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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Retroviral envelope gene captures and <italic>syncytin</italic> exaptation for placentation in marsupials</title><author><name sortKey="Cornelis, Guillaume" sort="Cornelis, Guillaume" uniqKey="Cornelis G" first="Guillaume" last="Cornelis">Guillaume Cornelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Université Paris Denis Diderot</institution>, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, F-75013,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vernochet, Cecile" sort="Vernochet, Cecile" uniqKey="Vernochet C" first="Cécile" last="Vernochet">Cécile Vernochet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carradec, Quentin" sort="Carradec, Quentin" uniqKey="Carradec Q" first="Quentin" last="Carradec">Quentin Carradec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souquere, Sylvie" sort="Souquere, Sylvie" uniqKey="Souquere S" first="Sylvie" last="Souquere">Sylvie Souquere</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulot, Baptiste" sort="Mulot, Baptiste" uniqKey="Mulot B" first="Baptiste" last="Mulot">Baptiste Mulot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Zooparc de Beauval et Beauval Nature</institution>, Saint Aignan, F-41110,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Catzeflis, Francois" sort="Catzeflis, Francois" uniqKey="Catzeflis F" first="François" last="Catzeflis">François Catzeflis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Phylogénie et Paléobiologie, UMR 5554 CNRS,<institution>Université Montpellier II</institution>, Montpellier, F-34095,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nilsson, Maria A" sort="Nilsson, Maria A" uniqKey="Nilsson M" first="Maria A." last="Nilsson">Maria A. Nilsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>LOEWE Biodiversity and Climate Research Center</institution>, Frankfurt am Main, D-60325<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzies, Brandon R" sort="Menzies, Brandon R" uniqKey="Menzies B" first="Brandon R." last="Menzies">Brandon R. Menzies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff7">Department of Zoology,<institution>University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, VIC 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renfree, Marilyn B" sort="Renfree, Marilyn B" uniqKey="Renfree M" first="Marilyn B." last="Renfree">Marilyn B. Renfree</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff7">Department of Zoology,<institution>University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, VIC 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pierron, Gerard" sort="Pierron, Gerard" uniqKey="Pierron G" first="Gérard" last="Pierron">Gérard Pierron</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeller, Ulrich" sort="Zeller, Ulrich" uniqKey="Zeller U" first="Ulrich" last="Zeller">Ulrich Zeller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Systematic Zoology,<institution>Humboldt University</institution>, 10099 Berlin,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heidmann, Odile" sort="Heidmann, Odile" uniqKey="Heidmann O" first="Odile" last="Heidmann">Odile Heidmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dupressoir, Anne" sort="Dupressoir, Anne" uniqKey="Dupressoir A" first="Anne" last="Dupressoir">Anne Dupressoir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heidmann, Thierry" sort="Heidmann, Thierry" uniqKey="Heidmann T" first="Thierry" last="Heidmann">Thierry Heidmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25605903</idno><idno type="pmc">4321253</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321253</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4321253</idno><idno type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1417000112</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000224</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000224</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Retroviral envelope gene captures and <italic>syncytin</italic> exaptation for placentation in marsupials</title><author><name sortKey="Cornelis, Guillaume" sort="Cornelis, Guillaume" uniqKey="Cornelis G" first="Guillaume" last="Cornelis">Guillaume Cornelis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Université Paris Denis Diderot</institution>, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, F-75013,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vernochet, Cecile" sort="Vernochet, Cecile" uniqKey="Vernochet C" first="Cécile" last="Vernochet">Cécile Vernochet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carradec, Quentin" sort="Carradec, Quentin" uniqKey="Carradec Q" first="Quentin" last="Carradec">Quentin Carradec</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souquere, Sylvie" sort="Souquere, Sylvie" uniqKey="Souquere S" first="Sylvie" last="Souquere">Sylvie Souquere</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulot, Baptiste" sort="Mulot, Baptiste" uniqKey="Mulot B" first="Baptiste" last="Mulot">Baptiste Mulot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Zooparc de Beauval et Beauval Nature</institution>, Saint Aignan, F-41110,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Catzeflis, Francois" sort="Catzeflis, Francois" uniqKey="Catzeflis F" first="François" last="Catzeflis">François Catzeflis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Phylogénie et Paléobiologie, UMR 5554 CNRS,<institution>Université Montpellier