Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century.
Identifieur interne : 001D53 ( PubMed/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001D52; suivant : 001D54Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century.
Auteurs : Kira A. Krumhansl [Canada] ; Daniel K. Okamoto [Canada] ; Andrew Rassweiler [États-Unis] ; Mark Novak [États-Unis] ; John J. Bolton [Afrique du Sud] ; Kyle C. Cavanaugh [États-Unis] ; Sean D. Connell [Australie] ; Craig R. Johnson [Australie] ; Brenda Konar [États-Unis] ; Scott D. Ling [Australie] ; Fiorenza Micheli [États-Unis] ; Kjell M. Norderhaug [Norvège] ; Alejandro Pérez-Matus [Chili] ; Isabel Sousa-Pinto [Portugal] ; Daniel C. Reed [États-Unis] ; Anne K. Salomon [Canada] ; Nick T. Shears [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Thomas Wernberg [Australie] ; Robert J. Anderson [Afrique du Sud] ; Nevell S. Barrett [Australie] ; Alejandro H. Buschmann [Chili] ; Mark H. Carr [États-Unis] ; Jennifer E. Caselle [États-Unis] ; Sandrine Derrien-Courtel [France] ; Graham J. Edgar [Australie] ; Matt Edwards [États-Unis] ; James A. Estes [États-Unis] ; Claire Goodwin [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael C. Kenner [États-Unis] ; David J. Kushner [États-Unis] ; Frithjof E. Moy [Norvège] ; Julia Nunn [Royaume-Uni] ; Robert S. Steneck [États-Unis] ; Julio Vásquez [Chili] ; Jane Watson [Canada] ; Jon D. Witman [États-Unis] ; Jarrett E K. Byrnes [États-Unis]Source :
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [ 1091-6490 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually. Although local evidence suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of stressors, no comprehensive global analysis of change in kelp abundances currently exists. Here, we build and analyze a global database of kelp time series spanning the past half-century to assess regional and global trends in kelp abundances. We detected a high degree of geographic variation in trends, with regional variability in the direction and magnitude of change far exceeding a small global average decline (instantaneous rate of change = -0.018 y(-1)). Our analysis identified declines in 38% of ecoregions for which there are data (-0.015 to -0.18 y(-1)), increases in 27% of ecoregions (0.015 to 0.11 y(-1)), and no detectable change in 35% of ecoregions. These spatially variable trajectories reflected regional differences in the drivers of change, uncertainty in some regions owing to poor spatial and temporal data coverage, and the dynamic nature of kelp populations. We conclude that although global drivers could be affecting kelp forests at multiple scales, local stressors and regional variation in the effects of these drivers dominate kelp dynamics, in contrast to many other marine and terrestrial foundation species.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606102113
PubMed: 27849580
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Australie, Canada, Chili, France, Norvège, Nouvelle-Zélande, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Alaska, Californie, Floride, Maine (État), Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island, Østlandet
- Oslo
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Connell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SA 5005</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Craig R" sort="Johnson, Craig R" uniqKey="Johnson C" first="Craig R" last="Johnson">Craig R. 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Ling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7001 TAS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norderhaug, Kjell M" sort="Norderhaug, Kjell M" uniqKey="Norderhaug K" first="Kjell M" last="Norderhaug">Kjell M. Norderhaug</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349 Oslo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement><region nuts="2">Østlandet</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4450-208 Matosinhos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Daniel C" sort="Reed, Daniel C" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Daniel C" last="Reed">Daniel C. Reed</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne K" sort="Salomon, Anne K" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne K" last="Salomon">Anne K. Salomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T" last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 0941, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 0941</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Auckland 0941</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J" last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7701 Rondebosch</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Nevell S" sort="Barrett, Nevell S" uniqKey="Barrett N" first="Nevell S" last="Barrett">Nevell S. Barrett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7001 TAS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H" last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Puerto Montt 5480000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Mark H" sort="Carr, Mark H" uniqKey="Carr M" first="Mark H" last="Carr">Mark H. Carr</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caselle, Jennifer E" sort="Caselle, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Caselle J" first="Jennifer E" last="Caselle">Jennifer E. Caselle</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, 29182 Concarneau Cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, 29182 Concarneau Cedex</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>29182 Concarneau Cedex</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>29182 Concarneau Cedex</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Graham J" sort="Edgar, Graham J" uniqKey="Edgar G" first="Graham J" last="Edgar">Graham J. Edgar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7001 TAS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Matt" sort="Edwards, Matt" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Matt" last="Edwards">Matt Edwards</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estes, James A" sort="Estes, James A" uniqKey="Estes J" first="James A" last="Estes">James A. Estes</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, Claire" sort="Goodwin, Claire" uniqKey="Goodwin C" first="Claire" last="Goodwin">Claire Goodwin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenner, Michael C" sort="Kenner, Michael C" uniqKey="Kenner M" first="Michael C" last="Kenner">Michael C. Kenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushner, David J" sort="Kushner, David J" uniqKey="Kushner D" first="David J" last="Kushner">David J. Kushner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, CA 93009.