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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental
disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C" last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Angermeyer, Matthias" sort="Angermeyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Angermeyer M" first="Matthias" last="Angermeyer">Matthias Angermeyer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anthony, James C" sort="Anthony, James C" uniqKey="Anthony J" first="James C" last="Anthony">James C. Anthony</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Graaf, Ron" sort="De Graaf, Ron" uniqKey="De Graaf R" first="Ron" last="De Graaf">Ron De Graaf</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demyttenaere, Koen" sort="Demyttenaere, Koen" uniqKey="Demyttenaere K" first="Koen" last="Demyttenaere">Koen Demyttenaere</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gasquet, Isabelle" sort="Gasquet, Isabelle" uniqKey="Gasquet I" first="Isabelle" last="Gasquet">Isabelle Gasquet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Mental Health, Local Health Unit, Bologna, Italy;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gluzman, Semyon" sort="Gluzman, Semyon" uniqKey="Gluzman S" first="Semyon" last="Gluzman">Semyon Gluzman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Ukrainian Psychiatric Association, Kyiv, Ukraine;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gureje, Oye" sort="Gureje, Oye" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="Oye" last="Gureje">Oye Gureje</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haro, Josep Maria" sort="Haro, Josep Maria" uniqKey="Haro J" first="Josep Maria" last="Haro">Josep Maria Haro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Sant Joan de Deu - Mental Health Services, Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Norito" sort="Kawakami, Norito" uniqKey="Kawakami N" first="Norito" last="Kawakami">Norito Kawakami</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karam, Aimee" sort="Karam, Aimee" uniqKey="Karam A" first="Aimee" last="Karam">Aimee Karam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Research and Planning, Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Medina Mora, Maria Elena" sort="Medina Mora, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Medina Mora M" first="Maria Elena" last="Medina Mora">Maria Elena Medina Mora</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oakley Browne, Mark A" sort="Oakley Browne, Mark A" uniqKey="Oakley Browne M" first="Mark A" last="Oakley Browne">Mark A. Oakley Browne</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Rural and Indigenous Health, School of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="José" last="Posada-Villa">José Posada-Villa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Saldarriaga Concha Foundation, Bogota, Colombia;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J" last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adley Tsang, Cheuk Him" sort="Adley Tsang, Cheuk Him" uniqKey="Adley Tsang C" first="Cheuk Him" last="Adley Tsang">Cheuk Him Adley Tsang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Hong Kong Mood Disorders Centre, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" sort="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" uniqKey="Aguilar Gaxiola S" first="Sergio" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heeringa, Steven" sort="Heeringa, Steven" uniqKey="Heeringa S" first="Steven" last="Heeringa">Steven Heeringa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pennell, Beth Ellen" sort="Pennell, Beth Ellen" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="Beth-Ellen" last="Pennell">Beth-Ellen Pennell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berglund, Patricia" sort="Berglund, Patricia" uniqKey="Berglund P" first="Patricia" last="Berglund">Patricia Berglund</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gruber, Michael J" sort="Gruber, Michael J" uniqKey="Gruber M" first="Michael J" last="Gruber">Michael J. Gruber</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Petukhova, Maria" sort="Petukhova, Maria" uniqKey="Petukhova M" first="Maria" last="Petukhova">Maria Petukhova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chatterji, Somnath" sort="Chatterji, Somnath" uniqKey="Chatterji S" first="Somnath" last="Chatterji">Somnath Chatterji</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ustun, T Bedirhan" sort="Ustun, T Bedirhan" uniqKey="Ustun T" first="T. Bedirhan" last="Üstün">T. Bedirhan Üstün</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">18188442</idno>
<idno type="pmc">2174588</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174588</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2174588</idno>
<date when="2007">2007</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001C37</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001C37</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental
disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C" last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Angermeyer, Matthias" sort="Angermeyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Angermeyer M" first="Matthias" last="Angermeyer">Matthias Angermeyer</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anthony, James C" sort="Anthony, James C" uniqKey="Anthony J" first="James C" last="Anthony">James C. Anthony</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Graaf, Ron" sort="De Graaf, Ron" uniqKey="De Graaf R" first="Ron" last="De Graaf">Ron De Graaf</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demyttenaere, Koen" sort="Demyttenaere, Koen" uniqKey="Demyttenaere K" first="Koen" last="Demyttenaere">Koen Demyttenaere</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gasquet, Isabelle" sort="Gasquet, Isabelle" uniqKey="Gasquet I" first="Isabelle" last="Gasquet">Isabelle Gasquet</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Mental Health, Local Health Unit, Bologna, Italy;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gluzman, Semyon" sort="Gluzman, Semyon" uniqKey="Gluzman S" first="Semyon" last="Gluzman">Semyon Gluzman</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Ukrainian Psychiatric Association, Kyiv, Ukraine;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gureje, Oye" sort="Gureje, Oye" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="Oye" last="Gureje">Oye Gureje</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haro, Josep Maria" sort="Haro, Josep Maria" uniqKey="Haro J" first="Josep Maria" last="Haro">Josep Maria Haro</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Sant Joan de Deu - Mental Health