IARC Monographs: 40 Years of Evaluating Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans
Identifieur interne : 000F34 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000F33; suivant : 000F35IARC Monographs: 40 Years of Evaluating Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans
Auteurs : Neil Pearce [Royaume-Uni] ; Aaron Blair [États-Unis] ; Paolo Vineis [Royaume-Uni] ; Wolfgang Ahrens [Allemagne] ; Aage Andersen [Norvège] ; Josep M. Anto [Espagne] ; Bruce K. Armstrong [Australie] ; Andrea A. Baccarelli [États-Unis] ; Frederick A. Beland [États-Unis] ; Amy Berrington [États-Unis] ; Pier Alberto Bertazzi [Italie] ; Linda S. Birnbaum [États-Unis] ; Ross C. Brownson [États-Unis] ; John R. Bucher [États-Unis] ; Kenneth P. Cantor [États-Unis] ; Elisabeth Cardis [Espagne] ; John W. Cherrie [Royaume-Uni] ; David C. Christiani [États-Unis] ; Pierluigi Cocco [Italie] ; David Coggon [Royaume-Uni] ; Pietro Comba [Italie] ; Paul A. Demers [Canada] ; John M. Dement [États-Unis] ; Jeroen Douwes [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Ellen A. Eisen [États-Unis] ; Lawrence S. Engel [États-Unis] ; Richard A. Fenske [États-Unis] ; Lora E. Fleming [Royaume-Uni] ; Tony Fletcher [Royaume-Uni] ; Elizabeth Fontham [États-Unis] ; Francesco Forastiere [Italie] ; Rainer Frentzel-Beyme [Allemagne] ; Lin Fritschi [Australie] ; Michel Gerin [Canada] ; Marcel Goldberg [France] ; Philippe Grandjean [Danemark] ; Tom K. Grimsrud [Norvège] ; Per Gustavsson [Suède] ; Andy Haines [Royaume-Uni] ; Patricia Hartge [États-Unis] ; Johnni Hansen [Danemark] ; Michael Hauptmann [Pays-Bas] ; Dick Heederik [Pays-Bas] ; Kari Hemminki [Allemagne] ; Denis Hemon [France] ; Irva Hertz-Picciotto [États-Unis] ; Jane A. Hoppin [États-Unis] ; James Huff [États-Unis] ; Bengt Jarvholm [Suède] ; Daehee Kang [Corée du Sud] ; Margaret R. Karagas [États-Unis] ; Kristina Kjaerheim [Norvège] ; Helge Kjuus [Norvège] ; Manolis Kogevinas ; David Kriebel [États-Unis] ; Petter Kristensen [Norvège] ; Hans Kromhout [Pays-Bas] ; Francine Laden [États-Unis] ; Pierre Lebailly [France] ; Grace Lemasters [États-Unis] ; Jay H. Lubin [États-Unis] ; Charles F. Lynch [États-Unis] ; Elsebeth Lynge [Danemark] ; Andrea Mannetje [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Anthony J. Mcmichael [Australie] ; John R. Mclaughlin [Canada] ; Loraine Marrett [Canada] ; Marco Martuzzi [Allemagne] ; James A. Merchant [États-Unis] ; Enzo Merler [Italie] ; Franco Merletti [Italie] ; Anthony Miller [Canada] ; Franklin E. Mirer [États-Unis] ; Richard Monson [États-Unis] ; Karl-Cristian Nordby [Norvège] ; Andrew F. Olshan [États-Unis] ; Marie-Elise Parent [Canada] ; Frederica P. Perera [États-Unis] ; Melissa J. Perry [États-Unis] ; Angela Cecilia Pesatori [Italie] ; Roberta Pirastu [Italie] ; Miquel Porta [Espagne] ; Eero Pukkala [Finlande] ; Carol Rice [États-Unis] ; David B. Richardson [États-Unis] ; Leonard Ritter [Canada] ; Beate Ritz [États-Unis] ; Cecile M. Ronckers [Pays-Bas] ; Lesley Rushton [Royaume-Uni] ; Jennifer A. Rusiecki [États-Unis] ; Ivan Rusyn [États-Unis] ; Jonathan M. Samet [États-Unis] ; Dale P. Sandler [États-Unis] ; Silvia De Sanjose [Espagne] ; Eva Schernhammer [États-Unis] ; Adele Seniori Costantini [Italie] ; Noah Seixas [États-Unis] ; Carl Shy [États-Unis] ; Jack Siemiatycki [Canada] ; Debra T. Silverman [États-Unis] ; Lorenzo Simonato [Italie] ; Allan H. Smith [États-Unis] ; Martyn T. Smith [États-Unis] ; John J. Spinelli [Canada] ; Margaret R. Spitz [États-Unis] ; Lorann Stallones [États-Unis] ; Leslie T. Stayner [États-Unis] ; Kyle Steenland [États-Unis] ; Mark Stenzel [États-Unis] ; Bernard W. Stewart [Australie] ; Patricia A. Stewart [États-Unis] ; Elaine Symanski [États-Unis] ; Benedetto Terracini [Italie] ; Paige E. Tolbert [États-Unis] ; Harri Vainio [Finlande] ; John Vena [États-Unis] ; Roel Vermeulen [Pays-Bas] ; Cesar G. Victora [Brésil] ; Elizabeth M. Ward [États-Unis] ; Clarice R. Weinberg [États-Unis] ; Dennis Weisenburger [États-Unis] ; Catharina Wesseling [Suède] ; Elisabete Weiderpass [Suède] ; Shelia Hoar Zahm [États-Unis]Source :
- Environmental Health Perspectives [ 0091-6765 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Background: Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Programme for the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans has been criticized for several of its evaluations, and also for the approach used to perform these evaluations. Some critics have claimed that failures of IARC Working Groups to recognize study weaknesses and biases of Working Group members have led to inappropriate classification of a number of agents as carcinogenic to humans.
Objectives: The authors of this Commentary are scientists from various disciplines relevant to the identification and hazard evaluation of human carcinogens. We examined criticisms of the IARC classification process to determine the validity of these concerns. Here, we present the results of that examination, review the history of IARC evaluations, and describe how the IARC evaluations are performed.
Discussion: We concluded that these recent criticisms are unconvincing. The procedures employed by IARC to assemble Working Groups of scientists from the various disciplines and the techniques followed to review the literature and perform hazard assessment of various agents provide a balanced evaluation and an appropriate indication of the weight of the evidence. Some disagreement by individual scientists to some evaluations is not evidence of process failure. The review process has been modified over time and will undoubtedly be altered in the future to improve the process. Any process can in theory be improved, and we would support continued review and improvement of the IARC processes. This does not mean, however, that the current procedures are flawed.
Conclusions: The IARC Monographs have made, and continue to make, major contributions to the scientific underpinning for societal actions to improve the public’s health.
