Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia
Identifieur interne : 002E14 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002E13; suivant : 002E15Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia
Auteurs : Kim R. Blasdell [Cambodge, Australie] ; Veasna Duong [Cambodge] ; Marc Eloit [France] ; Fabrice Chretien [France] ; Sowath Ly [Cambodge] ; Vibol Hul [Cambodge] ; Vincent Deubel [Cambodge] ; Serge Morand [France] ; Philippe Buchy [Cambodge, Singapour]Source :
- eLife [ 2050-084X ] ; ????.
Abstract
Southeastern Asia is a recognised hotspot for emerging infectious diseases, many of which have an animal origin. Mammarenavirus infections contribute significantly to the human disease burden in both Africa and the Americas, but little data exists for Asia. To date only two mammarenaviruses, the widely spread lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the recently described Wēnzhōu virus have been identified in this region, but the zoonotic impact in Asia remains unknown. Here we report the presence of a novel mammarenavirus and of a genetic variant of the Wēnzhōu virus and provide evidence of mammarenavirus-associated human infection in Asia. The association of these viruses with widely distributed mammals of diverse species, commonly found in human dwellings and in peridomestic habitats, illustrates the potential for widespread zoonotic transmission and adds to the known aetiologies of infectious diseases for this region.
Url:
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.13135
PubMed: 27278118
PubMed Central: 4900801
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4900801Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia</title>
<author><name sortKey="Blasdell, Kim R" sort="Blasdell, Kim R" uniqKey="Blasdell K" first="Kim R" last="Blasdell">Kim R. Blasdell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</institution>
,<institution>Australian Animal Health Laboratory</institution>
,<addr-line>Geelong</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duong, Veasna" sort="Duong, Veasna" uniqKey="Duong V" first="Veasna" last="Duong">Veasna Duong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eloit, Marc" sort="Eloit, Marc" uniqKey="Eloit M" first="Marc" last="Eloit">Marc Eloit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Institut Pasteur</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chretien, Fabrice" sort="Chretien, Fabrice" uniqKey="Chretien F" first="Fabrice" last="Chretien">Fabrice Chretien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Institut Pasteur</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ly, Sowath" sort="Ly, Sowath" uniqKey="Ly S" first="Sowath" last="Ly">Sowath Ly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hul, Vibol" sort="Hul, Vibol" uniqKey="Hul V" first="Vibol" last="Hul">Vibol Hul</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deubel, Vincent" sort="Deubel, Vincent" uniqKey="Deubel V" first="Vincent" last="Deubel">Vincent Deubel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morand, Serge" sort="Morand, Serge" uniqKey="Morand S" first="Serge" last="Morand">Serge Morand</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution</institution>
,<institution>CNRS, IRD, Université Montpellier</institution>
,<addr-line>Montpellier</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, Philippe" sort="Buchy, Philippe" uniqKey="Buchy P" first="Philippe" last="Buchy">Philippe Buchy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines R&D</institution>
,<addr-line>Singapore</addr-line>
,<country>Singapore</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">27278118</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4900801</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4900801</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4900801</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13135</idno>
<date when="????">????</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D49</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D49</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002B99</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002B99</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002E14</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002E14</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia</title>
<author><name sortKey="Blasdell, Kim R" sort="Blasdell, Kim R" uniqKey="Blasdell K" first="Kim R" last="Blasdell">Kim R. Blasdell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution content-type="dept">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</institution>
,<institution>Australian Animal Health Laboratory</institution>
,<addr-line>Geelong</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duong, Veasna" sort="Duong, Veasna" uniqKey="Duong V" first="Veasna" last="Duong">Veasna Duong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eloit, Marc" sort="Eloit, Marc" uniqKey="Eloit M" first="Marc" last="Eloit">Marc Eloit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Institut Pasteur</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chretien, Fabrice" sort="Chretien, Fabrice" uniqKey="Chretien F" first="Fabrice" last="Chretien">Fabrice Chretien</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Institut Pasteur</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ly, Sowath" sort="Ly, Sowath" uniqKey="Ly S" first="Sowath" last="Ly">Sowath Ly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hul, Vibol" sort="Hul, Vibol" uniqKey="Hul V" first="Vibol" last="Hul">Vibol Hul</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deubel, Vincent" sort="Deubel, Vincent" uniqKey="Deubel V" first="Vincent" last="Deubel">Vincent Deubel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morand, Serge" sort="Morand, Serge" uniqKey="Morand S" first="Serge" last="Morand">Serge Morand</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution</institution>
,<institution>CNRS, IRD, Université Montpellier</institution>
,<addr-line>Montpellier</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, Philippe" sort="Buchy, Philippe" uniqKey="Buchy P" first="Philippe" last="Buchy">Philippe Buchy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cambodge</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines R&D</institution>
,<addr-line>Singapore</addr-line>
,<country>Singapore</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">eLife</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno>
<imprint><date when="????">????</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Southeastern Asia is a recognised hotspot for emerging infectious diseases, many of which have an animal origin. Mammarenavirus infections contribute significantly to the human disease burden in both Africa and the Americas, but little data exists for Asia. To date only two mammarenaviruses, the widely spread lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the recently described Wēnzhōu virus have been identified in this region, but the zoonotic impact in Asia remains unknown. Here we report the presence of a novel mammarenavirus and of a genetic variant of the Wēnzhōu virus and provide evidence of mammarenavirus-associated human infection in Asia. The association of these viruses with widely distributed mammals of diverse species, commonly found in human dwellings and in peridomestic habitats, illustrates the potential for widespread zoonotic transmission and adds to the known aetiologies of infectious diseases for this region.</p>
<p><bold>DOI:</bold>
<ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.13135.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13135.001</ext-link>
</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Albari O, Cg" uniqKey="Albari O C">CG Albariño</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palacios, G" uniqKey="Palacios G">G Palacios</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khristova, Ml" uniqKey="Khristova M">ML Khristova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erickson, Br" uniqKey="Erickson B">BR Erickson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carroll, Sa" uniqKey="Carroll S">SA Carroll</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Comer, Ja" uniqKey="Comer J">JA Comer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hui, J" uniqKey="Hui J">J Hui</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Briese, T" uniqKey="Briese T">T Briese</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="St George, K" uniqKey="St George K">K St George</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ksiazek, Tg" uniqKey="Ksiazek T">TG Ksiazek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lipkin, Wi" uniqKey="Lipkin W">WI Lipkin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nichol, St" uniqKey="Nichol S">ST Nichol</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andries, Ac" uniqKey="Andries A">AC Andries</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duong, V" uniqKey="Duong V">V Duong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ngan, C" uniqKey="Ngan C">C Ngan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ong, S" uniqKey="Ong S">S Ong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huy, R" uniqKey="Huy R">R Huy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sroin, Kk" uniqKey="Sroin K">KK Sroin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Te, V" uniqKey="Te V">V Te</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Y, B" uniqKey="Y B">B Y</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Try, Pl" uniqKey="Try P">PL Try</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, P" uniqKey="Buchy P">P Buchy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aplin, Kp" uniqKey="Aplin K">KP Aplin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Pb" uniqKey="Brown P">PB Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacob, J" uniqKey="Jacob J">J