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Channel Islands National Park, Ventura</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moy, Frithjof E" sort="Moy, Frithjof E" uniqKey="Moy F" first="Frithjof E" last="Moy">Frithjof E. Moy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, 4817 His, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Marine Research, 4817 His</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4817 His</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steneck, Robert S" sort="Steneck, Robert S" uniqKey="Steneck R" first="Robert S" last="Steneck">Robert S. Steneck</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maine (État)</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Walpole</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coquimbo 1781421</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Jane" sort="Watson, Jane" uniqKey="Watson J" first="Jane" last="Watson">Jane Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witman, Jon D" sort="Witman, Jon D" uniqKey="Witman J" first="Jon D" last="Witman">Jon D. Witman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" sort="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" uniqKey="Byrnes J" first="Jarrett E K" last="Byrnes">Jarrett E K. Byrnes</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:27849580</idno><idno type="pmid">27849580</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1606102113</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001573</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001573</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001551</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">001551</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001551</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">001551</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century.</title><author><name sortKey="Krumhansl, Kira A" sort="Krumhansl, Kira A" uniqKey="Krumhansl K" first="Kira A" last="Krumhansl">Kira A. Krumhansl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; kkrumhan@sfu.ca.</nlm:affiliation><country wicri:rule="url">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, Daniel K" sort="Okamoto, Daniel K" uniqKey="Okamoto D" first="Daniel K" last="Okamoto">Daniel K. Okamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rassweiler, Andrew" sort="Rassweiler, Andrew" uniqKey="Rassweiler A" first="Andrew" last="Rassweiler">Andrew Rassweiler</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Novak, Mark" sort="Novak, Mark" uniqKey="Novak M" first="Mark" last="Novak">Mark Novak</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Oregon</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolton, John J" sort="Bolton, John J" uniqKey="Bolton J" first="John J" last="Bolton">John J. Bolton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7701 Rondebosch</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" sort="Cavanaugh, Kyle C" uniqKey="Cavanaugh K" first="Kyle C" last="Cavanaugh">Kyle C. Cavanaugh</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Connell, Sean D" sort="Connell, Sean D" uniqKey="Connell S" first="Sean D" last="Connell">Sean D. Connell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SA 5005</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Craig R" sort="Johnson, Craig R" uniqKey="Johnson C" first="Craig R" last="Johnson">Craig R. Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7001 TAS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konar, Brenda" sort="Konar, Brenda" uniqKey="Konar B" first="Brenda" last="Konar">Brenda Konar</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Alaska</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ling, Scott D" sort="Ling, Scott D" uniqKey="Ling S" first="Scott D" last="Ling">Scott D. Ling</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7001 TAS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Micheli, Fiorenza" sort="Micheli, Fiorenza" uniqKey="Micheli F" first="Fiorenza" last="Micheli">Fiorenza Micheli</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norderhaug, Kjell M" sort="Norderhaug, Kjell M" uniqKey="Norderhaug K" first="Kjell M" last="Norderhaug">Kjell M. Norderhaug</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349 Oslo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement><region nuts="2">Østlandet</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Santiago</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4450-208 Matosinhos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Daniel C" sort="Reed, Daniel C" uniqKey="Reed D" first="Daniel C" last="Reed">Daniel C. Reed</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, Anne K" sort="Salomon, Anne K" uniqKey="Salomon A" first="Anne K" last="Salomon">Anne K. Salomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T" last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 0941, New Zealand.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 0941</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Auckland 0941</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Robert J" sort="Anderson, Robert J" uniqKey="Anderson R" first="Robert J" last="Anderson">Robert J. Anderson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7701 Rondebosch</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barrett, Nevell S" sort="Barrett, Nevell S" uniqKey="Barrett N" first="Nevell S" last="Barrett">Nevell S. Barrett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7001 TAS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H" last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Puerto Montt 5480000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Mark H" sort="Carr, Mark H" uniqKey="Carr M" first="Mark H" last="Carr">Mark H. Carr</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caselle, Jennifer E" sort="Caselle, Jennifer E" uniqKey="Caselle J" first="Jennifer E" last="Caselle">Jennifer E. Caselle</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, 29182 Concarneau Cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, 29182 Concarneau Cedex</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>29182 Concarneau Cedex</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>29182 Concarneau Cedex</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Graham J" sort="Edgar, Graham J" uniqKey="Edgar G" first="Graham J" last="Edgar">Graham J. Edgar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7001 TAS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Matt" sort="Edwards, Matt" uniqKey="Edwards M" first="Matt" last="Edwards">Matt Edwards</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Estes, James A" sort="Estes, James A" uniqKey="Estes J" first="James A" last="Estes">James A. Estes</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodwin, Claire" sort="Goodwin, Claire" uniqKey="Goodwin C" first="Claire" last="Goodwin">Claire Goodwin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenner, Michael C" sort="Kenner, Michael C" uniqKey="Kenner M" first="Michael C" last="Kenner">Michael C. Kenner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kushner, David J" sort="Kushner, David J" uniqKey="Kushner D" first="David J" last="Kushner">David J. Kushner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, CA 93009.