Citation: Pearce N, Blair A, Vineis P, Ahrens W, Andersen A, Anto JM, Armstrong BK, Baccarelli AA, Beland FA, Berrington A, Bertazzi PA, Birnbaum LS, Brownson RC, Bucher JR, Cantor KP, Cardis E, Cherrie JW, Christiani DC, Cocco P, Coggon D, Comba P, Demers PA, Dement JM, Douwes J, Eisen EA, Engel LS, Fenske RA, Fleming LE, Fletcher T, Fontham E, Forastiere F, Frentzel-Beyme R, Fritschi L, Gerin M, Goldberg M, Grandjean P, Grimsrud TK, Gustavsson P, Haines A, Hartge P, Hansen J, Hauptmann M, Heederik D, Hemminki K, Hemon D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Hoppin JA, Huff J, Jarvholm B, Kang D, Karagas MR, Kjaerheim K, Kjuus H, Kogevinas M, Kriebel D, Kristensen P, Kromhout H, Laden F, Lebailly P, LeMasters G, Lubin JH, Lynch CF, Lynge E, ‘t Mannetje A, McMichael AJ, McLaughlin JR, Marrett L, Martuzzi M, Merchant JA, Merler E, Merletti F, Miller A, Mirer FE, Monson R, Nordby KC, Olshan AF, Parent ME, Perera FP, Perry MJ, Pesatori AC, Pirastu R, Porta M, Pukkala E, Rice C, Richardson DB, Ritter L, Ritz B, Ronckers CM, Rushton L, Rusiecki JA, Rusyn I, Samet JM, Sandler DP, de Sanjose S, Schernhammer E, Seniori Costantini A, Seixas N, Shy C, Siemiatycki J, Silverman DT, Simonato L, Smith AH, Smith MT, Spinelli JJ, Spitz MR, Stallones L, Stayner LT, Steenland K, Stenzel M, Stewart BW, Stewart PA, Symanski E, Terracini B, Tolbert PE, Vainio H, Vena J, Vermeulen R, Victora CG, Ward EM, Weinberg CR, Weisenburger D, Wesseling C, Weiderpass E, Zahm SH. 2015. IARC Monographs: 40 years of evaluating carcinogenic hazards to humans. Environ Health Perspect 123:507–514;
Url:
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409149
PubMed: 25712798
PubMed Central: 4455595
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Brésil, Canada, Corée du Sud, Danemark, Espagne, Finlande, France, Italie, Norvège, Nouvelle-Zélande, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Suède, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Arkansas, Bade-Wurtemberg, Basse-Normandie, Brême (Land), Californie, Caroline du Nord, Caroline du Sud, Catalogne, Colorado, District de Cologne, District de Columbia, District de Karlsruhe, Grand Londres, Géorgie (États-Unis), Hollande-Septentrionale, Hovedstaden, Illinois, Iowa, Latium, Lombardie, Louisiane, Maine (État), Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri (État), New Hampshire, Ohio, Ontario, Piémont, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Rio Grande do Sul, Région Normandie, Région capitale de Séoul, Svealand, Texas, Utrecht (province), Virginie, Washington (État), Écosse, État de New York, Île-de-France, Østlandet
- Amsterdam, Barcelone, Bonn, Brême, Caen, Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord), Chicago, Copenhague, Heidelberg, Iowa City, Londres, Los Angeles, Milan, New York, Oslo, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Séoul, Toronto, Turin, Utrecht, Édimbourg
- Université Columbia, Université Pompeu Fabra, Université autonome de Barcelone, Université d'Utrecht, Université de Californie du Sud, Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill, Université de Toronto, Université de l'Illinois à Chicago, Université de l'Iowa, Université nationale de Séoul
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<author><name sortKey="Baccarelli, Andrea A" sort="Baccarelli, Andrea A" uniqKey="Baccarelli A" first="Andrea A." last="Baccarelli">Andrea A. Baccarelli</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Beland, Frederick A" sort="Beland, Frederick A" uniqKey="Beland F" first="Frederick A." last="Beland">Frederick A. Beland</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Berrington, Amy" sort="Berrington, Amy" uniqKey="Berrington A" first="Amy" last="Berrington">Amy Berrington</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Bertazzi, Pier Alberto" sort="Bertazzi, Pier Alberto" uniqKey="Bertazzi P" first="Pier Alberto" last="Bertazzi">Pier Alberto Bertazzi</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
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<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Birnbaum, Linda S" sort="Birnbaum, Linda S" uniqKey="Birnbaum L" first="Linda S." last="Birnbaum">Linda S. Birnbaum</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Brownson, Ross C" sort="Brownson, Ross C" uniqKey="Brownson R" first="Ross C." last="Brownson">Ross C. Brownson</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Public Health Sciences, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Bucher, John R" sort="Bucher, John R" uniqKey="Bucher J" first="John R." last="Bucher">John R. Bucher</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Cantor, Kenneth P" sort="Cantor, Kenneth P" uniqKey="Cantor K" first="Kenneth P." last="Cantor">Kenneth P. Cantor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>KP Cantor Environmental LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>KP Cantor Environmental LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Cardis, Elisabeth" sort="Cardis, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="Elisabeth" last="Cardis">Elisabeth Cardis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>CREAL, IMIM, and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Cherrie, John W" sort="Cherrie, John W" uniqKey="Cherrie J" first="John W." last="Cherrie">John W. Cherrie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Christiani, David C" sort="Christiani, David C" uniqKey="Christiani D" first="David C." last="Christiani">David C. Christiani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cocco, Pierluigi" sort="Cocco, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Cocco P" first="Pierluigi" last="Cocco">Pierluigi Cocco</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari-Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari-Monserrato, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cagliari</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coggon, David" sort="Coggon, David" uniqKey="Coggon D" first="David" last="Coggon">David Coggon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Southampton</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Comba, Pietro" sort="Comba, Pietro" uniqKey="Comba P" first="Pietro" last="Comba">Pietro Comba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demers, Paul A" sort="Demers, Paul A" uniqKey="Demers P" first="Paul A." last="Demers">Paul A. Demers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dement, John M" sort="Dement, John M" uniqKey="Dement J" first="John M." last="Dement">John M. Dement</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Douwes, Jeroen" sort="Douwes, Jeroen" uniqKey="Douwes J" first="Jeroen" last="Douwes">Jeroen Douwes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Wellington</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eisen, Ellen A" sort="Eisen, Ellen A" uniqKey="Eisen E" first="Ellen A." last="Eisen">Ellen A. Eisen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Science, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health Science, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Engel, Lawrence S" sort="Engel, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Engel L" first="Lawrence S." last="Engel">Lawrence S. Engel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fenske, Richard A" sort="Fenske, Richard A" uniqKey="Fenske R" first="Richard A." last="Fenske">Richard A. Fenske</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleming, Lora E" sort="Fleming, Lora E" uniqKey="Fleming L" first="Lora E." last="Fleming">Lora E. Fleming</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26"><addr-line>European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cornwall</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Tony" sort="Fletcher, Tony" uniqKey="Fletcher T" first="Tony" last="Fletcher">Tony Fletcher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fontham, Elizabeth" sort="Fontham, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Fontham E" first="Elizabeth" last="Fontham">Elizabeth Fontham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><addr-line>Louisiana State University School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Louisiana State University School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Forastiere, Francesco" sort="Forastiere, Francesco" uniqKey="Forastiere F" first="Francesco" last="Forastiere">Francesco Forastiere</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff29"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frentzel Beyme, Rainer" sort="Frentzel Beyme, Rainer" uniqKey="Frentzel Beyme R" first="Rainer" last="Frentzel-Beyme">Rainer Frentzel-Beyme</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff30"><addr-line>Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Universität Bremen, Bremen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Brême (Land)</region>
<settlement type="city">Brême</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fritschi, Lin" sort="Fritschi, Lin" uniqKey="Fritschi L" first="Lin" last="Fritschi">Lin Fritschi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Western Australia</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gerin, Michel" sort="Gerin, Michel" uniqKey="Gerin M" first="Michel" last="Gerin">Michel Gerin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Marcel" sort="Goldberg, Marcel" uniqKey="Goldberg M" first="Marcel" last="Goldberg">Marcel Goldberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33"><addr-line>Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Inserm UMS 011, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Inserm UMS 011, Villejuif</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Villejuif</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Villejuif</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grandjean, Philippe" sort="Grandjean, Philippe" uniqKey="Grandjean P" first="Philippe" last="Grandjean">Philippe Grandjean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Odense</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grimsrud, Tom K" sort="Grimsrud, Tom K" uniqKey="Grimsrud T" first="Tom K." last="Grimsrud">Tom K. Grimsrud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gustavsson, Per" sort="Gustavsson, Per" uniqKey="Gustavsson P" first="Per" last="Gustavsson">Per Gustavsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff35"><addr-line>Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haines, Andy" sort="Haines, Andy" uniqKey="Haines A" first="Andy" last="Haines">Andy Haines</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartge, Patricia" sort="Hartge, Patricia" uniqKey="Hartge P" first="Patricia" last="Hartge">Patricia Hartge</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hansen, Johnni" sort="Hansen, Johnni" uniqKey="Hansen J" first="Johnni" last="Hansen">Johnni Hansen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff36"><addr-line>Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hauptmann, Michael" sort="Hauptmann, Michael" uniqKey="Hauptmann M" first="Michael" last="Hauptmann">Michael Hauptmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff37"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heederik, Dick" sort="Heederik, Dick" uniqKey="Heederik D" first="Dick" last="Heederik">Dick Heederik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hemminki, Kari" sort="Hemminki, Kari" uniqKey="Hemminki K" first="Kari" last="Hemminki">Kari Hemminki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff39"><addr-line>German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region>
<settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hemon, Denis" sort="Hemon, Denis" uniqKey="Hemon D" first="Denis" last="Hemon">Denis Hemon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff40"><addr-line>Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cite Center (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Research Group (EPICEA), Paris Descartes University, F-75015, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cite Center (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Research Group (EPICEA), Paris Descartes University, F-75015, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hertz Picciotto, Irva" sort="Hertz Picciotto, Irva" uniqKey="Hertz Picciotto I" first="Irva" last="Hertz-Picciotto">Irva Hertz-Picciotto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff41"><addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoppin, Jane A" sort="Hoppin, Jane A" uniqKey="Hoppin J" first="Jane A." last="Hoppin">Jane A. Hoppin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff42"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huff, James" sort="Huff, James" uniqKey="Huff J" first="James" last="Huff">James Huff</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff43"><addr-line>NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jarvholm, Bengt" sort="Jarvholm, Bengt" uniqKey="Jarvholm B" first="Bengt" last="Jarvholm">Bengt Jarvholm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff44"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Umea</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kang, Daehee" sort="Kang, Daehee" uniqKey="Kang D" first="Daehee" last="Kang">Daehee Kang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff45"><addr-line>College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement>
<region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region>
<settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Séoul</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karagas, Margaret R" sort="Karagas, Margaret R" uniqKey="Karagas M" first="Margaret R." last="Karagas">Margaret R. Karagas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff46"><addr-line>Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">New Hampshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kjaerheim, Kristina" sort="Kjaerheim, Kristina" uniqKey="Kjaerheim K" first="Kristina" last="Kjaerheim">Kristina Kjaerheim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kjuus, Helge" sort="Kjuus, Helge" uniqKey="Kjuus H" first="Helge" last="Kjuus">Helge Kjuus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kogevinas, Manolis" sort="Kogevinas, Manolis" uniqKey="Kogevinas M" first="Manolis" last="Kogevinas">Manolis Kogevinas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff48"><addr-line>CREAL, IMIM, and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens Greece</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Athens Greece</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kriebel, David" sort="Kriebel, David" uniqKey="Kriebel D" first="David" last="Kriebel">David Kriebel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff49"><addr-line>Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kristensen, Petter" sort="Kristensen, Petter" uniqKey="Kristensen P" first="Petter" last="Kristensen">Petter Kristensen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kromhout, Hans" sort="Kromhout, Hans" uniqKey="Kromhout H" first="Hans" last="Kromhout">Hans Kromhout</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laden, Francine" sort="Laden, Francine" uniqKey="Laden F" first="Francine" last="Laden">Francine Laden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lebailly, Pierre" sort="Lebailly, Pierre" uniqKey="Lebailly P" first="Pierre" last="Lebailly">Pierre Lebailly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff50"><addr-line>Centre Francois Baclesse, Universite de Caen, Caen, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre Francois Baclesse, Universite de Caen, Caen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region">Basse-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Caen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lemasters, Grace" sort="Lemasters, Grace" uniqKey="Lemasters G" first="Grace" last="Lemasters">Grace Lemasters</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff51"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lubin, Jay H" sort="Lubin, Jay H" uniqKey="Lubin J" first="Jay H." last="Lubin">Jay H. Lubin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lynch, Charles F" sort="Lynch, Charles F" uniqKey="Lynch C" first="Charles F." last="Lynch">Charles F. Lynch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff52"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Iowa</region>
<settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lynge, Elsebeth" sort="Lynge, Elsebeth" uniqKey="Lynge E" first="Elsebeth" last="Lynge">Elsebeth Lynge</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff53"><addr-line>Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey=" Mannetje, Andrea" sort=" Mannetje, Andrea" uniqKey=" Mannetje A" first="Andrea" last=" Mannetje">Andrea Mannetje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Wellington</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmichael, Anthony J" sort="Mcmichael, Anthony J" uniqKey="Mcmichael A" first="Anthony J." last="Mcmichael">Anthony J. Mcmichael</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff54"><addr-line>National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Australian Capital Territory</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff101">Deceased</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mclaughlin, John R" sort="Mclaughlin, John R" uniqKey="Mclaughlin J" first="John R." last="Mclaughlin">John R. Mclaughlin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff55"><addr-line>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marrett, Loraine" sort="Marrett, Loraine" uniqKey="Marrett L" first="Loraine" last="Marrett">Loraine Marrett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff56"><addr-line>Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martuzzi, Marco" sort="Martuzzi, Marco" uniqKey="Martuzzi M" first="Marco" last="Martuzzi">Marco Martuzzi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff57"><addr-line>World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Merchant, James A" sort="Merchant, James A" uniqKey="Merchant J" first="James A." last="Merchant">James A. Merchant</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff52"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Iowa</region>
<settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Merler, Enzo" sort="Merler, Enzo" uniqKey="Merler E" first="Enzo" last="Merler">Enzo Merler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff58"><addr-line>Regional Mesothelioma Register, National Health Service, Local Health Authority, Padova, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Regional Mesothelioma Register, National Health Service, Local Health Authority, Padova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Merletti, Franco" sort="Merletti, Franco" uniqKey="Merletti F" first="Franco" last="Merletti">Franco Merletti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff59"><addr-line>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Turin</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Piémont</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miller, Anthony" sort="Miller, Anthony" uniqKey="Miller A" first="Anthony" last="Miller">Anthony Miller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff60"><addr-line>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirer, Franklin E" sort="Mirer, Franklin E" uniqKey="Mirer F" first="Franklin E." last="Mirer">Franklin E. Mirer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff61"><addr-line>City University of New York (CUNY) School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>City University of New York (CUNY) School of Public Health, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monson, Richard" sort="Monson, Richard" uniqKey="Monson R" first="Richard" last="Monson">Richard Monson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nordby, Karl Cristian" sort="Nordby, Karl Cristian" uniqKey="Nordby K" first="Karl-Cristian" last="Nordby">Karl-Cristian Nordby</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olshan, Andrew F" sort="Olshan, Andrew F" uniqKey="Olshan A" first="Andrew F." last="Olshan">Andrew F. Olshan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parent, Marie Elise" sort="Parent, Marie Elise" uniqKey="Parent M" first="Marie-Elise" last="Parent">Marie-Elise Parent</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, Laval, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perera, Frederica P" sort="Perera, Frederica P" uniqKey="Perera F" first="Frederica P." last="Perera">Frederica P. Perera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff63"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perry, Melissa J" sort="Perry, Melissa J" uniqKey="Perry M" first="Melissa J." last="Perry">Melissa J. Perry</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff64"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">District de Columbia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pesatori, Angela Cecilia" sort="Pesatori, Angela Cecilia" uniqKey="Pesatori A" first="Angela Cecilia" last="Pesatori">Angela Cecilia Pesatori</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Roberta" sort="Pirastu, Roberta" uniqKey="Pirastu R" first="Roberta" last="Pirastu">Roberta Pirastu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Porta, Miquel" sort="Porta, Miquel" uniqKey="Porta M" first="Miquel" last="Porta">Miquel Porta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff65"><addr-line>IMIM, CIBERESP, and School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IMIM, CIBERESP, and School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université autonome de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pukkala, Eero" sort="Pukkala, Eero" uniqKey="Pukkala E" first="Eero" last="Pukkala">Eero Pukkala</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff66"><addr-line>Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland, and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland, and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tampere</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rice, Carol" sort="Rice, Carol" uniqKey="Rice C" first="Carol" last="Rice">Carol Rice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff67"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Richardson, David B" sort="Richardson, David B" uniqKey="Richardson D" first="David B." last="Richardson">David B. Richardson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ritter, Leonard" sort="Ritter, Leonard" uniqKey="Ritter L" first="Leonard" last="Ritter">Leonard Ritter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff68"><addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ritz, Beate" sort="Ritz, Beate" uniqKey="Ritz B" first="Beate" last="Ritz">Beate Ritz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff69"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ronckers, Cecile M" sort="Ronckers, Cecile M" uniqKey="Ronckers C" first="Cecile M." last="Ronckers">Cecile M. Ronckers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff70"><addr-line>Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rushton, Lesley" sort="Rushton, Lesley" uniqKey="Rushton L" first="Lesley" last="Rushton">Lesley Rushton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff71"><addr-line>MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rusiecki, Jennifer A" sort="Rusiecki, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Rusiecki J" first="Jennifer A." last="Rusiecki">Jennifer A. Rusiecki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff72"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rusyn, Ivan" sort="Rusyn, Ivan" uniqKey="Rusyn I" first="Ivan" last="Rusyn">Ivan Rusyn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff73"><addr-line>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samet, Jonathan M" sort="Samet, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Samet J" first="Jonathan M." last="Samet">Jonathan M. Samet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff74"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
<settlement type="city">Los Angeles</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Californie du Sud</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sandler, Dale P" sort="Sandler, Dale P" uniqKey="Sandler D" first="Dale P." last="Sandler">Dale P. Sandler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff75"><addr-line>Epidemiology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Sanjose, Silvia" sort="De Sanjose, Silvia" uniqKey="De Sanjose S" first="Silvia" last="De Sanjose">Silvia De Sanjose</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff76"><addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Unit of Infections and Cancer, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), CIBERESP Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Unit of Infections and Cancer, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), CIBERESP Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schernhammer, Eva" sort="Schernhammer, Eva" uniqKey="Schernhammer E" first="Eva" last="Schernhammer">Eva Schernhammer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costantini, Adele Seniori" sort="Costantini, Adele Seniori" uniqKey="Costantini A" first="Adele Seniori" last="Costantini">Adele Seniori Costantini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff77"><addr-line>Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Florence</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seixas, Noah" sort="Seixas, Noah" uniqKey="Seixas N" first="Noah" last="Seixas">Noah Seixas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shy, Carl" sort="Shy, Carl" uniqKey="Shy C" first="Carl" last="Shy">Carl Shy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siemiatycki, Jack" sort="Siemiatycki, Jack" uniqKey="Siemiatycki J" first="Jack" last="Siemiatycki">Jack Siemiatycki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff78"><addr-line>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Silverman, Debra T" sort="Silverman, Debra T" uniqKey="Silverman D" first="Debra T." last="Silverman">Debra T. Silverman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simonato, Lorenzo" sort="Simonato, Lorenzo" uniqKey="Simonato L" first="Lorenzo" last="Simonato">Lorenzo Simonato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff79"><addr-line>Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Allan H" sort="Smith, Allan H" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Allan H." last="Smith">Allan H. Smith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff80"><addr-line>The School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Martyn T" sort="Smith, Martyn T" uniqKey="Smith M" first="Martyn T." last="Smith">Martyn T. Smith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff81"><addr-line>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spinelli, John J" sort="Spinelli, John J" uniqKey="Spinelli J" first="John J." last="Spinelli">John J. Spinelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff82"><addr-line>Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spitz, Margaret R" sort="Spitz, Margaret R" uniqKey="Spitz M" first="Margaret R." last="Spitz">Margaret R. Spitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff83"><addr-line>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stallones, Lorann" sort="Stallones, Lorann" uniqKey="Stallones L" first="Lorann" last="Stallones">Lorann Stallones</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff84"><addr-line>Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stayner, Leslie T" sort="Stayner, Leslie T" uniqKey="Stayner L" first="Leslie T." last="Stayner">Leslie T. Stayner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff85"><addr-line>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
<settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steenland, Kyle" sort="Steenland, Kyle" uniqKey="Steenland K" first="Kyle" last="Steenland">Kyle Steenland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff86"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stenzel, Mark" sort="Stenzel, Mark" uniqKey="Stenzel M" first="Mark" last="Stenzel">Mark Stenzel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff87"><addr-line>Exposure Assessment Applications LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Exposure Assessment Applications LLC, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Bernard W" sort="Stewart, Bernard W" uniqKey="Stewart B" first="Bernard W." last="Stewart">Bernard W. Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff88"><addr-line>Cancer Control Program, South East Sydney Public Health Unit, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Control Program, South East Sydney Public Health Unit, Randwick, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Patricia A" sort="Stewart, Patricia A" uniqKey="Stewart P" first="Patricia A." last="Stewart">Patricia A. Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff89"><addr-line>Stewart Exposure Assessments LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stewart Exposure Assessments LLC, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Symanski, Elaine" sort="Symanski, Elaine" uniqKey="Symanski E" first="Elaine" last="Symanski">Elaine Symanski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff90"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Terracini, Benedetto" sort="Terracini, Benedetto" uniqKey="Terracini B" first="Benedetto" last="Terracini">Benedetto Terracini</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Torino and Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica, CPO Piemonte, Torino</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Turin</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Piémont</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolbert, Paige E" sort="Tolbert, Paige E" uniqKey="Tolbert P" first="Paige E." last="Tolbert">Paige E. Tolbert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff86"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vainio, Harri" sort="Vainio, Harri" uniqKey="Vainio H" first="Harri" last="Vainio">Harri Vainio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff92"><addr-line>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vena, John" sort="Vena, John" uniqKey="Vena J" first="John" last="Vena">John Vena</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff93"><addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, Roel" sort="Vermeulen, Roel" uniqKey="Vermeulen R" first="Roel" last="Vermeulen">Roel Vermeulen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Victora, Cesar G" sort="Victora, Cesar G" uniqKey="Victora C" first="Cesar G." last="Victora">Cesar G. Victora</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff94"><addr-line>Universdade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universdade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ward, Elizabeth M" sort="Ward, Elizabeth M" uniqKey="Ward E" first="Elizabeth M." last="Ward">Elizabeth M. Ward</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff95"><addr-line>American Cancer Society Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>American Cancer Society Inc., Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weinberg, Clarice R" sort="Weinberg, Clarice R" uniqKey="Weinberg C" first="Clarice R." last="Weinberg">Clarice R. Weinberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff96"><addr-line>Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weisenburger, Dennis" sort="Weisenburger, Dennis" uniqKey="Weisenburger D" first="Dennis" last="Weisenburger">Dennis Weisenburger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff97"><addr-line>Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wesseling, Catharina" sort="Wesseling, Catharina" uniqKey="Wesseling C" first="Catharina" last="Wesseling">Catharina Wesseling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff98"><addr-line>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weiderpass, Elisabete" sort="Weiderpass, Elisabete" uniqKey="Weiderpass E" first="Elisabete" last="Weiderpass">Elisabete Weiderpass</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff99"><addr-line>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zahm, Shelia Hoar" sort="Zahm, Shelia Hoar" uniqKey="Zahm S" first="Shelia Hoar" last="Zahm">Shelia Hoar Zahm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff100"><addr-line>Shelia Zahm Consulting, Hermon, Maine, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shelia Zahm Consulting, Hermon, Maine</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maine (État)</region>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">IARC Monographs: 40 Years of Evaluating Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans</title>
<author><name sortKey="Pearce, Neil" sort="Pearce, Neil" uniqKey="Pearce N" first="Neil" last="Pearce">Neil Pearce</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blair, Aaron" sort="Blair, Aaron" uniqKey="Blair A" first="Aaron" last="Blair">Aaron Blair</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vineis, Paolo" sort="Vineis, Paolo" uniqKey="Vineis P" first="Paolo" last="Vineis">Paolo Vineis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Imperial College, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Imperial College, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahrens, Wolfgang" sort="Ahrens, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Ahrens W" first="Wolfgang" last="Ahrens">Wolfgang Ahrens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Brême (Land)</region>
<settlement type="city">Brême</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andersen, Aage" sort="Andersen, Aage" uniqKey="Andersen A" first="Aage" last="Andersen">Aage Andersen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anto, Josep M" sort="Anto, Josep M" uniqKey="Anto J" first="Josep M." last="Anto">Josep M. Anto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), and CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), and CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Pompeu Fabra</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Bruce K" sort="Armstrong, Bruce K" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="Bruce K." last="Armstrong">Bruce K. Armstrong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney and Sax Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney and Sax Institute, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baccarelli, Andrea A" sort="Baccarelli, Andrea A" uniqKey="Baccarelli A" first="Andrea A." last="Baccarelli">Andrea A. Baccarelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beland, Frederick A" sort="Beland, Frederick A" uniqKey="Beland F" first="Frederick A." last="Beland">Frederick A. Beland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Arkansas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berrington, Amy" sort="Berrington, Amy" uniqKey="Berrington A" first="Amy" last="Berrington">Amy Berrington</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bertazzi, Pier Alberto" sort="Bertazzi, Pier Alberto" uniqKey="Bertazzi P" first="Pier Alberto" last="Bertazzi">Pier Alberto Bertazzi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Birnbaum, Linda S" sort="Birnbaum, Linda S" uniqKey="Birnbaum L" first="Linda S." last="Birnbaum">Linda S. Birnbaum</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>NCI, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>NCI, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brownson, Ross C" sort="Brownson, Ross C" uniqKey="Brownson R" first="Ross C." last="Brownson">Ross C. Brownson</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Public Health Sciences, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Missouri (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bucher, John R" sort="Bucher, John R" uniqKey="Bucher J" first="John R." last="Bucher">John R. Bucher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cantor, Kenneth P" sort="Cantor, Kenneth P" uniqKey="Cantor K" first="Kenneth P." last="Cantor">Kenneth P. Cantor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>KP Cantor Environmental LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>KP Cantor Environmental LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cardis, Elisabeth" sort="Cardis, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="Elisabeth" last="Cardis">Elisabeth Cardis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>CREAL, IMIM, and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CREAL, IMIM, and CIBERESP, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cherrie, John W" sort="Cherrie, John W" uniqKey="Cherrie J" first="John W." last="Cherrie">John W. Cherrie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement>
<region type="country">Écosse</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Christiani, David C" sort="Christiani, David C" uniqKey="Christiani D" first="David C." last="Christiani">David C. Christiani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cocco, Pierluigi" sort="Cocco, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Cocco P" first="Pierluigi" last="Cocco">Pierluigi Cocco</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari-Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari-Monserrato, Cagliari</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cagliari</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coggon, David" sort="Coggon, David" uniqKey="Coggon D" first="David" last="Coggon">David Coggon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Southampton</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Comba, Pietro" sort="Comba, Pietro" uniqKey="Comba P" first="Pietro" last="Comba">Pietro Comba</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demers, Paul A" sort="Demers, Paul A" uniqKey="Demers P" first="Paul A." last="Demers">Paul A. Demers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dement, John M" sort="Dement, John M" uniqKey="Dement J" first="John M." last="Dement">John M. Dement</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Douwes, Jeroen" sort="Douwes, Jeroen" uniqKey="Douwes J" first="Jeroen" last="Douwes">Jeroen Douwes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Wellington</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eisen, Ellen A" sort="Eisen, Ellen A" uniqKey="Eisen E" first="Ellen A." last="Eisen">Ellen A. Eisen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Science, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health Science, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Engel, Lawrence S" sort="Engel, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Engel L" first="Lawrence S." last="Engel">Lawrence S. Engel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fenske, Richard A" sort="Fenske, Richard A" uniqKey="Fenske R" first="Richard A." last="Fenske">Richard A. Fenske</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleming, Lora E" sort="Fleming, Lora E" uniqKey="Fleming L" first="Lora E." last="Fleming">Lora E. Fleming</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26"><addr-line>European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cornwall</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Tony" sort="Fletcher, Tony" uniqKey="Fletcher T" first="Tony" last="Fletcher">Tony Fletcher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fontham, Elizabeth" sort="Fontham, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Fontham E" first="Elizabeth" last="Fontham">Elizabeth Fontham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><addr-line>Louisiana State University School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Louisiana State University School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Forastiere, Francesco" sort="Forastiere, Francesco" uniqKey="Forastiere F" first="Francesco" last="Forastiere">Francesco Forastiere</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff29"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frentzel Beyme, Rainer" sort="Frentzel Beyme, Rainer" uniqKey="Frentzel Beyme R" first="Rainer" last="Frentzel-Beyme">Rainer Frentzel-Beyme</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff30"><addr-line>Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Universität Bremen, Bremen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Brême (Land)</region>
<settlement type="city">Brême</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fritschi, Lin" sort="Fritschi, Lin" uniqKey="Fritschi L" first="Lin" last="Fritschi">Lin Fritschi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Western Australia</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gerin, Michel" sort="Gerin, Michel" uniqKey="Gerin M" first="Michel" last="Gerin">Michel Gerin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Marcel" sort="Goldberg, Marcel" uniqKey="Goldberg M" first="Marcel" last="Goldberg">Marcel Goldberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33"><addr-line>Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Inserm UMS 011, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Inserm UMS 011, Villejuif</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Villejuif</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Villejuif</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grandjean, Philippe" sort="Grandjean, Philippe" uniqKey="Grandjean P" first="Philippe" last="Grandjean">Philippe Grandjean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Odense</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grimsrud, Tom K" sort="Grimsrud, Tom K" uniqKey="Grimsrud T" first="Tom K." last="Grimsrud">Tom K. Grimsrud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gustavsson, Per" sort="Gustavsson, Per" uniqKey="Gustavsson P" first="Per" last="Gustavsson">Per Gustavsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff35"><addr-line>Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haines, Andy" sort="Haines, Andy" uniqKey="Haines A" first="Andy" last="Haines">Andy Haines</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartge, Patricia" sort="Hartge, Patricia" uniqKey="Hartge P" first="Patricia" last="Hartge">Patricia Hartge</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hansen, Johnni" sort="Hansen, Johnni" uniqKey="Hansen J" first="Johnni" last="Hansen">Johnni Hansen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff36"><addr-line>Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hauptmann, Michael" sort="Hauptmann, Michael" uniqKey="Hauptmann M" first="Michael" last="Hauptmann">Michael Hauptmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff37"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heederik, Dick" sort="Heederik, Dick" uniqKey="Heederik D" first="Dick" last="Heederik">Dick Heederik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hemminki, Kari" sort="Hemminki, Kari" uniqKey="Hemminki K" first="Kari" last="Hemminki">Kari Hemminki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff39"><addr-line>German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region>
