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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">New approaches narrow global species estimates for beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods</title><author><name sortKey="Stork, Nigel E" sort="Stork, Nigel E" uniqKey="Stork N" first="Nigel E." last="Stork">Nigel E. Stork</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment,<institution>Griffith University</institution>, Nathan, QLD 4111,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbroom, James" sort="Mcbroom, James" uniqKey="Mcbroom J" first="James" last="Mcbroom">James Mcbroom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment,<institution>Griffith University</institution>, Nathan, QLD 4111,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gely, Claire" sort="Gely, Claire" uniqKey="Gely C" first="Claire" last="Gely">Claire Gely</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Agronomy, Forestry, Water and Environmental Science and Technology Institute,<institution>University of Lorraine</institution>, F-54052 Nancy,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, Andrew J" sort="Hamilton, Andrew J" uniqKey="Hamilton A" first="Andrew J." last="Hamilton">Andrew J. Hamilton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>, Dookie Campus, Currawa, VIC 3647,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation),<institution>Federation University Australia</institution>, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26034274</idno><idno type="pmc">4475949</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4475949</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4475949</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1502408112</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000225</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000225</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">New approaches narrow global species estimates for beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods</title><author><name sortKey="Stork, Nigel E" sort="Stork, Nigel E" uniqKey="Stork N" first="Nigel E." last="Stork">Nigel E. Stork</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment,<institution>Griffith University</institution>, Nathan, QLD 4111,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbroom, James" sort="Mcbroom, James" uniqKey="Mcbroom J" first="James" last="Mcbroom">James Mcbroom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment,<institution>Griffith University</institution>, Nathan, QLD 4111,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gely, Claire" sort="Gely, Claire" uniqKey="Gely C" first="Claire" last="Gely">Claire Gely</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Agronomy, Forestry, Water and Environmental Science and Technology Institute,<institution>University of Lorraine</institution>, F-54052 Nancy,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, Andrew J" sort="Hamilton, Andrew J" uniqKey="Hamilton A" first="Andrew J." last="Hamilton">Andrew J. Hamilton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>, Dookie Campus, Currawa, VIC 3647,<country>Australia</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation),<institution>Federation University Australia</institution>, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p>Many suggest we are approaching a sixth mass extinction event, and yet estimates of how many species exist, and thus how many might become extinct, vary by as much as an order of magnitude. There are few statistically robust methods to estimate global species richness, and here we introduce several new methods, including one that builds on the observation that larger species are often described before smaller species. We combine these, giving equal weight to each, to provide mean global species estimates for the most speciose order, class, and phylum on Earth, beetles, insects, and arthropods (terrestrial). We attempt to aid conservation planning by broadening the range of methods used and bringing greater stability to global estimates for these taxa.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26034274</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4475949</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201502408</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1502408112</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Ecology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>New approaches narrow global species estimates for beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">New species estimates for beetles and insects</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stork</surname><given-names>Nigel E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McBroom</surname><given-names>James</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gely</surname><given-names>Claire</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamilton</surname><given-names>Andrew J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment,<institution>Griffith University</institution>, Nathan, QLD 4111,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup>Agronomy, Forestry, Water and Environmental Science and Technology Institute,<institution>University of Lorraine</institution>, F-54052 Nancy,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup>Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences,<institution>The University of Melbourne</institution>, Dookie Campus, Currawa, VIC 3647,<country>Australia</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup>Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation),<institution>Federation University Australia</institution>, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>1</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: <email>nigel.stork@griffith.edu.au</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by James H. Brown, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, and approved May 5, 2015 (received for review February 7, 2015)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: N.E.S. designed research; N.E.S. and A.J.H. performed research; N.E.S., J.M., C.G., and A.J.H. analyzed data; and N.E.S. and A.J.H. wrote the paper.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>16</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>1</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>112</volume><issue>24</issue><fpage>7519</fpage><lpage>7523</lpage><permissions><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="pnas.201502408.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p>Many suggest we are approaching a sixth mass extinction event, and yet estimates of how many species exist, and thus how many might become extinct, vary by as much as an order of magnitude. There are few statistically robust methods to estimate global species richness, and here we introduce several new methods, including one that builds on the observation that larger species are often described before smaller species. We combine these, giving equal weight to each, to provide mean global species estimates for the most speciose order, class, and phylum on Earth, beetles, insects, and arthropods (terrestrial). We attempt to aid conservation planning by broadening the range of methods used and bringing greater stability to global estimates for these taxa.</p></abstract><abstract><p>It has been suggested that we do not know within an order of magnitude the number of all species on Earth [May RM (1988) <italic>Science</italic> 241(4872):1441–1449]. Roughly 1.5 million valid species of all organisms have been named and described [Costello MJ, Wilson S, Houlding B (2012) <italic>Syst Biol</italic> 61(5):871–883]. Given Kingdom Animalia numerically dominates this list and virtually all terrestrial vertebrates have been described, the question of how many terrestrial species exist is all but reduced to one of how many arthropod species there are. With beetles alone accounting for about 40% of all described arthropod species, the truly pertinent question is how many beetle species exist. Here we present four new and independent estimates of beetle species richness, which produce a mean estimate of 1.5 million beetle species. We argue that the surprisingly narrow range (0.9–2.1 million) of these four autonomous estimates—derived from host-specificity relationships, ratios with other taxa, plant:beetle ratios, and a completely novel body-size approach—represents a major advance in honing in on the richness of this most significant taxon, and is thus of considerable importance to the debate on how many species exist. Using analogous approaches, we also produce independent estimates for all insects, mean: 5.5 million species (range 2.6–7.8 million), and for terrestrial arthropods, mean: 6.8 million species (range 5.9–7.8 million), which suggest that estimates for the world’s insects and their relatives are narrowing considerably.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>biodiversity</kwd><kwd>body size</kwd><kwd>Coleoptera</kwd><kwd>species richness</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="5"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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