Conservatism and novelty in the genetic architecture of adaptation in Heliconius butterflies.
Identifieur interne : 002D84 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002D83; suivant : 002D85Conservatism and novelty in the genetic architecture of adaptation in Heliconius butterflies.
Auteurs : B. Huber ; A. Whibley [France] ; Y L Poul [France] ; N. Navarro [France] ; A. Martin [États-Unis] ; S. Baxter [Royaume-Uni] ; A. Shah [Allemagne] ; B. Gilles ; T. Wirth [France] ; W O Mcmillan ; M. JoronSource :
- Heredity [ 1365-2540 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- anatomie et histologie : Ailes d'animaux, Papillons.
- génétique : Adaptation physiologique, Papillons.
- Animaux, Cartographie chromosomique, Couleur, Croisements génétiques, Génotype, Locus de caractère quantitatif, Phénotype, Évolution biologique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- anatomy & histology : Butterflies, Wings, Animal.
- genetics : Adaptation, Physiological, Butterflies.
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Chromosome Mapping, Color, Crosses, Genetic, Genotype, Phenotype, Quantitative Trait Loci.
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of adaptive traits has been at the centre of modern evolutionary biology since Fisher; however, evaluating how the genetic architecture of ecologically important traits influences their diversification has been hampered by the scarcity of empirical data. Now, high-throughput genomics facilitates the detailed exploration of variation in the genome-to-phenotype map among closely related taxa. Here, we investigate the evolution of wing pattern diversity in Heliconius, a clade of neotropical butterflies that have undergone an adaptive radiation for wing-pattern mimicry and are influenced by distinct selection regimes. Using crosses between natural wing-pattern variants, we used genome-wide restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) genotyping, traditional linkage mapping and multivariate image analysis to study the evolution of the architecture of adaptive variation in two closely related species: Heliconius hecale and H. ismenius. We implemented a new morphometric procedure for the analysis of whole-wing pattern variation, which allows visualising spatial heatmaps of genotype-to-phenotype association for each quantitative trait locus separately. We used the H. melpomene reference genome to fine-map variation for each major wing-patterning region uncovered, evaluated the role of candidate genes and compared genetic architectures across the genus. Our results show that, although the loci responding to mimicry selection are highly conserved between species, their effect size and phenotypic action vary throughout the clade. Multilocus architecture is ancestral and maintained across species under directional selection, whereas the single-locus (supergene) inheritance controlling polymorphism in H. numata appears to have evolved only once. Nevertheless, the conservatism in the wing-patterning toolkit found throughout the genus does not appear to constrain phenotypic evolution towards local adaptive optima.
DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.22
PubMed: 25806542
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Bourgogne, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Californie, Île-de-France
- Dijon, Paris
- Université de Bourgogne
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Links to Exploration step
pubmed:25806542Le document en format XML
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Huber</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Populations, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris, France [3] The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry>no dot</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whibley, A" sort="Whibley, A" uniqKey="Whibley A" first="A" last="Whibley">A. Whibley</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poul, Y L" sort="Poul, Y L" uniqKey="Poul Y" first="Y L" last="Poul">Y L Poul</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, N" sort="Navarro, N" uniqKey="Navarro N" first="N" last="Navarro">N. Navarro</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>1] Laboratoire PALEVO, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Dijon, France [2] UMR uB/CNRS 6282-Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Laboratoire PALEVO, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Dijon, France [2] UMR uB/CNRS 6282-Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</region><region type="old region">Bourgogne</region><settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement><settlement type="city">Dijon</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Bourgogne</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, A" sort="Martin, A" uniqKey="Martin A" first="A" last="Martin">A. Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baxter, S" sort="Baxter, S" uniqKey="Baxter S" first="S" last="Baxter">S. Baxter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia [2] Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>1] School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia [2] Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, A" sort="Shah, A" uniqKey="Shah A" first="A" last="Shah">A. Shah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Department of Animal Behaviour, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Department of Animal Behaviour, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bielefeld</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Bielefeld</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Bielefeld</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilles, B" sort="Gilles, B" uniqKey="Gilles B" first="B" last="Gilles">B. Gilles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry>no dot</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wirth, T" sort="Wirth, T" uniqKey="Wirth T" first="T" last="Wirth">T. Wirth</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Populations, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Populations, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmillan, W