<settlement type="city">Heidelberg</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hemon, Denis" sort="Hemon, Denis" uniqKey="Hemon D" first="Denis" last="Hemon">Denis Hemon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff40"><addr-line>Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cite Center (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Research Group (EPICEA), Paris Descartes University, F-75015, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cite Center (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Research Group (EPICEA), Paris Descartes University, F-75015, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hertz Picciotto, Irva" sort="Hertz Picciotto, Irva" uniqKey="Hertz Picciotto I" first="Irva" last="Hertz-Picciotto">Irva Hertz-Picciotto</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff41"><addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoppin, Jane A" sort="Hoppin, Jane A" uniqKey="Hoppin J" first="Jane A." last="Hoppin">Jane A. Hoppin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff42"><addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huff, James" sort="Huff, James" uniqKey="Huff J" first="James" last="Huff">James Huff</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff43"><addr-line>NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jarvholm, Bengt" sort="Jarvholm, Bengt" uniqKey="Jarvholm B" first="Bengt" last="Jarvholm">Bengt Jarvholm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff44"><addr-line>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Umea</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kang, Daehee" sort="Kang, Daehee" uniqKey="Kang D" first="Daehee" last="Kang">Daehee Kang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff45"><addr-line>College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement>
<region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region>
<settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université nationale de Séoul</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karagas, Margaret R" sort="Karagas, Margaret R" uniqKey="Karagas M" first="Margaret R." last="Karagas">Margaret R. Karagas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff46"><addr-line>Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">New Hampshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kjaerheim, Kristina" sort="Kjaerheim, Kristina" uniqKey="Kjaerheim K" first="Kristina" last="Kjaerheim">Kristina Kjaerheim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kjuus, Helge" sort="Kjuus, Helge" uniqKey="Kjuus H" first="Helge" last="Kjuus">Helge Kjuus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kogevinas, Manolis" sort="Kogevinas, Manolis" uniqKey="Kogevinas M" first="Manolis" last="Kogevinas">Manolis Kogevinas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff48"><addr-line>CREAL, IMIM, and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens Greece</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Athens Greece</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kriebel, David" sort="Kriebel, David" uniqKey="Kriebel D" first="David" last="Kriebel">David Kriebel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff49"><addr-line>Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kristensen, Petter" sort="Kristensen, Petter" uniqKey="Kristensen P" first="Petter" last="Kristensen">Petter Kristensen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kromhout, Hans" sort="Kromhout, Hans" uniqKey="Kromhout H" first="Hans" last="Kromhout">Hans Kromhout</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laden, Francine" sort="Laden, Francine" uniqKey="Laden F" first="Francine" last="Laden">Francine Laden</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lebailly, Pierre" sort="Lebailly, Pierre" uniqKey="Lebailly P" first="Pierre" last="Lebailly">Pierre Lebailly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff50"><addr-line>Centre Francois Baclesse, Universite de Caen, Caen, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre Francois Baclesse, Universite de Caen, Caen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Région Normandie</region>
<region type="old region">Basse-Normandie</region>
<settlement type="city">Caen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lemasters, Grace" sort="Lemasters, Grace" uniqKey="Lemasters G" first="Grace" last="Lemasters">Grace Lemasters</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff51"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lubin, Jay H" sort="Lubin, Jay H" uniqKey="Lubin J" first="Jay H." last="Lubin">Jay H. Lubin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lynch, Charles F" sort="Lynch, Charles F" uniqKey="Lynch C" first="Charles F." last="Lynch">Charles F. Lynch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff52"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Iowa</region>
<settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lynge, Elsebeth" sort="Lynge, Elsebeth" uniqKey="Lynge E" first="Elsebeth" last="Lynge">Elsebeth Lynge</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff53"><addr-line>Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Copenhague</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Hovedstaden</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey=" Mannetje, Andrea" sort=" Mannetje, Andrea" uniqKey=" Mannetje A" first="Andrea" last=" Mannetje">Andrea Mannetje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Wellington</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmichael, Anthony J" sort="Mcmichael, Anthony J" uniqKey="Mcmichael A" first="Anthony J." last="Mcmichael">Anthony J. Mcmichael</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff54"><addr-line>National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Australian Capital Territory</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff101">Deceased</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mclaughlin, John R" sort="Mclaughlin, John R" uniqKey="Mclaughlin J" first="John R." last="Mclaughlin">John R. Mclaughlin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff55"><addr-line>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marrett, Loraine" sort="Marrett, Loraine" uniqKey="Marrett L" first="Loraine" last="Marrett">Loraine Marrett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff56"><addr-line>Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martuzzi, Marco" sort="Martuzzi, Marco" uniqKey="Martuzzi M" first="Marco" last="Martuzzi">Marco Martuzzi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff57"><addr-line>World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Merchant, James A" sort="Merchant, James A" uniqKey="Merchant J" first="James A." last="Merchant">James A. Merchant</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff52"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Iowa</region>
<settlement type="city">Iowa City</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Iowa</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Merler, Enzo" sort="Merler, Enzo" uniqKey="Merler E" first="Enzo" last="Merler">Enzo Merler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff58"><addr-line>Regional Mesothelioma Register, National Health Service, Local Health Authority, Padova, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Regional Mesothelioma Register, National Health Service, Local Health Authority, Padova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Merletti, Franco" sort="Merletti, Franco" uniqKey="Merletti F" first="Franco" last="Merletti">Franco Merletti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff59"><addr-line>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Turin</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Piémont</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miller, Anthony" sort="Miller, Anthony" uniqKey="Miller A" first="Anthony" last="Miller">Anthony Miller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff60"><addr-line>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirer, Franklin E" sort="Mirer, Franklin E" uniqKey="Mirer F" first="Franklin E." last="Mirer">Franklin E. Mirer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff61"><addr-line>City University of New York (CUNY) School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>City University of New York (CUNY) School of Public Health, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monson, Richard" sort="Monson, Richard" uniqKey="Monson R" first="Richard" last="Monson">Richard Monson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nordby, Karl Cristian" sort="Nordby, Karl Cristian" uniqKey="Nordby K" first="Karl-Cristian" last="Nordby">Karl-Cristian Nordby</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Østlandet</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olshan, Andrew F" sort="Olshan, Andrew F" uniqKey="Olshan A" first="Andrew F." last="Olshan">Andrew F. Olshan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parent, Marie Elise" sort="Parent, Marie Elise" uniqKey="Parent M" first="Marie-Elise" last="Parent">Marie-Elise Parent</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, Laval, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perera, Frederica P" sort="Perera, Frederica P" uniqKey="Perera F" first="Frederica P." last="Perera">Frederica P. Perera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff63"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perry, Melissa J" sort="Perry, Melissa J" uniqKey="Perry M" first="Melissa J." last="Perry">Melissa J. Perry</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff64"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">District de Columbia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pesatori, Angela Cecilia" sort="Pesatori, Angela Cecilia" uniqKey="Pesatori A" first="Angela Cecilia" last="Pesatori">Angela Cecilia Pesatori</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Milan</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Lombardie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Roberta" sort="Pirastu, Roberta" uniqKey="Pirastu R" first="Roberta" last="Pirastu">Roberta Pirastu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Latium</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Porta, Miquel" sort="Porta, Miquel" uniqKey="Porta M" first="Miquel" last="Porta">Miquel Porta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff65"><addr-line>IMIM, CIBERESP, and School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IMIM, CIBERESP, and School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université autonome de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pukkala, Eero" sort="Pukkala, Eero" uniqKey="Pukkala E" first="Eero" last="Pukkala">Eero Pukkala</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff66"><addr-line>Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland, and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland, and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Tampere</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rice, Carol" sort="Rice, Carol" uniqKey="Rice C" first="Carol" last="Rice">Carol Rice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff67"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Ohio</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Richardson, David B" sort="Richardson, David B" uniqKey="Richardson D" first="David B." last="Richardson">David B. Richardson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ritter, Leonard" sort="Ritter, Leonard" uniqKey="Ritter L" first="Leonard" last="Ritter">Leonard Ritter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff68"><addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ritz, Beate" sort="Ritz, Beate" uniqKey="Ritz B" first="Beate" last="Ritz">Beate Ritz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff69"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ronckers, Cecile M" sort="Ronckers, Cecile M" uniqKey="Ronckers C" first="Cecile M." last="Ronckers">Cecile M. Ronckers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff70"><addr-line>Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rushton, Lesley" sort="Rushton, Lesley" uniqKey="Rushton L" first="Lesley" last="Rushton">Lesley Rushton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff71"><addr-line>MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rusiecki, Jennifer A" sort="Rusiecki, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Rusiecki J" first="Jennifer A." last="Rusiecki">Jennifer A. Rusiecki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff72"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rusyn, Ivan" sort="Rusyn, Ivan" uniqKey="Rusyn I" first="Ivan" last="Rusyn">Ivan Rusyn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff73"><addr-line>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samet, Jonathan M" sort="Samet, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Samet J" first="Jonathan M." last="Samet">Jonathan M. Samet</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff74"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