Jacob</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krebs, Cj" uniqKey="Krebs C">CJ Krebs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Singleton, Gr" uniqKey="Singleton G">GR Singleton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnott, A" uniqKey="Arnott A">A Arnott</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vong, S" uniqKey="Vong S">S Vong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mardy, S" uniqKey="Mardy S">S Mardy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chu, S" uniqKey="Chu S">S Chu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naughtin, M" uniqKey="Naughtin M">M Naughtin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sovann, L" uniqKey="Sovann L">L Sovann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buecher, C" uniqKey="Buecher C">C Buecher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beaute, J" uniqKey="Beaute J">J Beauté</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rith, S" uniqKey="Rith S">S Rith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Borand, L" uniqKey="Borand L">L Borand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Asgari, N" uniqKey="Asgari N">N Asgari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frutos, R" uniqKey="Frutos R">R Frutos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guillard, B" uniqKey="Guillard B">B Guillard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Touch, S" uniqKey="Touch S">S Touch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deubel, V" uniqKey="Deubel V">V Deubel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, P" uniqKey="Buchy P">P Buchy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baum, Sg" uniqKey="Baum S">SG Baum</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lewis, Am" uniqKey="Lewis A">AM Lewis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rowe, Wp" uniqKey="Rowe W">WP Rowe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huebner, Rj" uniqKey="Huebner R">RJ Huebner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blasdell, Kr" uniqKey="Blasdell K">KR Blasdell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duong, V" uniqKey="Duong V">V Duong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eloit, M" uniqKey="Eloit M">M Eloit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chretien, F" uniqKey="Chretien F">F Chretien</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ly, S" uniqKey="Ly S">S Ly</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hul, V" uniqKey="Hul V">V Hul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deubel, V" uniqKey="Deubel V">V Deubel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morand, S" uniqKey="Morand S">S Morand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, P" uniqKey="Buchy P">P Buchy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonthius, Dj" uniqKey="Bonthius D">DJ Bonthius</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borremans, B" uniqKey="Borremans B">B Borremans</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leirs, H" uniqKey="Leirs H">H Leirs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gryseels, S" uniqKey="Gryseels S">S Gryseels</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gunther, S" uniqKey="Gunther S">S Günther</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Makundi, R" uniqKey="Makundi R">R Makundi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Bellocq, Jg" uniqKey="De Bellocq J">JG de Bellocq</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bowen, Md" uniqKey="Bowen M">MD Bowen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rollin, Pe" uniqKey="Rollin P">PE Rollin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ksiazek, Tg" uniqKey="Ksiazek T">TG Ksiazek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hustad, Hl" uniqKey="Hustad H">HL Hustad</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bausch, Dg" uniqKey="Bausch D">DG Bausch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demby, Ah" uniqKey="Demby A">AH Demby</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bajani, Md" uniqKey="Bajani M">MD Bajani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, Cj" uniqKey="Peters C">CJ Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nichol, St" uniqKey="Nichol S">ST Nichol</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buchmeier, Mj" uniqKey="Buchmeier M">MJ Buchmeier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buecher, C" uniqKey="Buecher C">C Buecher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mardy, S" uniqKey="Mardy S">S Mardy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, W" uniqKey="Wang W">W Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duong, V" uniqKey="Duong V">V Duong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vong, S" uniqKey="Vong S">S Vong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naughtin, M" uniqKey="Naughtin M">M Naughtin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vabret, A" uniqKey="Vabret A">A Vabret</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Freymuth, F" uniqKey="Freymuth F">F Freymuth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deubel, V" uniqKey="Deubel V">V Deubel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, P" uniqKey="Buchy P">P Buchy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Busch, M" uniqKey="Busch M">M Busch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mino, Mh" uniqKey="Mino M">MH Mino</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dadon, Jr" uniqKey="Dadon J">JR Dadon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hodara, K" uniqKey="Hodara K">K Hodara</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Charrel, Rn" uniqKey="Charrel R">RN Charrel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Lamballerie, X" uniqKey="De Lamballerie X">X de Lamballerie</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheval, J" uniqKey="Cheval J">J Cheval</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sauvage, V" uniqKey="Sauvage V">V Sauvage</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frangeul, L" uniqKey="Frangeul L">L Frangeul</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dacheux, L" uniqKey="Dacheux L">L Dacheux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guigon, G" uniqKey="Guigon G">G Guigon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dumey, N" uniqKey="Dumey N">N Dumey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pariente, K" uniqKey="Pariente K">K Pariente</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rousseaux, C" uniqKey="Rousseaux C">C Rousseaux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dorange, F" uniqKey="Dorange F">F Dorange</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berthet, N" uniqKey="Berthet N">N Berthet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brisse, S" uniqKey="Brisse S">S Brisse</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moszer, I" uniqKey="Moszer I">I Moszer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bourhy, H" uniqKey="Bourhy H">H Bourhy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manuguerra, Cj" uniqKey="Manuguerra C">CJ Manuguerra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lecuit, M" uniqKey="Lecuit M">M Lecuit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burguiere, A" uniqKey="Burguiere A">A Burguiere</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caro, V" uniqKey="Caro V">V Caro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eloit, M" uniqKey="Eloit M">M Eloit</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Childs, Je" uniqKey="Childs J">JE Childs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, Cj" uniqKey="Peters C">CJ Peters</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coulibaly N Golo, D" uniqKey="Coulibaly N Golo D">D Coulibaly-N'Golo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allali, B" uniqKey="Allali B">B Allali</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kouassi, Sk" uniqKey="Kouassi S">SK Kouassi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fichet Calvet, E" uniqKey="Fichet Calvet E">E Fichet-Calvet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becker Ziaja, B" uniqKey="Becker Ziaja B">B Becker-Ziaja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rieger, T" uniqKey="Rieger T">T Rieger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olschl Ger, S" uniqKey="Olschl Ger S">S Olschläger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dosso, H" uniqKey="Dosso H">H Dosso</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Denys, C" uniqKey="Denys C">C Denys</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ter Meulen, J" uniqKey="Ter Meulen J">J Ter Meulen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akoua Koffi, C" uniqKey="Akoua Koffi C">C Akoua-Koffi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gunther, S" uniqKey="Gunther S">S Günther</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Edgar, Rc" uniqKey="Edgar R">RC Edgar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fukushi, S" uniqKey="Fukushi S">S Fukushi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tani, H" uniqKey="Tani H">H Tani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yoshikawa, T" uniqKey="Yoshikawa T">T Yoshikawa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Saijo, M" uniqKey="Saijo M">M Saijo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morikawa, S" uniqKey="Morikawa S">S Morikawa</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fulhorst, Cf" uniqKey="Fulhorst C">CF Fulhorst</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ksiazek, Tg" uniqKey="Ksiazek T">TG Ksiazek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, Cj" uniqKey="Peters C">CJ Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tesh, Rb" uniqKey="Tesh R">RB Tesh</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Galtier, N" uniqKey="Galtier N">N