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Channel Islands National Park, Ventura</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moy, Frithjof E" sort="Moy, Frithjof E" uniqKey="Moy F" first="Frithjof E" last="Moy">Frithjof E. Moy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, 4817 His, Norway.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Marine Research, 4817 His</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>4817 His</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Co. Down BT18 0EU</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steneck, Robert S" sort="Steneck, Robert S" uniqKey="Steneck R" first="Robert S" last="Steneck">Robert S. Steneck</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maine (État)</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Walpole</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coquimbo 1781421</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Jane" sort="Watson, Jane" uniqKey="Watson J" first="Jane" last="Watson">Jane Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5.</nlm:affiliation><country>Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BC</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Witman, Jon D" sort="Witman, Jon D" uniqKey="Witman J" first="Jon D" last="Witman">Jon D. Witman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Rhode Island</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" sort="Byrnes, Jarrett E K" uniqKey="Byrnes J" first="Jarrett E K" last="Byrnes">Jarrett E K. Byrnes</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually. Although local evidence suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of stressors, no comprehensive global analysis of change in kelp abundances currently exists. Here, we build and analyze a global database of kelp time series spanning the past half-century to assess regional and global trends in kelp abundances. We detected a high degree of geographic variation in trends, with regional variability in the direction and magnitude of change far exceeding a small global average decline (instantaneous rate of change = -0.018 y(-1)). Our analysis identified declines in 38% of ecoregions for which there are data (-0.015 to -0.18 y(-1)), increases in 27% of ecoregions (0.015 to 0.11 y(-1)), and no detectable change in 35% of ecoregions. These spatially variable trajectories reflected regional differences in the drivers of change, uncertainty in some regions owing to poor spatial and temporal data coverage, and the dynamic nature of kelp populations. We conclude that although global drivers could be affecting kelp forests at multiple scales, local stressors and regional variation in the effects of these drivers dominate kelp dynamics, in contrast to many other marine and terrestrial foundation species.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="In-Data-Review" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27849580</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>16</Day></DateCreated><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>24</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1091-6490</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>113</Volume><Issue>48</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>29</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Global patterns of kelp forest change over the past half-century.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>13785-13790</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>Kelp forests (Order Laminariales) form key biogenic habitats in coastal regions of temperate and Arctic seas worldwide, providing ecosystem services valued in the range of billions of dollars annually. Although local evidence suggests that kelp forests are increasingly threatened by a variety of stressors, no comprehensive global analysis of change in kelp abundances currently exists. Here, we build and analyze a global database of kelp time series spanning the past half-century to assess regional and global trends in kelp abundances. We detected a high degree of geographic variation in trends, with regional variability in the direction and magnitude of change far exceeding a small global average decline (instantaneous rate of change = -0.018 y(-1)). Our analysis identified declines in 38% of ecoregions for which there are data (-0.015 to -0.18 y(-1)), increases in 27% of ecoregions (0.015 to 0.11 y(-1)), and no detectable change in 35% of ecoregions. These spatially variable trajectories reflected regional differences in the drivers of change, uncertainty in some regions owing to poor spatial and temporal data coverage, and the dynamic nature of kelp populations. We conclude that although global drivers could be affecting kelp forests at multiple scales, local stressors and regional variation in the effects of these drivers dominate kelp dynamics, in contrast to many other marine and terrestrial foundation species.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krumhansl</LastName><ForeName>Kira A</ForeName><Initials>KA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; kkrumhan@sfu.ca.