<settlement type="city">Los Angeles</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Californie du Sud</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sandler, Dale P" sort="Sandler, Dale P" uniqKey="Sandler D" first="Dale P." last="Sandler">Dale P. Sandler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff75"><addr-line>Epidemiology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Epidemiology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Sanjose, Silvia" sort="De Sanjose, Silvia" uniqKey="De Sanjose S" first="Silvia" last="De Sanjose">Silvia De Sanjose</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff76"><addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Unit of Infections and Cancer, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), CIBERESP Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Unit of Infections and Cancer, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), CIBERESP Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schernhammer, Eva" sort="Schernhammer, Eva" uniqKey="Schernhammer E" first="Eva" last="Schernhammer">Eva Schernhammer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Costantini, Adele Seniori" sort="Costantini, Adele Seniori" uniqKey="Costantini A" first="Adele Seniori" last="Costantini">Adele Seniori Costantini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff77"><addr-line>Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Florence</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seixas, Noah" sort="Seixas, Noah" uniqKey="Seixas N" first="Noah" last="Seixas">Noah Seixas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shy, Carl" sort="Shy, Carl" uniqKey="Shy C" first="Carl" last="Shy">Carl Shy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
<settlement type="city">Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Siemiatycki, Jack" sort="Siemiatycki, Jack" uniqKey="Siemiatycki J" first="Jack" last="Siemiatycki">Jack Siemiatycki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff78"><addr-line>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Quebec</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Silverman, Debra T" sort="Silverman, Debra T" uniqKey="Silverman D" first="Debra T." last="Silverman">Debra T. Silverman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simonato, Lorenzo" sort="Simonato, Lorenzo" uniqKey="Simonato L" first="Lorenzo" last="Simonato">Lorenzo Simonato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff79"><addr-line>Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Allan H" sort="Smith, Allan H" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Allan H." last="Smith">Allan H. Smith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff80"><addr-line>The School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Martyn T" sort="Smith, Martyn T" uniqKey="Smith M" first="Martyn T." last="Smith">Martyn T. Smith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff81"><addr-line>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spinelli, John J" sort="Spinelli, John J" uniqKey="Spinelli J" first="John J." last="Spinelli">John J. Spinelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff82"><addr-line>Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>British Columbia</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spitz, Margaret R" sort="Spitz, Margaret R" uniqKey="Spitz M" first="Margaret R." last="Spitz">Margaret R. Spitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff83"><addr-line>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stallones, Lorann" sort="Stallones, Lorann" uniqKey="Stallones L" first="Lorann" last="Stallones">Lorann Stallones</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff84"><addr-line>Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stayner, Leslie T" sort="Stayner, Leslie T" uniqKey="Stayner L" first="Leslie T." last="Stayner">Leslie T. Stayner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff85"><addr-line>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
<settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steenland, Kyle" sort="Steenland, Kyle" uniqKey="Steenland K" first="Kyle" last="Steenland">Kyle Steenland</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff86"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stenzel, Mark" sort="Stenzel, Mark" uniqKey="Stenzel M" first="Mark" last="Stenzel">Mark Stenzel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff87"><addr-line>Exposure Assessment Applications LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Exposure Assessment Applications LLC, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Bernard W" sort="Stewart, Bernard W" uniqKey="Stewart B" first="Bernard W." last="Stewart">Bernard W. Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff88"><addr-line>Cancer Control Program, South East Sydney Public Health Unit, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Cancer Control Program, South East Sydney Public Health Unit, Randwick, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>New South Wales</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Patricia A" sort="Stewart, Patricia A" uniqKey="Stewart P" first="Patricia A." last="Stewart">Patricia A. Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff89"><addr-line>Stewart Exposure Assessments LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stewart Exposure Assessments LLC, Arlington, Virginia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Symanski, Elaine" sort="Symanski, Elaine" uniqKey="Symanski E" first="Elaine" last="Symanski">Elaine Symanski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff90"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Texas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Terracini, Benedetto" sort="Terracini, Benedetto" uniqKey="Terracini B" first="Benedetto" last="Terracini">Benedetto Terracini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff91"><addr-line>University of Torino and Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica, CPO Piemonte, Torino, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Torino and Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica, CPO Piemonte, Torino</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Turin</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Piémont</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolbert, Paige E" sort="Tolbert, Paige E" uniqKey="Tolbert P" first="Paige E." last="Tolbert">Paige E. Tolbert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff86"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vainio, Harri" sort="Vainio, Harri" uniqKey="Vainio H" first="Harri" last="Vainio">Harri Vainio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff92"><addr-line>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Helsinki</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vena, John" sort="Vena, John" uniqKey="Vena J" first="John" last="Vena">John Vena</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff93"><addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, Roel" sort="Vermeulen, Roel" uniqKey="Vermeulen R" first="Roel" last="Vermeulen">Roel Vermeulen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Utrecht (province)</region>
<settlement type="city">Utrecht</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Utrecht</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Victora, Cesar G" sort="Victora, Cesar G" uniqKey="Victora C" first="Cesar G." last="Victora">Cesar G. Victora</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff94"><addr-line>Universdade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Universdade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ward, Elizabeth M" sort="Ward, Elizabeth M" uniqKey="Ward E" first="Elizabeth M." last="Ward">Elizabeth M. Ward</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff95"><addr-line>American Cancer Society Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>American Cancer Society Inc., Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weinberg, Clarice R" sort="Weinberg, Clarice R" uniqKey="Weinberg C" first="Clarice R." last="Weinberg">Clarice R. Weinberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff96"><addr-line>Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weisenburger, Dennis" sort="Weisenburger, Dennis" uniqKey="Weisenburger D" first="Dennis" last="Weisenburger">Dennis Weisenburger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff97"><addr-line>Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wesseling, Catharina" sort="Wesseling, Catharina" uniqKey="Wesseling C" first="Catharina" last="Wesseling">Catharina Wesseling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff98"><addr-line>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weiderpass, Elisabete" sort="Weiderpass, Elisabete" uniqKey="Weiderpass E" first="Elisabete" last="Weiderpass">Elisabete Weiderpass</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff99"><addr-line>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement>
<region nuts="2">Svealand</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zahm, Shelia Hoar" sort="Zahm, Shelia Hoar" uniqKey="Zahm S" first="Shelia Hoar" last="Zahm">Shelia Hoar Zahm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff100"><addr-line>Shelia Zahm Consulting, Hermon, Maine, USA</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Shelia Zahm Consulting, Hermon, Maine</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maine (État)</region>
</placeName>
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<series><title level="j">Environmental Health Perspectives</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0091-6765</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1552-9924</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Background: Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Programme for the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans has been criticized for several of its evaluations, and also for the approach used to perform these evaluations. Some critics have claimed that failures of IARC Working Groups to recognize study weaknesses and biases of Working Group members have led to inappropriate classification of a number of agents as carcinogenic to humans.</p>
<p>Objectives: The authors of this Commentary are scientists from various disciplines relevant to the identification and hazard evaluation of human carcinogens. We examined criticisms of the IARC classification process to determine the validity of these concerns. Here, we present the results of that examination, review the history of IARC evaluations, and describe how the IARC evaluations are performed.</p>
<p>Discussion: We concluded that these recent criticisms are unconvincing. The procedures employed by IARC to assemble Working Groups of scientists from the various disciplines and the techniques followed to review the literature and perform hazard assessment of various agents provide a balanced evaluation and an appropriate indication of the weight of the evidence. Some disagreement by individual scientists to some evaluations is not evidence of process failure. The review process has been modified over time and will undoubtedly be altered in the future to improve the process. Any process can in theory be improved, and we would support continued review and improvement of the IARC processes. This does not mean, however, that the current procedures are flawed.</p>
<p>Conclusions: The IARC Monographs have made, and continue to make, major contributions to the scientific underpinning for societal actions to improve the public’s health.</p>
<p>Citation: Pearce N, Blair A, Vineis P, Ahrens W, Andersen A, Anto JM, Armstrong BK, Baccarelli AA, Beland FA, Berrington A, Bertazzi PA, Birnbaum LS, Brownson RC, Bucher JR, Cantor KP, Cardis E, Cherrie JW, Christiani DC, Cocco P, Coggon D, Comba P, Demers PA, Dement JM, Douwes J, Eisen EA, Engel LS, Fenske RA, Fleming LE, Fletcher T, Fontham E, Forastiere F, Frentzel-Beyme R, Fritschi L, Gerin M, Goldberg M, Grandjean P, Grimsrud TK, Gustavsson P, Haines A, Hartge P, Hansen J, Hauptmann M, Heederik D, Hemminki K, Hemon D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Hoppin JA, Huff J, Jarvholm B, Kang D, Karagas MR, Kjaerheim K, Kjuus H, Kogevinas M, Kriebel D, Kristensen P, Kromhout H, Laden F, Lebailly P, LeMasters G, Lubin JH, Lynch CF, Lynge E, ‘t Mannetje A, McMichael AJ, McLaughlin JR, Marrett L, Martuzzi M, Merchant JA, Merler E, Merletti F, Miller A, Mirer FE, Monson R, Nordby KC, Olshan AF, Parent ME, Perera FP, Perry MJ, Pesatori AC, Pirastu R, Porta M, Pukkala E, Rice C, Richardson DB, Ritter L, Ritz B, Ronckers CM, Rushton L, Rusiecki JA, Rusyn I, Samet JM, Sandler DP, de Sanjose S, Schernhammer E, Seniori Costantini A, Seixas N, Shy C, Siemiatycki J, Silverman DT, Simonato L, Smith AH, Smith MT, Spinelli JJ, Spitz MR, Stallones L, Stayner LT, Steenland K, Stenzel M, Stewart BW, Stewart PA, Symanski E, Terracini B, Tolbert PE, Vainio H, Vena J, Vermeulen R, Victora CG, Ward EM, Weinberg CR, Weisenburger D, Wesseling C, Weiderpass E, Zahm SH. 2015. IARC Monographs: 40 years of evaluating carcinogenic hazards to humans. Environ Health Perspect 123:507–514; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409149">http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409149</ext-link>
</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="article-commentary"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Environ Health Perspect</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Environ. Health Perspect</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EHP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Environmental Health Perspectives</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0091-6765</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1552-9924</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>NLM-Export</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25712798</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4455595</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ehp.1409149</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.1409149</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Commentary</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>IARC Monographs: 40 Years of Evaluating Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Pearce</surname>