O" sort="Mcmillan, W O" uniqKey="Mcmillan W" first="W O" last="Mcmillan">W O Mcmillan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry>no dot</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joron, M" sort="Joron, M" uniqKey="Joron M" first="M" last="Joron">M. Joron</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry>no dot</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Heredity</title><idno type="eISSN">1365-2540</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adaptation, Physiological (genetics)</term><term>Animals</term><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Butterflies (anatomy & histology)</term><term>Butterflies (genetics)</term><term>Chromosome Mapping</term><term>Color</term><term>Crosses, Genetic</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Quantitative Trait Loci</term><term>Wings, Animal (anatomy & histology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adaptation physiologique (génétique)</term><term>Ailes d'animaux (anatomie et histologie)</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Cartographie chromosomique</term><term>Couleur</term><term>Croisements génétiques</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Locus de caractère quantitatif</term><term>Papillons (anatomie et histologie)</term><term>Papillons (génétique)</term><term>Phénotype</term><term>Évolution biologique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomie et histologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ailes d'animaux</term><term>Papillons</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomy & histology" xml:lang="en"><term>Butterflies</term><term>Wings, Animal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Adaptation, Physiological</term><term>Butterflies</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adaptation physiologique</term><term>Papillons</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Biological Evolution</term><term>Chromosome Mapping</term><term>Color</term><term>Crosses, Genetic</term><term>Genotype</term><term>Phenotype</term><term>Quantitative Trait Loci</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Cartographie chromosomique</term><term>Couleur</term><term>Croisements génétiques</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Locus de caractère quantitatif</term><term>Phénotype</term><term>Évolution biologique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Understanding the genetic architecture of adaptive traits has been at the centre of modern evolutionary biology since Fisher; however, evaluating how the genetic architecture of ecologically important traits influences their diversification has been hampered by the scarcity of empirical data. Now, high-throughput genomics facilitates the detailed exploration of variation in the genome-to-phenotype map among closely related taxa. Here, we investigate the evolution of wing pattern diversity in Heliconius, a clade of neotropical butterflies that have undergone an adaptive radiation for wing-pattern mimicry and are influenced by distinct selection regimes. Using crosses between natural wing-pattern variants, we used genome-wide restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) genotyping, traditional linkage mapping and multivariate image analysis to study the evolution of the architecture of adaptive variation in two closely related species: Heliconius hecale and H. ismenius. We implemented a new morphometric procedure for the analysis of whole-wing pattern variation, which allows visualising spatial heatmaps of genotype-to-phenotype association for each quantitative trait locus separately. We used the H. melpomene reference genome to fine-map variation for each major wing-patterning region uncovered, evaluated the role of candidate genes and compared genetic architectures across the genus. Our results show that, although the loci responding to mimicry selection are highly conserved between species, their effect size and phenotypic action vary throughout the clade. Multilocus architecture is ancestral and maintained across species under directional selection, whereas the single-locus (supergene) inheritance controlling polymorphism in H. numata appears to have evolved only once. Nevertheless, the conservatism in the wing-patterning toolkit found throughout the genus does not appear to constrain phenotypic evolution towards local adaptive optima.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25806542</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>15</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>24</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1365-2540</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>114</Volume><Issue>5</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>May</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Heredity</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Heredity (Edinb)</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Conservatism and novelty in the genetic architecture of adaptation in Heliconius butterflies.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>515-24</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/hdy.2015.22</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Understanding the genetic architecture of adaptive traits has been at the centre of modern evolutionary biology since Fisher; however, evaluating how the genetic architecture of ecologically important traits influences their diversification has been hampered by the scarcity of empirical data. Now, high-throughput genomics facilitates the detailed exploration of variation in the genome-to-phenotype map among closely related taxa. Here, we investigate the evolution of wing pattern diversity in Heliconius, a clade of neotropical butterflies that have undergone an adaptive radiation for wing-pattern mimicry and are influenced by distinct selection regimes. Using crosses between natural wing-pattern variants, we used genome-wide restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) genotyping, traditional linkage mapping and multivariate image analysis to study the evolution of the architecture of adaptive variation in two closely related species: Heliconius hecale and H. ismenius. We implemented a new morphometric procedure for the analysis of whole-wing pattern variation, which allows visualising spatial heatmaps of genotype-to-phenotype association for each quantitative trait locus separately. We used the H. melpomene reference genome to fine-map variation for each major wing-patterning region uncovered, evaluated the role of candidate genes and compared genetic architectures across the genus. Our results show that, although the loci responding to mimicry selection are highly conserved between species, their effect size and phenotypic action vary throughout the clade. Multilocus architecture is ancestral and maintained across species under directional selection, whereas the single-locus (supergene) inheritance controlling polymorphism in H. numata appears to have evolved only once. Nevertheless, the conservatism in the wing-patterning toolkit found throughout the genus does not appear to constrain phenotypic evolution towards local adaptive optima.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huber</LastName><ForeName>B</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Populations, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris, France [3] The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Whibley</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Poul</LastName><ForeName>Y L</ForeName><Initials>YL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Navarro</LastName><ForeName>N</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000000156944201</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Laboratoire PALEVO, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Dijon, France [2] UMR uB/CNRS 6282-Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martin</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baxter</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia [2] Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shah</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Department of Animal Behaviour, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gilles</LastName><ForeName>B</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wirth</LastName><ForeName>T</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] Laboratoire Biologie Intégrative des Populations, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McMillan</LastName><ForeName>W O</ForeName><Initials>WO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Joron</LastName><ForeName>M</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1] Institut de Systématique, Evolution, et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [2] The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, República de Panamá</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>G0900740</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MR/K001744/1</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>25</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Heredity (Edinb)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0373007</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0018-067X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Genetics. 2005 Oct;171(2):557-70</RefSource><PMID 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UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002874" MajorTopicYN="N">Chromosome Mapping</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003116" MajorTopicYN="N">Color</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003433" MajorTopicYN="N">Crosses, Genetic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005838" MajorTopicYN="N">Genotype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010641" MajorTopicYN="N">Phenotype</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D040641" MajorTopicYN="N">Quantitative Trait Loci</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014921" MajorTopicYN="N">Wings, Animal</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000033" MajorTopicYN="Y">anatomy & histology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><OtherID Source="NLM">PMC4815517</OtherID></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2014</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>04</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2015</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25806542</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">hdy201522</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1038/hdy.2015.22</ArticleId><ArticleId 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Gilles</name><name sortKey="Huber, B" sort="Huber, B" uniqKey="Huber B" first="B" last="Huber">B. Huber</name><name sortKey="Joron, M" sort="Joron, M" uniqKey="Joron M" first="M" last="Joron">M. Joron</name><name sortKey="Mcmillan, W O" sort="Mcmillan, W O" uniqKey="Mcmillan W" first="W O" last="Mcmillan">W O Mcmillan</name></noCountry><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Whibley, A" sort="Whibley, A" uniqKey="Whibley A" first="A" last="Whibley">A. Whibley</name></region><name sortKey="Navarro, N" sort="Navarro, N" uniqKey="Navarro N" first="N" last="Navarro">N. Navarro</name><name sortKey="Poul, Y L" sort="Poul, Y L" uniqKey="Poul Y" first="Y L" last="Poul">Y L Poul</name><name sortKey="Wirth, T" sort="Wirth, T" uniqKey="Wirth T" first="T" last="Wirth">T. Wirth</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Martin, A" sort="Martin, A" uniqKey="Martin A" first="A" last="Martin">A. Martin</name></region></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Baxter, S" sort="Baxter, S" uniqKey="Baxter S" first="S" last="Baxter">S. Baxter</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Shah, A" sort="Shah, A" uniqKey="Shah A" first="A" last="Shah">A. Shah</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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