Services, Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kawakami, Norito" sort="Kawakami, Norito" uniqKey="Kawakami N" first="Norito" last="Kawakami">Norito Kawakami</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karam, Aimee" sort="Karam, Aimee" uniqKey="Karam A" first="Aimee" last="Karam">Aimee Karam</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Research and Planning, Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Medina Mora, Maria Elena" sort="Medina Mora, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Medina Mora M" first="Maria Elena" last="Medina Mora">Maria Elena Medina Mora</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oakley Browne, Mark A" sort="Oakley Browne, Mark A" uniqKey="Oakley Browne M" first="Mark A" last="Oakley Browne">Mark A. Oakley Browne</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Rural and Indigenous Health, School of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="José" last="Posada-Villa">José Posada-Villa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Saldarriaga Concha Foundation, Bogota, Colombia;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J" last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adley Tsang, Cheuk Him" sort="Adley Tsang, Cheuk Him" uniqKey="Adley Tsang C" first="Cheuk Him" last="Adley Tsang">Cheuk Him Adley Tsang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Hong Kong Mood Disorders Centre, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" sort="Aguilar Gaxiola, Sergio" uniqKey="Aguilar Gaxiola S" first="Sergio" last="Aguilar-Gaxiola">Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heeringa, Steven" sort="Heeringa, Steven" uniqKey="Heeringa S" first="Steven" last="Heeringa">Steven Heeringa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pennell, Beth Ellen" sort="Pennell, Beth Ellen" uniqKey="Pennell B" first="Beth-Ellen" last="Pennell">Beth-Ellen Pennell</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berglund, Patricia" sort="Berglund, Patricia" uniqKey="Berglund P" first="Patricia" last="Berglund">Patricia Berglund</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gruber, Michael J" sort="Gruber, Michael J" uniqKey="Gruber M" first="Michael J" last="Gruber">Michael J. Gruber</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Petukhova, Maria" sort="Petukhova, Maria" uniqKey="Petukhova M" first="Maria" last="Petukhova">Maria Petukhova</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chatterji, Somnath" sort="Chatterji, Somnath" uniqKey="Chatterji S" first="Somnath" last="Chatterji">Somnath Chatterji</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ustun, T Bedirhan" sort="Ustun, T Bedirhan" uniqKey="Ustun T" first="T. Bedirhan" last="Üstün">T. Bedirhan Üstün</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">World Psychiatry</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1723-8617</idno>
<imprint><date when="2007">2007</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Data are presented on the lifetime prevalence, projected lifetime risk,
and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization
(WHO)'s World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Face-to-face community surveys
were conducted in seventeen countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe,
and the Middle East. The combined numbers of respondents were 85,052. Lifetime
prevalence, projected lifetime risk, and age of onset of DSM-IV disorders
were assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI),
a fully-structured lay administered diagnostic interview. Survival analysis
was used to estimate lifetime risk. Median and inter-quartile range (IQR)
of age of onset is very early for some anxiety disorders (7-14, IQR: 8-11)
and impulse control disorders (7-15, IQR: 11-12). The age-of-onset distribution
is later for mood disorders (29-43, IQR: 35-40), other anxiety disorders (24-50,
IQR: 31-41), and substance use disorders (18-29, IQR: 21-26). Median and IQR
lifetime prevalence estimates are: anxiety disorders 4.8-31.0% (IQR: 9.9-16.7%),
mood disorders 3.3-21.4% (IQR: 9.8-15.8%), impulse control disorders 0.3-25.0%
(IQR: 3.1-5.7%), substance use disorders 1.3-15.0% (IQR: 4.8-9.6%), and any
disorder 12.0-47.4% (IQR: 18.1-36.1%). Projected lifetime risk is proportionally
between 17% and 69% higher than estimated lifetime prevalence (IQR: 28-44%),
with the highest ratios in countries exposed to sectarian violence (Israel,
Nigeria, and South Africa), and a general tendency for projected risk to be
highest in recent cohorts in all countries. These results document clearly
that mental disorders are commonly occurring. As many mental disorders begin
in childhood or adolescents, interventions aimed at early detection and treatment
might help reduce the persistence or severity of primary disorders and prevent
the subsequent onset of secondary disorders.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
  <front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">World Psychiatry</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="">WP</journal-id>
<journal-title>World Psychiatry</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1723-8617</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Masson Italy</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">18188442</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2174588</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental
disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>KESSLER</surname>
<given-names>RONALD C</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ANGERMEYER</surname>
<given-names>MATTHIAS</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ANTHONY</surname>
<given-names>JAMES C</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DE GRAAF</surname>
<given-names>RON</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DEMYTTENAERE</surname>
<given-names>KOEN</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>GASQUET</surname>
<given-names>ISABELLE</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>DE GIROLAMO</surname>
<given-names>GIOVANNI</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>GLUZMAN</surname>
<given-names>SEMYON</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>GUREJE</surname>
<given-names>OYE</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>HARO</surname>
<given-names>JOSEP MARIA</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>KAWAKAMI</surname>
<given-names>NORITO</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>KARAM</surname>
<given-names>AIMEE</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>LEVINSON</surname>
<given-names>DAPHNA</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MEDINA MORA</surname>