<given-names>Neil</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blair</surname>
<given-names>Aaron</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vineis</surname>
<given-names>Paolo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahrens</surname>
<given-names>Wolfgang</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andersen</surname>
<given-names>Aage</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anto</surname>
<given-names>Josep M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Armstrong</surname>
<given-names>Bruce K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baccarelli</surname>
<given-names>Andrea A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beland</surname>
<given-names>Frederick A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berrington</surname>
<given-names>Amy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bertazzi</surname>
<given-names>Pier Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Birnbaum</surname>
<given-names>Linda S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brownson</surname>
<given-names>Ross C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bucher</surname>
<given-names>John R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cantor</surname>
<given-names>Kenneth P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cardis</surname>
<given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cherrie</surname>
<given-names>John W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Christiani</surname>
<given-names>David C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cocco</surname>
<given-names>Pierluigi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coggon</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Comba</surname>
<given-names>Pietro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Demers</surname>
<given-names>Paul A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dement</surname>
<given-names>John M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>21</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Douwes</surname>
<given-names>Jeroen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eisen</surname>
<given-names>Ellen A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Engel</surname>
<given-names>Lawrence S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fenske</surname>
<given-names>Richard A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fleming</surname>
<given-names>Lora E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>26</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fletcher</surname>
<given-names>Tony</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27"><sup>27</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fontham</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Forastiere</surname>
<given-names>Francesco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29"><sup>29</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frentzel-Beyme</surname>
<given-names>Rainer</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>30</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fritschi</surname>
<given-names>Lin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31"><sup>31</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gerin</surname>
<given-names>Michel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32"><sup>32</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goldberg</surname>
<given-names>Marcel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33"><sup>33</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grandjean</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34"><sup>34</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grimsrud</surname>
<given-names>Tom K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gustavsson</surname>
<given-names>Per</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35"><sup>35</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haines</surname>
<given-names>Andy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27"><sup>27</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hartge</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hansen</surname>
<given-names>Johnni</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36"><sup>36</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hauptmann</surname>
<given-names>Michael</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37"><sup>37</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heederik</surname>
<given-names>Dick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38"><sup>38</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hemminki</surname>
<given-names>Kari</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39"><sup>39</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hemon</surname>
<given-names>Denis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40"><sup>40</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hertz-Picciotto</surname>
<given-names>Irva</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41"><sup>41</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hoppin</surname>
<given-names>Jane A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42"><sup>42</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huff</surname>
<given-names>James</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43"><sup>43</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jarvholm</surname>
<given-names>Bengt</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44"><sup>44</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname>
<given-names>Daehee</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45"><sup>45</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karagas</surname>
<given-names>Margaret R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46"><sup>46</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kjaerheim</surname>
<given-names>Kristina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kjuus</surname>
<given-names>Helge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47"><sup>47</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kogevinas</surname>
<given-names>Manolis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48"><sup>48</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kriebel</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49"><sup>49</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kristensen</surname>
<given-names>Petter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47"><sup>47</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kromhout</surname>
<given-names>Hans</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38"><sup>38</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laden</surname>
<given-names>Francine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lebailly</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50"><sup>50</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>LeMasters</surname>
<given-names>Grace</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51"><sup>51</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lubin</surname>
<given-names>Jay H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lynch</surname>
<given-names>Charles F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52"><sup>52</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lynge</surname>
<given-names>Elsebeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53"><sup>53</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>‘t Mannetje</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McMichael</surname>
<given-names>Anthony J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54"><sup>54</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff101">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McLaughlin</surname>
<given-names>John R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55"><sup>55</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marrett</surname>
<given-names>Loraine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56"><sup>56</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martuzzi</surname>
<given-names>Marco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff57"><sup>57</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Merchant</surname>
<given-names>James A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52"><sup>52</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Merler</surname>
<given-names>Enzo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff58"><sup>58</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Merletti</surname>
<given-names>Franco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff59"><sup>59</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miller</surname>
<given-names>Anthony</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60"><sup>60</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mirer</surname>
<given-names>Franklin E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff61"><sup>61</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Monson</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nordby</surname>
<given-names>Karl-Cristian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47"><sup>47</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Olshan</surname>
<given-names>Andrew F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parent</surname>
<given-names>Marie-Elise</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff62"><sup>62</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perera</surname>
<given-names>Frederica P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff63"><sup>63</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perry</surname>
<given-names>Melissa J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff64"><sup>64</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pesatori</surname>
<given-names>Angela Cecilia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pirastu</surname>
<given-names>Roberta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Porta</surname>
<given-names>Miquel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff65"><sup>65</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pukkala</surname>
<given-names>Eero</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff66"><sup>66</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rice</surname>
<given-names>Carol</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff67"><sup>67</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Richardson</surname>
<given-names>David B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ritter</surname>
<given-names>Leonard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff68"><sup>68</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ritz</surname>
<given-names>Beate</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff69"><sup>69</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ronckers</surname>
<given-names>Cecile M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff70"><sup>70</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rushton</surname>
<given-names>Lesley</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff71"><sup>71</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rusiecki</surname>
<given-names>Jennifer A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff72"><sup>72</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rusyn</surname>
<given-names>Ivan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff73"><sup>73</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Samet</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff74"><sup>74</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sandler</surname>
<given-names>Dale P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff75"><sup>75</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Sanjose</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff76"><sup>76</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schernhammer</surname>
<given-names>Eva</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costantini</surname>
<given-names>Adele Seniori</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff77"><sup>77</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seixas</surname>
<given-names>Noah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shy</surname>
<given-names>Carl</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Siemiatycki</surname>
<given-names>Jack</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff78"><sup>78</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silverman</surname>
<given-names>Debra T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simonato</surname>
<given-names>Lorenzo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff79"><sup>79</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>Allan H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff80"><sup>80</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>Martyn T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff81"><sup>81</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spinelli</surname>
<given-names>John J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff82"><sup>82</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spitz</surname>
<given-names>Margaret R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff83"><sup>83</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stallones</surname>
<given-names>Lorann</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff84"><sup>84</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stayner</surname>
<given-names>Leslie T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff85"><sup>85</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steenland</surname>
<given-names>Kyle</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff86"><sup>86</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stenzel</surname>