Galtier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gouy, M" uniqKey="Gouy M">M Gouy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gautier, C" uniqKey="Gautier C">C Gautier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Jp" uniqKey="Gonzalez J">JP Gonzalez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Emonet, S" uniqKey="Emonet S">S Emonet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Lamballerie, X" uniqKey="De Lamballerie X">X de Lamballerie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Charrel, R" uniqKey="Charrel R">R Charrel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gouy, M" uniqKey="Gouy M">M Gouy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guindon, S" uniqKey="Guindon S">S Guindon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gascuel, O" uniqKey="Gascuel O">O Gascuel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="G Mez, Rm" uniqKey="G Mez R">RM Gómez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jaquenod De Giusti, C" uniqKey="Jaquenod De Giusti C">C Jaquenod de Giusti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanchez Vallduvi, Mm" uniqKey="Sanchez Vallduvi M">MM Sanchez Vallduvi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frik, J" uniqKey="Frik J">J Frik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferrer, Mf" uniqKey="Ferrer M">MF Ferrer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schattner, M" uniqKey="Schattner M">M Schattner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Irwin, Nr" uniqKey="Irwin N">NR Irwin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bayerlova, M" uniqKey="Bayerlova M">M Bayerlová</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Missa, O" uniqKey="Missa O">O Missa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martinkova, N" uniqKey="Martinkova N">N Martínková</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ivanova, S" uniqKey="Ivanova S">S Ivanova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herbreteau, V" uniqKey="Herbreteau V">V Herbreteau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blasdell, K" uniqKey="Blasdell K">K Blasdell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chaval, Y" uniqKey="Chaval Y">Y Chaval</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, P" uniqKey="Buchy P">P Buchy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guillard, B" uniqKey="Guillard B">B Guillard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morand, S" uniqKey="Morand S">S Morand</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="King, Amq" uniqKey="King A">AMQ King</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adams, Mj" uniqKey="Adams M">MJ Adams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carstens, Eb" uniqKey="Carstens E">EB Carstens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lefkowitz, Ej" uniqKey="Lefkowitz E">EJ Lefkowitz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Knust, B" uniqKey="Knust B">B Knust</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stroher, U" uniqKey="Stroher U">U Ströher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edison, L" uniqKey="Edison L">L Edison</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Albari O, Cg" uniqKey="Albari O C">CG Albariño</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lovejoy, J" uniqKey="Lovejoy J">J Lovejoy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Armeanu, E" uniqKey="Armeanu E">E Armeanu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="House, J" uniqKey="House J">J House</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cory, D" uniqKey="Cory D">D Cory</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Horton, C" uniqKey="Horton C">C Horton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fowler, Kl" uniqKey="Fowler K">KL Fowler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Austin, J" uniqKey="Austin J">J Austin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Poe, J" uniqKey="Poe J">J Poe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Humbaugh, Ke" uniqKey="Humbaugh K">KE Humbaugh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guerrero, L" uniqKey="Guerrero L">L Guerrero</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campbell, S" uniqKey="Campbell S">S Campbell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gibbons, A" uniqKey="Gibbons A">A Gibbons</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, Z" uniqKey="Reed Z">Z Reed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cannon, D" uniqKey="Cannon D">D Cannon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Manning, C" uniqKey="Manning C">C Manning</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Petersen, B" uniqKey="Petersen B">B Petersen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Metcalf, D" uniqKey="Metcalf D">D Metcalf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marsh, B" uniqKey="Marsh B">B Marsh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nichol, St" uniqKey="Nichol S">ST Nichol</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rollin, Pe" uniqKey="Rollin P">PE Rollin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lecompte, E" uniqKey="Lecompte E">E Lecompte</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aplin, K" uniqKey="Aplin K">K Aplin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Denys, C" uniqKey="Denys C">C Denys</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Catzeflis, F" uniqKey="Catzeflis F">F Catzeflis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chades, M" uniqKey="Chades M">M Chades</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chevret, P" uniqKey="Chevret P">P Chevret</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lecompte, E" uniqKey="Lecompte E">E Lecompte</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Denys, C" uniqKey="Denys C">C Denys</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Granjon, L" uniqKey="Granjon L">L Granjon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lednicky, Ja" uniqKey="Lednicky J">JA Lednicky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wyatt, De" uniqKey="Wyatt D">DE Wyatt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, K" uniqKey="Li K">K Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lin, X D" uniqKey="Lin X">X-D Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, W" uniqKey="Wang W">W Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shi, M" uniqKey="Shi M">M Shi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, W P" uniqKey="Guo W">W-P Guo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, X H" uniqKey="Zhang X">X-H Zhang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xing, J G" uniqKey="Xing J">J-G Xing</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="He, J R" uniqKey="He J">J-R He</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, K" uniqKey="Wang K">K Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, M H" uniqKey="Li M">M-H Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cao, J H" uniqKey="Cao J">J-H Cao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jiang, M L" uniqKey="Jiang M">M-L Jiang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, Ec" uniqKey="Holmes E">EC Holmes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y Z" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y-Z Zhang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Luis, Ad" uniqKey="Luis A">AD Luis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hayman, Dt" uniqKey="Hayman D">DT Hayman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Shea, Tj" uniqKey="O Shea T">TJ O'Shea</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cryan, Pm" uniqKey="Cryan P">PM Cryan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gilbert, At" uniqKey="Gilbert A">AT Gilbert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pulliam, Jr" uniqKey="Pulliam J">JR Pulliam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mills, Jn" uniqKey="Mills J">JN Mills</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Timonin, Me" uniqKey="Timonin M">ME Timonin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Willis, Ck" uniqKey="Willis C">CK Willis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cunningham, Aa" uniqKey="Cunningham A">AA Cunningham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fooks, Ar" uniqKey="Fooks A">AR Fooks</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rupprecht, Ce" uniqKey="Rupprecht C">CE Rupprecht</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wood, Jl" uniqKey="Wood J">JL Wood</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webb, Ct" uniqKey="Webb C">CT Webb</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macneil, A" uniqKey="Macneil A">A Macneil</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stroher, U" uniqKey="Stroher U">U Ströher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Farnon, E" uniqKey="Farnon E">E Farnon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campbell, S" uniqKey="Campbell S">S Campbell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cannon, D" uniqKey="Cannon D">D Cannon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Paddock, Cd" uniqKey="Paddock C">CD Paddock</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drew, Cp" uniqKey="Drew C">CP Drew</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuehnert, M" uniqKey="Kuehnert M">M Kuehnert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knust, B" uniqKey="Knust B">B Knust</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gruenenfelder, R" uniqKey="Gruenenfelder R">R Gruenenfelder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zaki, Sr" uniqKey="Zaki S">SR Zaki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rollin, Pe" uniqKey="Rollin P">PE Rollin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nichol, St" uniqKey="Nichol S">ST Nichol</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marshall, Jt" uniqKey="Marshall