<given-names>MARIA ELENA</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">14</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>OAKLEY BROWNE</surname>
<given-names>MARK A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>POSADA-VILLA</surname>
<given-names>JOSÉ</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">16</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>STEIN</surname>
<given-names>DAN J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">17</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ADLEY TSANG</surname>
<given-names>CHEUK HIM</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">18</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>AGUILAR-GAXIOLA</surname>
<given-names>SERGIO</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">19</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ALONSO</surname>
<given-names>JORDI</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">20</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>LEE</surname>
<given-names>SING</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">21</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>HEERINGA</surname>
<given-names>STEVEN</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">22</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>PENNELL</surname>
<given-names>BETH-ELLEN</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">22</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>BERGLUND</surname>
<given-names>PATRICIA</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">22</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>GRUBER</surname>
<given-names>MICHAEL J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>PETUKHOVA</surname>
<given-names>MARIA</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>CHATTERJI</surname>
<given-names>SOMNATH</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">23</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ÜSTÜN</surname>
<given-names>T. BEDIRHAN</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">23</xref>
<on-behalf-of>FOR THE WHO WORLD MENTAL HEALTH SURVEY CONSORTIUM</on-behalf-of>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany;</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA;</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands;</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium;</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>
Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France;</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>
Department of Mental Health, Local Health Unit, Bologna, Italy;</aff>
<aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>
Ukrainian Psychiatric Association, Kyiv, Ukraine;</aff>
<aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>
Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria;</aff>
<aff id="aff10"><label>10</label>
Sant Joan de Deu - Mental Health Services, Barcelona, Spain;</aff>
<aff id="aff11"><label>11</label>
Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;</aff>
<aff id="aff12"><label>12</label>
Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon;</aff>
<aff id="aff13"><label>13</label>
Research and Planning, Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel;</aff>
<aff id="aff14"><label>14</label>
Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico;</aff>
<aff id="aff15"><label>15</label>
Department of Rural and Indigenous Health, School of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia;</aff>
<aff id="aff16"><label>16</label>
Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Saldarriaga Concha Foundation, Bogota, Colombia;</aff>
<aff id="aff17"><label>17</label>
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa;</aff>
<aff id="aff18"><label>18</label>
Hong Kong Mood Disorders Centre, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;</aff>
<aff id="aff19"><label>19</label>
Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA;</aff>
<aff id="aff20"><label>20</label>
Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigacio Medica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain;</aff>
<aff id="aff21"><label>21</label>
Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;</aff>
<aff id="aff22"><label>22</label>
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;</aff>
<aff id="aff23"><label>23</label>
Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>168</fpage>
<lpage>176</lpage>
<copyright-statement>World Psychiatric Association</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2007</copyright-year>
<abstract><p>Data are presented on the lifetime prevalence, projected lifetime risk,
and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization
(WHO)'s World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Face-to-face community surveys
were conducted in seventeen countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe,
and the Middle East. The combined numbers of respondents were 85,052. Lifetime
prevalence, projected lifetime risk, and age of onset of DSM-IV disorders
were assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI),
a fully-structured lay administered diagnostic interview. Survival analysis
was used to estimate lifetime risk. Median and inter-quartile range (IQR)
of age of onset is very early for some anxiety disorders (7-14, IQR: 8-11)
and impulse control disorders (7-15, IQR: 11-12). The age-of-onset distribution
is later for mood disorders (29-43, IQR: 35-40), other anxiety disorders (24-50,
IQR: 31-41), and substance use disorders (18-29, IQR: 21-26). Median and IQR
lifetime prevalence estimates are: anxiety disorders 4.8-31.0% (IQR: 9.9-16.7%),
mood disorders 3.3-21.4% (IQR: 9.8-15.8%), impulse control disorders 0.3-25.0%
(IQR: 3.1-5.7%), substance use disorders 1.3-15.0% (IQR: 4.8-9.6%), and any
disorder 12.0-47.4% (IQR: 18.1-36.1%). Projected lifetime risk is proportionally
between 17% and 69% higher than estimated lifetime prevalence (IQR: 28-44%),
with the highest ratios in countries exposed to sectarian violence (Israel,
Nigeria, and South Africa), and a general tendency for projected risk to be
highest in recent cohorts in all countries. These results document clearly
that mental disorders are commonly occurring. As many mental disorders begin
in childhood or adolescents, interventions aimed at early detection and treatment
might help reduce the persistence or severity of primary disorders and prevent
the subsequent onset of secondary disorders.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Mental disorders</kwd>
<kwd>lifetime prevalence</kwd>
<kwd>projected lifetime risk</kwd>
<kwd>age-of-onset distribution</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>

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