II</institution>, Montpellier, F-34095,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nilsson, Maria A" sort="Nilsson, Maria A" uniqKey="Nilsson M" first="Maria A." last="Nilsson">Maria A. Nilsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>LOEWE Biodiversity and Climate Research Center</institution>, Frankfurt am Main, D-60325<country>Germany</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Menzies, Brandon R" sort="Menzies, Brandon R" uniqKey="Menzies B" first="Brandon R." last="Menzies">Brandon R. Menzies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff7">Department of Zoology,<institution>University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, VIC 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renfree, Marilyn B" sort="Renfree, Marilyn B" uniqKey="Renfree M" first="Marilyn B." last="Renfree">Marilyn B. Renfree</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff7">Department of Zoology,<institution>University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, VIC 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pierron, Gerard" sort="Pierron, Gerard" uniqKey="Pierron G" first="Gérard" last="Pierron">Gérard Pierron</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeller, Ulrich" sort="Zeller, Ulrich" uniqKey="Zeller U" first="Ulrich" last="Zeller">Ulrich Zeller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Systematic Zoology,<institution>Humboldt University</institution>, 10099 Berlin,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heidmann, Odile" sort="Heidmann, Odile" uniqKey="Heidmann O" first="Odile" last="Heidmann">Odile Heidmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dupressoir, Anne" sort="Dupressoir, Anne" uniqKey="Dupressoir A" first="Anne" last="Dupressoir">Anne Dupressoir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heidmann, Thierry" sort="Heidmann, Thierry" uniqKey="Heidmann T" first="Thierry" last="Heidmann">Thierry Heidmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title><idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno><idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Significance</title><p><italic>Syncytins</italic> are “captured” genes of retroviral origin, corresponding to the fusogenic envelope gene of endogenized retroviruses. They are present in a series of eutherian mammals, including humans and mice where they play an essential role in placentation. Here we show that marsupials—which diverged from eutherian mammals ∼190 Mya but still possess a primitive, short-lived placenta (rapidly left by the embryo for development in an external pouch)—have also captured such genes. The present characterization of the <italic>syncytin-Opo1</italic> gene in the opossum placenta, together with the identification of two additional endogenous retroviral envelope gene captures, allow a recapitulation of the natural history of these unusual genes and definitely extends their “symbiotic niche” to all clades of placental mammals.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">pnas</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PNAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0027-8424</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1091-6490</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25605903</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4321253</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">201417000</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1417000112</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>PNAS Plus</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Biological Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><series-title>PNAS Plus</series-title></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Retroviral envelope gene captures and <italic>syncytin</italic> exaptation for placentation in marsupials</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="short">A captured syncytin in marsupials</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cornelis</surname><given-names>Guillaume</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vernochet</surname><given-names>Cécile</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carradec</surname><given-names>Quentin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Souquere</surname><given-names>Sylvie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mulot</surname><given-names>Baptiste</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Catzeflis</surname><given-names>François</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>e</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nilsson</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>f</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Menzies</surname><given-names>Brandon R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Renfree</surname><given-names>Marilyn B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>g</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pierron</surname><given-names>Gérard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zeller</surname><given-names>Ulrich</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>h</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heidmann</surname><given-names>Odile</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dupressoir</surname><given-names>Anne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heidmann</surname><given-names>Thierry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>b</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>a</sup>Unité des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Eléments