J">JT Marshall</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccormick, Jb" uniqKey="Mccormick J">JB McCormick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webb, Pa" uniqKey="Webb P">PA Webb</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krebs, Jw" uniqKey="Krebs J">JW Krebs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johnson, Km" uniqKey="Johnson K">KM Johnson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Es" uniqKey="Smith E">ES Smith</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mills, Jn" uniqKey="Mills J">JN Mills</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alva, H" uniqKey="Alva H">H Alva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellis, Ba" uniqKey="Ellis B">BA Ellis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wagoner, Kd" uniqKey="Wagoner K">KD Wagoner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Childs, Je" uniqKey="Childs J">JE Childs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Calder N, G" uniqKey="Calder N G">G Calderón</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Enria, Da" uniqKey="Enria D">DA Enría</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jahrling, Pb" uniqKey="Jahrling P">PB Jahrling</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morens, Dm" uniqKey="Morens D">DM Morens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Folkers, Gk" uniqKey="Folkers G">GK Folkers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fauci, As" uniqKey="Fauci A">AS Fauci</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morita, C" uniqKey="Morita C">C Morita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsuura, Y" uniqKey="Matsuura Y">Y Matsuura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fujii, H" uniqKey="Fujii H">H Fujii</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joh, K" uniqKey="Joh K">K Joh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baba, K" uniqKey="Baba K">K Baba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kato, M" uniqKey="Kato M">M Kato</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hisada, M" uniqKey="Hisada M">M Hisada</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morita, C" uniqKey="Morita C">C Morita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tsuchiya, K" uniqKey="Tsuchiya K">K Tsuchiya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ueno, H" uniqKey="Ueno H">H Ueno</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muramatsu, Y" uniqKey="Muramatsu Y">Y Muramatsu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kojimahara, A" uniqKey="Kojimahara A">A Kojimahara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Suzuki, H" uniqKey="Suzuki H">H Suzuki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miyashita, N" uniqKey="Miyashita N">N Miyashita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moriwaki, K" uniqKey="Moriwaki K">K Moriwaki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jin, Ml" uniqKey="Jin M">ML Jin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wu, Xl" uniqKey="Wu X">XL Wu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Fs" uniqKey="Wang F">FS Wang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mueller, Tc" uniqKey="Mueller T">TC Mueller</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siv, S" uniqKey="Siv S">S Siv</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khim, N" uniqKey="Khim N">N Khim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleischmann, E" uniqKey="Fleischmann E">E Fleischmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ariey, F" uniqKey="Ariey F">F Ariey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchy, P" uniqKey="Buchy P">P Buchy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guillard, B" uniqKey="Guillard B">B Guillard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Ij" uniqKey="Gonzalez I">IJ González</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Christophel, E M" uniqKey="Christophel E">E-M Christophel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abdur, R" uniqKey="Abdur R">R Abdur</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Von Sonnenburg, F" uniqKey="Von Sonnenburg F">F von Sonnenburg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, D" uniqKey="Bell D">D Bell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menard, D" uniqKey="Menard D">D Menard</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pages, M" uniqKey="Pages M">M Pagès</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chaval, Y" uniqKey="Chaval Y">Y Chaval</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herbreteau, V" uniqKey="Herbreteau V">V Herbreteau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waengsothorn, S" uniqKey="Waengsothorn S">S Waengsothorn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cosson, Jf" uniqKey="Cosson J">JF Cosson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hugot, Jp" uniqKey="Hugot J">JP Hugot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morand, S" uniqKey="Morand S">S Morand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Michaux, J" uniqKey="Michaux J">J Michaux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pocock, Mjo" uniqKey="Pocock M">MJO Pocock</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Searle, Jb" uniqKey="Searle J">JB Searle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="White, Pcl" uniqKey="White P">PCL White</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Posada, D" uniqKey="Posada D">D Posada</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Price, Me" uniqKey="Price M">ME Price</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fisher Hoch, Sp" uniqKey="Fisher Hoch S">SP Fisher-Hoch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Craven, Rb" uniqKey="Craven R">RB Craven</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccormick, Jb" uniqKey="Mccormick J">JB McCormick</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Radoshitzky, Sr" uniqKey="Radoshitzky S">SR Radoshitzky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bao, Y" uniqKey="Bao Y">Y Bào</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchmeier, Mj" uniqKey="Buchmeier M">MJ Buchmeier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Charrel, Rn" uniqKey="Charrel R">RN Charrel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clawson, An" uniqKey="Clawson A">AN Clawson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clegg, Cs" uniqKey="Clegg C">CS Clegg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Derisi, Jl" uniqKey="Derisi J">JL DeRisi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Emonet, S" uniqKey="Emonet S">S Emonet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, Jp" uniqKey="Gonzalez J">JP Gonzalez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Jh" uniqKey="Kuhn J">JH Kuhn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lukashevich, Is" uniqKey="Lukashevich I">IS Lukashevich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, Cj" uniqKey="Peters C">CJ Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Romanowski, V" uniqKey="Romanowski V">V Romanowski</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salvato, Ms" uniqKey="Salvato M">MS Salvato</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stenglein, Md" uniqKey="Stenglein M">MD Stenglein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De La Torre, Jc" uniqKey="De La Torre J">JC de la Torre</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruedi, M" uniqKey="Ruedi M">M Ruedi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Courvoisier, C" uniqKey="Courvoisier C">C Courvoisier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vogel, P" uniqKey="Vogel P">P Vogel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Catzeflis, Fm" uniqKey="Catzeflis F">FM Catzeflis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shochat, E" uniqKey="Shochat E">E Shochat</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Warren, Ps" uniqKey="Warren P">PS Warren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faeth, Sh" uniqKey="Faeth S">SH Faeth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcintyre, Ne" uniqKey="Mcintyre N">NE McIntyre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hope, D" uniqKey="Hope D">D Hope</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Skinner, Hh" uniqKey="Skinner H">HH Skinner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knight, Eh" uniqKey="Knight E">EH Knight</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sogoba, N" uniqKey="Sogoba N">N Sogoba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rosenke, K" uniqKey="Rosenke K">K Rosenke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adjemian, J" uniqKey="Adjemian J">J Adjemian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diawara, Si" uniqKey="Diawara S">SI Diawara</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maiga, O" uniqKey="Maiga O">O Maiga</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keita, M" uniqKey="Keita M">M Keita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Konate, D" uniqKey="Konate D">D Konaté</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keita, As" uniqKey="Keita A">AS Keita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sissoko, I" uniqKey="Sissoko I">I Sissoko</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boisen, M" uniqKey="Boisen M">M Boisen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nelson, D" uniqKey="Nelson D">D Nelson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oottamasathien, D" uniqKey="Oottamasathien D">D Oottamasathien</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Millett, M" uniqKey="Millett M">M Millett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garry, Rf" uniqKey="Garry R">RF Garry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Branco, Lm" uniqKey="Branco L">LM Branco</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Traore, Sf" uniqKey="Traore