uniqKey="Padron Regalado E" first="Eriko" last="Padron-Regalado">Eriko Padron-Regalado</name><name sortKey="Pain, Arnab" sort="Pain, Arnab" uniqKey="Pain A" first="Arnab" last="Pain">Arnab Pain</name><name sortKey="Panigrahi, Aswini K" sort="Panigrahi, Aswini K" uniqKey="Panigrahi A" first="Aswini K" last="Panigrahi">Aswini K. Panigrahi</name><name sortKey="Ramaprasad, Abhinay" sort="Ramaprasad, Abhinay" uniqKey="Ramaprasad A" first="Abhinay" last="Ramaprasad">Abhinay Ramaprasad</name><name sortKey="Saxena, Alka" sort="Saxena, Alka" uniqKey="Saxena A" first="Alka" last="Saxena">Alka Saxena</name><name sortKey="Tayyrov, Annageldi" sort="Tayyrov, Annageldi" uniqKey="Tayyrov A" first="Annageldi" last="Tayyrov">Annageldi Tayyrov</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Otto, Thomas D" sort="Otto, Thomas D" uniqKey="Otto T" first="Thomas D" last="Otto">Thomas D. Otto</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Rawlings, Neil D" sort="Rawlings, Neil D" uniqKey="Rawlings N" first="Neil D" last="Rawlings">Neil D. Rawlings</name><name sortKey="Wilkes, Jon" sort="Wilkes, Jon" uniqKey="Wilkes J" first="Jon" last="Wilkes">Jon Wilkes</name></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Klinger, Christen M" sort="Klinger, Christen M" uniqKey="Klinger C" first="Christen M" last="Klinger">Christen M. Klinger</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dacks, Joel B" sort="Dacks, Joel B" uniqKey="Dacks J" first="Joel B" last="Dacks">Joel B. Dacks</name><name sortKey="Del Campo, Javier" sort="Del Campo, Javier" uniqKey="Del Campo J" first="Javier" last="Del Campo">Javier Del Campo</name><name sortKey="Janouskovec, Jan" sort="Janouskovec, Jan" uniqKey="Janouskovec J" first="Jan" last="Janouškovec">Jan Janouškovec</name><name sortKey="Keeling, Patrick J" sort="Keeling, Patrick J" uniqKey="Keeling P" first="Patrick J" last="Keeling">Patrick J. Keeling</name><name sortKey="Kolisko, Martin" sort="Kolisko, Martin" uniqKey="Kolisko M" first="Martin" last="Kolisko">Martin Kolisko</name></country><country name="République tchèque"><noRegion><name sortKey="Michalek, Jan" sort="Michalek, Jan" uniqKey="Michalek J" first="Jan" last="Michálek">Jan Michálek</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cihla, Jaromir" sort="Cihla, Jaromir" uniqKey="Cihla J" first="Jaromír" last="Cihlá">Jaromír Cihlá</name><name sortKey="Flegontov, Pavel" sort="Flegontov, Pavel" uniqKey="Flegontov P" first="Pavel" last="Flegontov">Pavel Flegontov</name><name sortKey="Hajduskova, Eva" sort="Hajduskova, Eva" uniqKey="Hajduskova E" first="Eva" last="Hajdušková">Eva Hajdušková</name><name sortKey="Horak, Ales" sort="Horak, Ales" uniqKey="Horak A" first="Aleš" last="Horák">Aleš Horák</name><name sortKey="Lukes, Julius" sort="Lukes, Julius" uniqKey="Lukes J" first="Julius" last="Lukeš">Julius Lukeš</name><name sortKey="Obornik, Miroslav" sort="Obornik, Miroslav" uniqKey="Obornik M" first="Miroslav" last="Oborník">Miroslav Oborník</name><name sortKey="Tom Ala, Ales" sort="Tom Ala, Ales" uniqKey="Tom Ala A" first="Aleš" last="Tom Ala">Aleš Tom Ala</name></country><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Shanmugam, Dhanasekaran" sort="Shanmugam, Dhanasekaran" uniqKey="Shanmugam D" first="Dhanasekaran" last="Shanmugam">Dhanasekaran Shanmugam</name></noRegion></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Veluchamy, Alaguraj" sort="Veluchamy, Alaguraj" uniqKey="Veluchamy A" first="Alaguraj" last="Veluchamy">Alaguraj Veluchamy</name></region><name sortKey="Bowler, Chris" sort="Bowler, Chris" uniqKey="Bowler C" first="Chris" last="Bowler">Chris Bowler</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Pennsylvanie"><name sortKey="Bernal, Axel" sort="Bernal, Axel" uniqKey="Bernal A" first="Axel" last="Bernal">Axel Bernal</name></region><name sortKey="Mast, Fred D" sort="Mast, Fred D" uniqKey="Mast F" first="Fred D" last="Mast">Fred D. Mast</name><name sortKey="Neafsey, Daniel E" sort="Neafsey, Daniel E" uniqKey="Neafsey D" first="Daniel E" last="Neafsey">Daniel E. Neafsey</name><name sortKey="Roos, David S" sort="Roos, David S" uniqKey="Roos D" first="David S" last="Roos">David S. Roos</name><name sortKey="Templeton, Thomas J" sort="Templeton, Thomas J" uniqKey="Templeton T" first="Thomas J" last="Templeton">Thomas J. Templeton</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Victoria (État)"><name sortKey="Gornik, Sebastian G" sort="Gornik, Sebastian G" uniqKey="Gornik S" first="Sebastian G" last="Gornik">Sebastian G. Gornik</name></region><name sortKey="Doerig, Christian" sort="Doerig, Christian" uniqKey="Doerig C" first="Christian" last="Doerig">Christian Doerig</name><name sortKey="Katris, Nicholas J" sort="Katris, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Katris N" first="Nicholas J" last="Katris">Nicholas J. Katris</name><name sortKey="Samad, Nadira" sort="Samad, Nadira" uniqKey="Samad N" first="Nadira" last="Samad">Nadira Samad</name><name sortKey="Waller, Ross F" sort="Waller, Ross F" uniqKey="Waller R" first="Ross F" last="Waller">Ross F. Waller</name></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" sort="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" uniqKey="Miranda Saavedra D" first="Diego" last="Miranda-Saavedra">Diego Miranda-Saavedra</name></region></country><country name="Danemark"><region name="Hovedstaden"><name sortKey="Mourier, Tobias" sort="Mourier, Tobias" uniqKey="Mourier T" first="Tobias" last="Mourier">Tobias Mourier</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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