Rétroïdes des Eucaryotes Supérieurs, CNRS UMR 8122,<institution>Institut Gustave Roussy</institution>, Villejuif, F-94805,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>b</sup><institution>Université Paris-Sud</institution>, Orsay, F-91405,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>c</sup><institution>Université Paris Denis Diderot</institution>, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, F-75013,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>d</sup><institution>Zooparc de Beauval et Beauval Nature</institution>, Saint Aignan, F-41110,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>e</sup>Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Phylogénie et Paléobiologie, UMR 5554 CNRS,<institution>Université Montpellier II</institution>, Montpellier, F-34095,<country>France</country>;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>f</sup><institution>LOEWE Biodiversity and Climate Research Center</institution>, Frankfurt am Main, D-60325<country>Germany</country>;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>g</sup>Department of Zoology,<institution>University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, VIC 3010,<country>Australia</country>; and</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>h</sup>Systematic Zoology,<institution>Humboldt University</institution>, 10099 Berlin,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><sup>2</sup>To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: <email>heidmann@igr.fr</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by Stephen P. Goff, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, and approved December 16, 2014 (received for review September 3, 2014)</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Author contributions: G.C., O.H., A.D., and T.H. designed research; G.C., C.V., Q.C., S.S., G.P., O.H., and A.D. performed research; B.M., F.C., M.A.N., B.R.M., M.B.R., and U.Z. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; G.C., C.V., Q.C., S.S., G.P., O.H., A.D., and T.H. analyzed data; and G.C., A.D., and T.H. wrote the paper.</p></fn><fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1"><p><sup>1</sup>A.D. and T.H. contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>3</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>112</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>E487</fpage><lpage>E496</lpage><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="pnas.201417000.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>Significance</title><p><italic>Syncytins</italic> are “captured” genes of retroviral origin, corresponding to the fusogenic envelope gene of endogenized retroviruses. They are present in a series of eutherian mammals, including humans and mice where they play an essential role in placentation. Here we show that marsupials—which diverged from eutherian mammals ∼190 Mya but still possess a primitive, short-lived placenta (rapidly left by the embryo for development in an external pouch)—have also captured such genes. The present characterization of the <italic>syncytin-Opo1</italic> gene in the opossum placenta, together with the identification of two additional endogenous retroviral envelope gene captures, allow a recapitulation of the natural history of these unusual genes and definitely extends their “symbiotic niche” to all clades of placental mammals.</p></abstract><abstract><p><italic>Syncytins</italic> are genes of retroviral origin captured by eutherian mammals, with a role in placentation. Here we show that some marsupials—which are the closest living relatives to eutherian mammals, although they diverged from the latter ∼190 Mya—also possess a <italic>syncytin</italic> gene. The gene identified in the South American marsupial opossum and dubbed <italic>syncytin-Opo1</italic> has all of the characteristic features of a bona fide <italic>syncytin</italic> gene: It is fusogenic in an ex vivo cell–cell fusion assay; it is specifically expressed in the short-lived placenta at the level of the syncytial feto–maternal interface; and it is conserved in a functional state in a series of <italic>Monodelphis</italic> species. We further identify a nonfusogenic retroviral envelope gene that has been conserved for >80 My of evolution among all marsupials (including the opossum and the Australian tammar wallaby), with evidence for purifying selection and conservation of a canonical immunosuppressive domain, but with only limited expression in the placenta. This unusual captured gene, together with a third class of envelope genes from recently endogenized retroviruses—displaying strong expression in the uterine glands where retroviral particles can be detected—plausibly correspond to the different evolutionary statuses of a captured retroviral envelope gene, with only <italic>syncytin-Opo1</italic> being the present-day bona fide <italic>syncytin</italic> active in the opossum and related species. This study would accordingly recapitulate the natural history of <italic>syncytin</italic> exaptation and evolution in a single species, and definitely extends the presence of such genes to all major placental mammalian clades.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>endogenous retrovirus</kwd><kwd>envelope protein</kwd><kwd>fusogenic activity</kwd><kwd>syncytiotrophoblast</kwd><kwd>marsupials</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="10"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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