S">SF Traoré</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doumbia, S" uniqKey="Doumbia S">S Doumbia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feldmann, H" uniqKey="Feldmann H">H Feldmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Safronetz, D" uniqKey="Safronetz D">D Safronetz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stenglein, Md" uniqKey="Stenglein M">MD Stenglein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanders, C" uniqKey="Sanders C">C Sanders</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kistler, Al" uniqKey="Kistler A">AL Kistler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruby, Jg" uniqKey="Ruby J">JG Ruby</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Franco, Jy" uniqKey="Franco J">JY Franco</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reavill, Dr" uniqKey="Reavill D">DR Reavill</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dunker, F" uniqKey="Dunker F">F Dunker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Derisi, Jl" uniqKey="Derisi J">JL Derisi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tamura, K" uniqKey="Tamura K">K Tamura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peterson, D" uniqKey="Peterson D">D Peterson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peterson, N" uniqKey="Peterson N">N Peterson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stecher, G" uniqKey="Stecher G">G Stecher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nei, M" uniqKey="Nei M">M Nei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, S" uniqKey="Kumar S">S Kumar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vieth, S" uniqKey="Vieth S">S Vieth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C Drosten</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lenz, O" uniqKey="Lenz O">O Lenz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vincent, M" uniqKey="Vincent M">M Vincent</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Omilabu, S" uniqKey="Omilabu S">S Omilabu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hass, M" uniqKey="Hass M">M Hass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becker Ziaja, B" uniqKey="Becker Ziaja B">B Becker-Ziaja</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ter Meulen, J" uniqKey="Ter Meulen J">J ter Meulen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nichol, St" uniqKey="Nichol S">ST Nichol</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmitz, H" uniqKey="Schmitz H">H Schmitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gunther, S" uniqKey="Gunther S">S Günther</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walker, Dh" uniqKey="Walker D">DH Walker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wulff, H" uniqKey="Wulff H">H Wulff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lange, Jv" uniqKey="Lange J">JV Lange</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murphy, Fa" uniqKey="Murphy F">FA Murphy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wodzicki, K" uniqKey="Wodzicki K">K Wodzicki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Rh" uniqKey="Taylor R">RH Taylor</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, Hs" uniqKey="Young H">HS Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dirzo, R" uniqKey="Dirzo R">R Dirzo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Helgen, Km" uniqKey="Helgen K">KM Helgen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccauley, Dj" uniqKey="Mccauley D">DJ McCauley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Billeter, Sa" uniqKey="Billeter S">SA Billeter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kosoy, My" uniqKey="Kosoy M">MY Kosoy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osikowicz, Lm" uniqKey="Osikowicz L">LM Osikowicz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salkeld, Dj" uniqKey="Salkeld D">DJ Salkeld</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Young, Tp" uniqKey="Young T">TP Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dittmar, K" uniqKey="Dittmar K">K Dittmar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">eLife</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Elife</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">eLife</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eLife</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>eLife</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2050-084X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27278118</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4900801</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">13135</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13135</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Microbiology and Infectious Disease</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="display-channel"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib id="author-47245" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blasdell</surname>
<given-names>Kim R</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="equal-contrib">†</xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="par-1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-47246" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duong</surname>
<given-names>Veasna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="equal-contrib">†</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con2"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-47247" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eloit</surname>
<given-names>Marc</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con3"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-47248" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chretien</surname>
<given-names>Fabrice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con4"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-47249" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ly</surname>
<given-names>Sowath</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con5"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-47250" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hul</surname>
<given-names>Vibol</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con6"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-47251" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deubel</surname>
<given-names>Vincent</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con7"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-47252" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morand</surname>
<given-names>Serge</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-7659</contrib-id>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con8"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib id="author-46132" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buchy</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-3008</contrib-id>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="con9"></xref>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf2"></xref>
<xref ref-type="other" rid="data-ro1"></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution>Institut Pasteur in Cambodia</institution>
,<addr-line>Phnom Penh</addr-line>
,<country>Cambodia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<institution content-type="dept">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</institution>
,<institution>Australian Animal Health Laboratory</institution>
,<addr-line>Geelong</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<institution>Institut Pasteur</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
<institution content-type="dept">Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution</institution>
,<institution>CNRS, IRD, Université Montpellier</institution>
,<addr-line>Montpellier</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
<institution>GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines R&D</institution>
,<addr-line>Singapore</addr-line>
,<country>Singapore</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hay</surname>
<given-names>Simon I</given-names>
</name>
<role>Reviewing editor</role>
<aff id="aff6"><institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<country>United States</country>
</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><email>buchyphilippe@hotmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="con" id="equal-contrib"><label>†</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<elocation-id>e13135</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>10</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016, Blasdell et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Blasdell et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This article is distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="elife-13135.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Southeastern Asia is a recognised hotspot for emerging infectious diseases, many of which have an animal origin. Mammarenavirus infections contribute significantly to the human disease burden in both Africa and the Americas, but little data exists for Asia. To date only two mammarenaviruses, the widely spread lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the recently described Wēnzhōu virus have been identified in this region, but the zoonotic impact in Asia remains unknown. Here we report the presence of a novel mammarenavirus and of a genetic variant of the Wēnzhōu virus and provide evidence of mammarenavirus-associated human infection in Asia. The association of these viruses with widely distributed mammals of diverse species, commonly found in human dwellings and in peridomestic habitats, illustrates the potential for widespread zoonotic transmission and adds to the known aetiologies of infectious diseases for this region.</p>
<p><bold>DOI:</bold>
<ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.13135.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13135.001</ext-link>
</p>
</abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>eLife digest</title>
<p>Rodents have long been notorious for spreading disease among humans. Often the animals can carry viruses and transmit them to humans without becoming ill. Certain species thrive in cities and agricultural areas where they come in close contact with humans; this creates many opportunities to spread infection. As humans urbanize and farm larger swaths of previously wild lands, the risk of rodent-transmitted infections increases. As a result, some scientists are working to identify viruses carried by rodents in human settlements and hopefully prevent them from spreading to humans.</p>
<p>The mammarenavirsuses are a group of rodent-transmitted viruses that commonly cause illness in people in Africa and Latin America. Each year, one such virus – the Lassa virus –sickens as many as 300,000 people in Africa and kills 5,000. So far, only two mammarenaviruses have been found in Asia: one called the Wēnzhōu virus and another called LCMV. However only LCMV is known to cause human illness and many cases of illness caused by mammarenaviruses in Asia may go undetected because they often cause mild symptoms similar to the common cold.</p>
<p>Blasdell et al. have now tested lung samples from 20 species of rodents collected at 7 sites in Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos to look for molecules produced by mammarenaviruses. The tests revealed a strain of Wēnzhōu virus circulating in Cambodian rats that often live in urban areas. A new mammarenavirus was also detected in rodents that live in Thai rice fields. However, infecting wild and domestic rodents with the viruses in the laboratory did not cause many noticeable signs of illness.</p>
<p>Blasdell et al. then tested samples from Cambodian patients who either had influenza-like symptoms or more serious symptoms that are associated with a condition called Dengue fever (which is common in the area). Some patients with respiratory symptoms tested positive for the Wēnzhōu virus. Because the symptoms are mild and similar to those of other common diseases it is likely that the Wēnzhōu virus may be spreading more widely among humans in Asia.</p>
<p>The next challenges are to provide a better estimate of the frequency of this disease in the human population in Asia and to describe the full spectrum of disease that might be associated with this newly discovered infectious disease.</p>
<p><bold>DOI:</bold>
<ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.13135.002">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13135.002</ext-link>
</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords"><title>Author Keywords</title>
<kwd>arenavirus</kwd>
<kwd>human infection</kwd>
<kwd>Asia</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="research-organism"><title>Research Organism</title>
<kwd>Virus</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group id="par-1"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665</institution-id>
<institution>Agence Nationale de la Recherche</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>ANR07 BDIVLast 012</award-id>
<principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Blasdell</surname>
<given-names>Kim R</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>elife-xml-version</meta-name>
<meta-value>2.5</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
<custom-meta specific-use="meta-only"><meta-name>Author impact statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>New mammarenaviruses have been identified from rodents in Cambodia and Thailand, and the Cardamones variant of Wēnzhōu virus has been found in Cambodian patients presenting with fever and respiratory symptoms.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<sub-article id="SA1" article-type="article-commentary"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13135.016</article-id>
<title-group><article-title>Decision letter</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hay</surname>
<given-names>Simon I</given-names>
</name>
<role>Reviewing editor</role>
<aff id="aff7"><institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<country>United States</country>
</aff>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
</front-stub>
<body><boxed-text position="float" orientation="portrait"><p>In the interests of transparency, eLife includes the editorial decision letter and accompanying author responses. A lightly edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the most substantive concerns; minor comments are not usually included.</p>
</boxed-text>
<p>Thank you for submitting your work entitled "Evidence of human infection by new arenaviruses endemic to Southeast Asia" for consideration by <italic>eLife</italic>
. Your article has been reviewed by Jens Kuhn and Peter Horby, and the evaluation has been overseen by Simon Hay as the Reviewing Editor and Richard Losick as the Senior Editor.</p>
<p>The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission. You will see that we have garnered two very detailed and useful reviews that will help you improve the manuscript. Please run systematically through all comments and respond fully to the reviewers.</p>
<p><italic>Reviewer #1:</italic>
</p>
<p>"Evidence of human infection by new arenaviruses endemic to Southeast Asia" by Blasdell et al. provides the fundamental biological insight that at least two mammarenaviruses other than LCMV are endemic to Southeastern Asia and that one of them may infect people on a regular basis. One virus, Loei River virus is a new discovery; the second virus, which is associated with human disease, has recently been described in Eastern Asia, but until now was not considered a human pathogen. These findings are of considerable importance as they put mammarenaviruses on the list of possible etiological agents of orphan diseases.</p>
<p>In the first paragraph of the Introduction and in the last paragraph of the subsection “Identification of two arenaviruses in Southeast Asia”: the authors need to decide (using scientific methods) what they have discovered. If the virus they have discovered is a genetic variant of Wēnzhōu virus, then the virus needs to be called Wēnzhōu virus, not Cardamones virus (instead it would be the Cardamones variant or isolate of Wēnzhōu virus – note that publication takes precedent in nomenclature, not sequence deposition in GenBank). I see no problem with replacing "Cardamones" throughout with "Wēnzhōu".</p>
<p>If the new virus is clearly distinct from Wēnzhōu virus, then the name Cardamones virus could be justified (and a unique abbreviation should be introduced). If so, then the authors need to determine whether Cardamones virus belongs to the same species as Wēnzhōu virus (the recently proposed and by now ICTV-accepted <italic>Wēnzhōu mammarenavirus</italic>
), i.e. whether this species will have two members (Cardamones virus and Wēnzhōu virus), or whether Cardamones virus needs to be classified in its own species.</p>
<p>To come to a decision, the authors should follow the updated guidelines published by the ICTV <italic>Arenaviridae</italic>
Study Group (not the 9th ICTV Report as they have done): PMID: 25935216. Most important would be the placement of both novel viruses in PASC (S and L segment) – the results of which should be described in the manuscript. The last paragraph of the subsection “Identification of two arenaviruses in Southeast Asia” should then be updated accordingly and the reference be replaced (or PMID: 25935216 added in addition to the 9th ICTV Report).</p>
<p>In the last paragraph of the subsection “Human arenavirus infections in Cambodia”: what was the closest hit when the 302bp piece was BLASTed? That is, how specific is that piece truly for Wēnzhōu virus? The results of such a BLAST should be presented, as it is this small piece that is used to convince the reader that human infections are occurring.</p>
<p>The manuscript lacks precision and needs to be edited.</p>
<p><italic>Reviewer #2:</italic>
</p>
<p>General assessment:</p>
<p>This is an interesting manuscript that describes novel findings. It describes efforts to detect Old World arenaviruses in wild rodent species in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Whilst I am not an expert in the laboratory aspects described, the successful experimental infection of animals using lung tissue that was positive for arenavirus RNA and the accompanying RT-PCR, serology and electron microscopy findings support the conclusion that the wild rodents were infected with an arenavirus. The virus is termed Cardamones virus in the manuscript but it is unclear that the virus represents a novel strain deserving of a new name. The failure to culture the virus is disappointing and the potential reasons for this require some discussion.</p>
<p>The manuscript then describes efforts to seek evidence of human infection with Cardamones virus. The evidence of human infections is based on serology and RT-PCR findings. The data presented do provide evidence of human infection with an arenavirus in Cambodia however the causal association between virus detection and illness is not wholly convincing.</p>
<p>Substantive concerns:</p>
<p>Whether the serological results indicate the infecting arenavirus is Cardamones virus infection, or another related and cross-reactive arenavirus, is uncertain, but this is addressed by the authors. Since serology results are a large component of the evidence for human infections with an arenavirus, more supportive data on the specificity of the serological assay would be helpful. Seroepidemiological surveys of novel viruses should ideally compare the seroprevalence in exposed populations to the seroprevalance in populations who have likely not been exposed to the animal reservoir and should report efforts to validate the assay in virologically-confirmed cases. The limitations of the validation of the specificity of the ELISA should be addressed in more detail and more clarity about the serology methods would be helpful:</p>