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Okamoto</LastName><ForeName>Daniel K</ForeName><Initials>DK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rassweiler</LastName><ForeName>Andrew</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Novak</LastName><ForeName>Mark</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bolton</LastName><ForeName>John J</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cavanaugh</LastName><ForeName>Kyle C</ForeName><Initials>KC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Connell</LastName><ForeName>Sean D</ForeName><Initials>SD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Johnson</LastName><ForeName>Craig R</ForeName><Initials>CR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Konar</LastName><ForeName>Brenda</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ling</LastName><ForeName>Scott D</ForeName><Initials>SD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Micheli</LastName><ForeName>Fiorenza</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Norderhaug</LastName><ForeName>Kjell M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pérez-Matus</LastName><ForeName>Alejandro</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Subtidal Ecology Laboratory and Marine Conservation Center, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sousa-Pinto</LastName><ForeName>Isabel</ForeName><Initials>I</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reed</LastName><ForeName>Daniel C</ForeName><Initials>DC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Salomon</LastName><ForeName>Anne K</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Resource and Environmental Management, Hakai Institute, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shears</LastName><ForeName>Nick T</ForeName><Initials>NT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 0941, New Zealand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wernberg</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Anderson</LastName><ForeName>Robert J</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barrett</LastName><ForeName>Nevell S</ForeName><Initials>NS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buschmann</LastName><ForeName>Alejandro H</ForeName><Initials>AH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Recursos y Ambientes Costeros, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carr</LastName><ForeName>Mark H</ForeName><Initials>MH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Caselle</LastName><ForeName>Jennifer E</ForeName><Initials>JE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Derrien-Courtel</LastName><ForeName>Sandrine</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, 29182 Concarneau Cedex, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Edgar</LastName><ForeName>Graham J</ForeName><Initials>GJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001 TAS, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Edwards</LastName><ForeName>Matt</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Estes</LastName><ForeName>James A</ForeName><Initials>JA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Goodwin</LastName><ForeName>Claire</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kenner</LastName><ForeName>Michael C</ForeName><Initials>MC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kushner</LastName><ForeName>David J</ForeName><Initials>DJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Channel Islands National Park, Ventura, CA 93009.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moy</LastName><ForeName>Frithjof E</ForeName><Initials>FE</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0790-4593</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Marine Research, 4817 His, Norway.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nunn</LastName><ForeName>Julia</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Co. Down BT18 0EU, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Steneck</LastName><ForeName>Robert S</ForeName><Initials>RS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vásquez</LastName><ForeName>Julio</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Watson</LastName><ForeName>Jane</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Witman</LastName><ForeName>Jon D</ForeName><Initials>JD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Byrnes</LastName><ForeName>Jarrett E K</ForeName><Initials>JE</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-9472</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>14</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7505876</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0027-8424</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Proc Biol Sci. 2010 May 7;277(1686):1409-15</RefSource><PMID 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MajorTopicYN="N">kelp forest</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27849580</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">1606102113</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1073/pnas.1606102113</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5137772</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du 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Ling</name><name sortKey="Wernberg, Thomas" sort="Wernberg, Thomas" uniqKey="Wernberg T" first="Thomas" last="Wernberg">Thomas Wernberg</name></country><country name="Norvège"><region name="Østlandet"><name sortKey="Norderhaug, Kjell M" sort="Norderhaug, Kjell M" uniqKey="Norderhaug K" first="Kjell M" last="Norderhaug">Kjell M. Norderhaug</name></region><name sortKey="Moy, Frithjof E" sort="Moy, Frithjof E" uniqKey="Moy F" first="Frithjof E" last="Moy">Frithjof E. Moy</name></country><country name="Chili"><noRegion><name sortKey="Perez Matus, Alejandro" sort="Perez Matus, Alejandro" uniqKey="Perez Matus A" first="Alejandro" last="Pérez-Matus">Alejandro Pérez-Matus</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Buschmann, Alejandro H" sort="Buschmann, Alejandro H" uniqKey="Buschmann A" first="Alejandro H" last="Buschmann">Alejandro H. Buschmann</name><name sortKey="Vasquez, Julio" sort="Vasquez, Julio" uniqKey="Vasquez J" first="Julio" last="Vásquez">Julio Vásquez</name></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" sort="Sousa Pinto, Isabel" uniqKey="Sousa Pinto I" first="Isabel" last="Sousa-Pinto">Isabel Sousa-Pinto</name></noRegion></country><country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Shears, Nick T" sort="Shears, Nick T" uniqKey="Shears N" first="Nick T" last="Shears">Nick T. Shears</name></noRegion></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" sort="Derrien Courtel, Sandrine" uniqKey="Derrien Courtel S" first="Sandrine" last="Derrien-Courtel">Sandrine Derrien-Courtel</name></noRegion></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Goodwin, Claire" sort="Goodwin, Claire" uniqKey="Goodwin C" first="Claire" last="Goodwin">Claire Goodwin</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Nunn, Julia" sort="Nunn, Julia" uniqKey="Nunn J" first="Julia" last="Nunn">Julia Nunn</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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