<p>a) What was the inter-assay correlation of the IFA and ELISA? b) What was the intra-assay reproducibility of the replicate independent IgG assays described in the subsection “Cardamones virus IgG ELISA”? Were acceptable replication parameters set?c) Please describe the definitions of 'seropositive' and 'seroconversion' more explicitly.</p>
<p>The serology positive rates and mean age of positive cases were not significantly different between healthy individuals and patients with a febrile illness, which leaves some doubt about the causal association between arenavirus antibody detection and illness. The seroconversions in unwell individuals is however an indicator of a possible causal link. Data on the interval between acute and convalescent samples for these seven cases should be presented. Presentation of the serology data could be improved – e.g. how were the +ve samples distributed by acute / convalescent samples?</p>
<p>Arenavirus PCR +ve respiratory samples were identified in 6 of 999 subjects with an acute respiratory illness compared to zero of 504 healthy controls. However, the control group was significantly older (28 vs. 16.7 years). This again leaves some doubt about the causal association between arenavirus detection and respiratory illness, since the statistical association may be confounded by age. This is particularly important since the highest antibody prevalence was in the 6-10 year old age group. I would suggest an age-stratified analysis of the PCR data if feasible.</p>
</body>
</sub-article>
<sub-article id="SA2" article-type="reply"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13135.017</article-id>
<title-group><article-title>Author response</article-title>
</title-group>
</front-stub>
<body><p>Reviewer #1:</p>
<p>"Evidence of human infection by new arenaviruses endemic to Southeast Asia" by Blasdell et al. provides the fundamental biological insight that at least two mammarenaviruses other than LCMV are endemic to Southeastern Asia and that one of them may infect people on a regular basis. One virus, Loei River virus is a new discovery; the second virus, which is associated with human disease, has recently been described in Eastern Asia, but until now was not considered a human pathogen. These findings are of considerable importance as they put mammarenaviruses on the list of possible etiological agents of orphan diseases.</p>
<p>In the first paragraph of the Introduction and in the last paragraph of the subsection “Identification of two arenaviruses in Southeast Asia”: the authors need to decide (using scientific methods) what they have discovered. If the virus they have discovered is a genetic variant of Wēnzhōu virus, then the virus needs to be called Wēnzhōu virus, not Cardamones virus (instead it would be the Cardamones variant or isolate of Wēnzhōu virus – note that publication takes precedent in nomenclature, not sequence deposition in GenBank). I see no problem with replacing "Cardamones" throughout with "Wēnzhōu".</p>
<p>If the new virus is clearly distinct from Wēnzhōu virus, then the name Cardamones virus could be justified (and a unique abbreviation should be introduced). If so, then the authors need to determine whether Cardamones virus belongs to the same species as Wēnzhōu virus (the recently proposed and by now ICTV-accepted Wēnzhōu mammarenavirus), i.e. whether this species will have two members (Cardamones virus and Wēnzhōu virus), or whether Cardamones virus needs to be classified in its own species.</p>
<p>To come to a decision, the authors should follow the updated guidelines published by the ICTV Arenaviridae Study Group (not the 9th ICTV Report as they have done): PMID: 25935216. Most important would be the placement of both novel viruses in PASC (S and L segment) – the results of which should be described in the manuscript. The last paragraph of the subsection “Identification of two arenaviruses in Southeast Asia” should then be updated accordingly and the reference be replaced (or PMID: 25935216 added in addition to the 9th ICTV Report).</p>
<p>We are very grateful for all these comments and recommendations of the reviewer. We have now performed PASC analysis on both the Loei River virus sequences and the Cambodian sequences. Alongside the other species demarcation criteria stipulated by the ICTV, PASC analysis of Loei River virus indicates that this virus represents a novel mammarenavirus. PASC analysis of the Cambodian virus suggests that this virus belongs to the same species as Wēnzhōu virus, and this is supported by nucleoprotein amino acid sequence identities (<12%). However, as the identities between the Chinese and Cambodian sequences were relatively low by intra-species standards and because they were identified in geographically distinct regions, we propose that the Cambodian sequences represent a variant of Wēnzhōu virus, with the proposed name Cardamones. The name Cardamones virus has been replaced with Wēnzhōu virus throughout the text, or referred to as the Cardamones variant of Wēnzhōu virus. Although the Cardamones variant was identified in rodents of a species (<italic>R. exulans</italic>
) not previously associated with Wēnzhōu virus, in addition to rodents of the species <italic>R. norvegicus</italic>
, which has been, we don’t believe this supports the case for the Cardamones virus as a separate species. The previous study by Li et al., 2014 demonstrated that Wēnzhōu virus is clearly capable of infecting rodents of a range of species, including several <italic>Rattus</italic>
species, so it’s presence in another one that is sympatric to <italic>R. norvegicus</italic>
fits well with its seemingly promiscuous nature. The PASC results and discussion around the categorization of the Cambodian virus have been included in the Results and Discussion (see also <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">Table 2</xref>
and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD1-data">Table 2—source data 1</xref>
) and the reference to the ICTV requirements updated as suggested.</p>
<p>In the last paragraph of the subsection “Human arenavirus infections in Cambodia”: what was the closest hit when the 302bp piece was BLASTed? That is, how specific is that piece truly for Wēnzhōu virus? The results of such a BLAST should be presented, as it is this small piece that is used to convince the reader that human infections are occurring.</p>
<p>The 340bp region from the Cambodian rodent samples (the 395bp region but excluding primer sequences) demonstrated 91% similarity to Wēnzhōu virus in BLAST analysis. The 302bp region from the human samples demonstrated 98-99% similarity to the sequences from the Cambodian rodent samples in pairwise alignment analysis, and 89-91% similarity to Wēnzhōu virus in BLAST analysis. This has now been included in the Results section.</p>
<p><italic>The manuscript lacks precision and needs to be edited.</italic>
</p>
<p>This has now hopefully been addressed.</p>
<p>Reviewer #2:</p>
<p>General assessment:</p>
<p><italic>This is an interesting manuscript that describes novel findings. It describes efforts to detect Old World arenaviruses in wild rodent species in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Whilst I am not an expert in the laboratory aspects described, the successful experimental infection of animals using lung tissue that was positive for arenavirus RNA and the accompanying RT-PCR, serology and electron microscopy findings support the conclusion that the wild rodents were infected with an arenavirus. The virus is termed Cardamones virus in the manuscript but it is unclear that the virus represents a novel strain deserving of a new name. The failure to culture the virus is disappointing and the potential reasons for this requires some discussion.</italic>
</p>
<p>A full description of the culture method has been now included into the Materials and methods section. Some discussion has also been included around the possible reasons for failing to isolate the virus. Although the authors are unsure as to exactly why this was the case, as the Chinese strains of Wēnzhōu virus were isolated in a cell line not available in our laboratory, a suggestion to perform future isolation attempts in this cell line has been included in the Discussion.</p>
<p>The manuscript then describes efforts to seek evidence of human infection with Cardamones virus. The evidence of human infections is based on serology and RT-PCR findings. The data presented do provide evidence of human infection with an arenavirus in Cambodia however the causal association between virus detection and illness is not wholly convincing.</p>
<p>We agree and have tried to tone down this aspect. We have tried to make it clear that though an arenavirus appears to be causing human infections in Cambodia, we cannot confirm its identity or whether it is truly causing disease.</p>
<p>Substantive concerns:</p>
<p>Whether the serological results indicate the infecting arenavirus is Cardamones virus infection, or another related and cross-reactive arenavirus, is uncertain, but this is addressed by the authors. Since serology results are a large component of the evidence for human infections with an arenavirus, more supportive data on the specificity of the serological assay would be helpful. Seroepidemiological surveys of novel viruses should ideally compare the seroprevalence in exposed populations to the seroprevalance in populations who have likely not been exposed to the animal reservoir and should report efforts to validate the assay in virologically-confirmed cases.</p>
<p>We agree that such surveys should compare exposed and unexposed populations. Unfortunately, we did not have access to samples from an unexposed population and no longer have the resources to perform additional surveys at this stage. We did try to include samples from foreigners in our survey, but only few were available and it was unknown how long these individuals had been in the region for, so some may have been exposed. We have stated this in the Discussion and have also stated that such a comparison should be performed in future studies that should be easier to perform and to get funded after the publication of this manuscript. We have also stated that isolation of virus from suspect disease cases should be made in order to aid confirmation of causality.</p>
<p>The limitations of the validation of the specificity of the ELISA should be addressed in more detail and more clarity about the serology methods would be helpful:</p>
<p>a) What was the inter-assay correlation of the IFA and ELISA?</p>
<p>The inter-assay correlation of the IFA and ELISA were tested on a relatively small number of samples, due to the availability and limited volumes of many samples and the limited number of IFA slides kindly provided to us by the Hartman institute. Most of the IFA slides were used to test the samples from experimentally infected rodents, with only a small number used to test human samples. The ELISA was developed later and used primarily on the human samples. In the previous version of the manuscript it was incorrectly stated in the Methods that IFA <italic>and</italic>
ELISA were used to test the rodent sera. Only limited volumes were obtained for the majority of samples. The ELISA results for the extremely limited number of experimentally infected rat samples that we were able to use were however consistent with the results found by IFA (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2-data">Supplementary file 1J</xref>
).</p>
<p>We added some statistical comparisons between the 2 assays and also further clarified the differences and the performances of the serological tests.</p>
<p>“A limited number of human samples (Total = 372, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2-data">Supplementary file 1F</xref>
) were tested by both mammarenavirus IFA and IgG ELISA, demonstrating in general consistent results (coefficient of correlation of 0.565 with a p<0.001).[…] As for most serological assays, the precise causative agent in these seropositive patients can therefore not be identified conclusively.”</p>
<p>In addition, in a new series of experimental infections in rats (C649_A and C649_B) conducted later when there was no IFA slide left, ELISA was able, as expected, to detect IgG antibodies in those 2 PCR-positive animals starting at day 7 and day 15 respectively (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2-data">Supplementary file 1J</xref>
) which suggests that the sensitivity of the ELISA is satisfactory.</p>
<p>b) What was the intra-assay reproducibility of the replicate independent IgG assays described in the subsection “Cardamones virus IgG ELISA”? Were acceptable replication parameters set?</p>
<p>The intra-assay coefficients of variability ranged from 0 to 13.5%.</p>
<p>We systematically included 3 positive controls (OD varying from low to high) in replicates in each plate and the intra-assay variation was considered as acceptable when the ODs of the positive controls were maintained within the ranges of their expected standard deviation values.</p>
<p>This has now been added into the Materials and methods section.</p>
<p>c) Please describe the definitions of 'seropositive' and 'seroconversion' more explicitly.</p>
<p>The cut-off threshold was calculated as follows: (mean of negative +3SD) +10% and is mentioned in the Materials and methods section.</p>
<p>Out of the 510 patients tested, only a single sample collected during the acute phase of the febrile episode was available for 98 patients, whilst only a single serum sample collected during the convalescent phase was available for 214 individuals. Paired samples, one collected during the acute phase and one during the convalescence phase was available from a further 198 patients. In this context seropositive is defined as when acute and/or convalescent samples returned a value above the cut-off of the assay. Seroconversion was defined as when the acute sample was negative and convalescence sample of the same patient was positive or when an increase of more than 50% of OD value between acute and convalescent sera was measured. This has now been added to the Methods.</p>
<p><italic>The serology positive rates and mean age of positive cases were not significantly different between healthy individuals and patients with a febrile illness, which leaves some doubt about the causal association between arenavirus antibody detection and illness. The seroconversions in unwell individuals is however an indicator of a possible causal link. Data on the interval between acute and convalescent samples for these seven cases should be presented. Presentation of the serology data could be improved – e.g. how were the +ve samples distributed by acute / convalescent samples?</italic>
</p>
<p>We agree with the reviewer that a prospective study that includes IgG arenavirus serology in addition to the assays testing for the other main etiologies of febrile illnesses in the region would provide much better evidences. Unfortunately, as stated earlier, the data reported here used archived samples as the discovery of these new arenaviruses and their involvement in human infection was not expected when the CEROPATH study (that aimed at describing the diversity of several pathogens in rodent species) was designed. We hope that the publication of this paper will help ourselves and other groups to design, fund and conduct such clinical prospective studies in a near future.</p>
<p>In regards to seroconversion, the interval between the acute and convalescent samples of the 7 cases (seroconversion in 3 and increase of OD value of >50% in 4 samples) ranged between 2 and 15 days with a mean of 7.42 days. The intervals of the 3 seroconverted samples were 6, 9 and 15 days. <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2-data">Supplementary file 1E</xref>
with details on interval of between acute and convalescent samples of the 7 cases was added.</p>
<p>Additional information on positive samples by acute or convalescent samples has been added to <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">Table 2</xref>
.</p>
<p>Arenavirus PCR +ve respiratory samples were identified in 6 of 999 subjects with an acute respiratory illness compared to zero of 504 healthy controls. However, the control group was significantly older (28 vs. 16.7 years). This again leaves some doubt about the causal association between arenavirus detection and respiratory illness, since the statistical association may be confounded by age. This is particularly important since the highest antibody prevalence was in the 6-10 year old age group. I would suggest an age-stratified analysis of the PCR data if feasible.</p>
<p>We thank the reviewer for this suggestion and have added <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="SD2-data">Supplementary file 1H</xref>
.</p>
<p>We agree that it is unfortunate that the healthy control group did not perfectly match the age distribution of the patient’s group but again this is due to the retrospective approach based on availabilities of clinical specimens that made it extremely difficult to achieve a perfect age match. If unfortunately the sample size of the young age control groups is too small to reach statistical significance, a significant association was still observed in the group of adults over 30 years as well as for the all-age population.</p>
</body>
</sub-article>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li>
<li>Cambodge</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Singapour</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Cambodge"><noRegion><name sortKey="Blasdell, Kim R" sort="Blasdell, Kim R" uniqKey="Blasdell K" first="Kim R" last="Blasdell">Kim R. Blasdell</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Buchy, Philippe" sort="Buchy, Philippe" uniqKey="Buchy P" first="Philippe" last="Buchy">Philippe Buchy</name>
<name sortKey="Deubel, Vincent" sort="Deubel, Vincent" uniqKey="Deubel V" first="Vincent" last="Deubel">Vincent Deubel</name>
<name sortKey="Duong, Veasna" sort="Duong, Veasna" uniqKey="Duong V" first="Veasna" last="Duong">Veasna Duong</name>
<name sortKey="Hul, Vibol" sort="Hul, Vibol" uniqKey="Hul V" first="Vibol" last="Hul">Vibol Hul</name>
<name sortKey="Ly, Sowath" sort="Ly, Sowath" uniqKey="Ly S" first="Sowath" last="Ly">Sowath Ly</name>
</country>
<country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Blasdell, Kim R" sort="Blasdell, Kim R" uniqKey="Blasdell K" first="Kim R" last="Blasdell">Kim R. Blasdell</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Eloit, Marc" sort="Eloit, Marc" uniqKey="Eloit M" first="Marc" last="Eloit">Marc Eloit</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Chretien, Fabrice" sort="Chretien, Fabrice" uniqKey="Chretien F" first="Fabrice" last="Chretien">Fabrice Chretien</name>
<name sortKey="Morand, Serge" sort="Morand, Serge" uniqKey="Morand S" first="Serge" last="Morand">Serge Morand</name>
</country>
<country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Buchy, Philippe" sort="Buchy, Philippe" uniqKey="Buchy P" first="Philippe" last="Buchy">Philippe Buchy</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002E14 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 002E14 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Asie |area= AustralieFrV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Checkpoint |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4900801 |texte= Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27278118" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. | ![]() |