<given-names>Mark</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff87"><sup>87</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stewart</surname>
<given-names>Bernard W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff88"><sup>88</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stewart</surname>
<given-names>Patricia A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff89"><sup>89</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Symanski</surname>
<given-names>Elaine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff90"><sup>90</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Terracini</surname>
<given-names>Benedetto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff91"><sup>91</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tolbert</surname>
<given-names>Paige E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff86"><sup>86</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vainio</surname>
<given-names>Harri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff92"><sup>92</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vena</surname>
<given-names>John</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff93"><sup>93</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vermeulen</surname>
<given-names>Roel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38"><sup>38</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Victora</surname>
<given-names>Cesar G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff94"><sup>94</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ward</surname>
<given-names>Elizabeth M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff95"><sup>95</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weinberg</surname>
<given-names>Clarice R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff96"><sup>96</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weisenburger</surname>
<given-names>Dennis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff97"><sup>97</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wesseling</surname>
<given-names>Catharina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff98"><sup>98</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weiderpass</surname>
<given-names>Elisabete</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff99"><sup>99</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zahm</surname>
<given-names>Shelia Hoar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff100"><sup>100</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Imperial College, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), and CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney and Sax Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>
<addr-line>Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10"><label>10</label>
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11"><label>11</label>
<addr-line>NCI, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12"><label>12</label>
<addr-line>Division of Public Health Sciences, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13"><label>13</label>
<addr-line>Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14"><label>14</label>
<addr-line>KP Cantor Environmental LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15"><label>15</label>
<addr-line>CREAL, IMIM, and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16"><label>16</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17"><label>17</label>
<addr-line>Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari-Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff18"><label>18</label>
<addr-line>MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff19"><label>19</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Charles Darwin” Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff20"><label>20</label>
<addr-line>Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff21"><label>21</label>
<addr-line>Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff22"><label>22</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff23"><label>23</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Science, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff24"><label>24</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff25"><label>25</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff26"><label>26</label>
<addr-line>European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff27"><label>27</label>
<addr-line>Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff28"><label>28</label>
<addr-line>Louisiana State University School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff29"><label>29</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff30"><label>30</label>
<addr-line>Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff31"><label>31</label>
<addr-line>School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff32"><label>32</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff33"><label>33</label>
<addr-line>Population-based Epidemiological Cohorts Unit, Inserm UMS 011, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff34"><label>34</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff35"><label>35</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff36"><label>36</label>
<addr-line>Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff37"><label>37</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff38"><label>38</label>
<addr-line>Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff39"><label>39</label>
<addr-line>German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff40"><label>40</label>
<addr-line>Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cite Center (CRESS), INSERM, UMR 1153, Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Research Group (EPICEA), Paris Descartes University, F-75015, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff41"><label>41</label>
<addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff42"><label>42</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff43"><label>43</label>
<addr-line>NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff44"><label>44</label>
<addr-line>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff45"><label>45</label>
<addr-line>College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff46"><label>46</label>
<addr-line>Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff47"><label>47</label>
<addr-line>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff48"><label>48</label>
<addr-line>CREAL, IMIM, and CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens Greece</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff49"><label>49</label>
<addr-line>Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff50"><label>50</label>
<addr-line>Centre Francois Baclesse, Universite de Caen, Caen, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff51"><label>51</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff52"><label>52</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff53"><label>53</label>
<addr-line>Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff54"><label>54</label>
<addr-line>National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff55"><label>55</label>
<addr-line>Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff56"><label>56</label>
<addr-line>Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff57"><label>57</label>
<addr-line>World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff58"><label>58</label>
<addr-line>Regional Mesothelioma Register, National Health Service, Local Health Authority, Padova, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff59"><label>59</label>
<addr-line>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff60"><label>60</label>
<addr-line>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff61"><label>61</label>
<addr-line>City University of New York (CUNY) School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff62"><label>62</label>
<addr-line>INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Universite du Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff63"><label>63</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff64"><label>64</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff65"><label>65</label>
<addr-line>IMIM, CIBERESP, and School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff66"><label>66</label>
<addr-line>Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland, and School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff67"><label>67</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff68"><label>68</label>
<addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff69"><label>69</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff70"><label>70</label>
<addr-line>Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff71"><label>71</label>
<addr-line>MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff72"><label>72</label>
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff73"><label>73</label>
<addr-line>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff74"><label>74</label>
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff75"><label>75</label>
<addr-line>Epidemiology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff76"><label>76</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Unit of Infections and Cancer, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), CIBERESP Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff77"><label>77</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff78"><label>78</label>
<addr-line>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Ecole de Santé Publique, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff79"><label>79</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff80"><label>80</label>
<addr-line>The School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff81"><label>81</label>
<addr-line>Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff82"><label>82</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff83"><label>83</label>
<addr-line>Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff84"><label>84</label>
<addr-line>Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff85"><label>85</label>
<addr-line>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff86"><label>86</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff87"><label>87</label>
<addr-line>Exposure Assessment Applications LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff88"><label>88</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Control Program, South East Sydney Public Health Unit, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff89"><label>89</label>
<addr-line>Stewart Exposure Assessments LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff90"><label>90</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff91"><label>91</label>
<addr-line>University of Torino and Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica, CPO Piemonte, Torino, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff92"><label>92</label>
<addr-line>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff93"><label>93</label>
<addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff94"><label>94</label>
<addr-line>Universdade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff95"><label>95</label>
<addr-line>American Cancer Society Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff96"><label>96</label>
<addr-line>Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff97"><label>97</label>
<addr-line>Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff98"><label>98</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff99"><label>99</label>
<addr-line>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff100"><label>100</label>
<addr-line>Shelia Zahm Consulting, Hermon, Maine, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff101"><label>*</label>
Deceased</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Address correspondence to N. Pearce, Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom. Telephone: 44-20-7958-8151. E-mail: <email>neil.pearce@lshtm.ac.uk</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>123</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>507</fpage>
<lpage>514</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>20</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date><day>24</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date><day>01</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" license-type="public-domain"><license-p>Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, “Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives”); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. </license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Background: Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Programme for the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans has been criticized for several of its evaluations, and also for the approach used to perform these evaluations. Some critics have claimed that failures of IARC Working Groups to recognize study weaknesses and biases of Working Group members have led to inappropriate classification of a number of agents as carcinogenic to humans.</p>
<p>Objectives: The authors of this Commentary are scientists from various disciplines relevant to the identification and hazard evaluation of human carcinogens. We examined criticisms of the IARC classification process to determine the validity of these concerns. Here, we present the results of that examination, review the history of IARC evaluations, and describe how the IARC evaluations are performed.</p>
<p>Discussion: We concluded that these recent criticisms are unconvincing. The procedures employed by IARC to assemble Working Groups of scientists from the various disciplines and the techniques followed to review the literature and perform hazard assessment of various agents provide a balanced evaluation and an appropriate indication of the weight of the evidence. Some disagreement by individual scientists to some evaluations is not evidence of process failure. The review process has been modified over time and will undoubtedly be altered in the future to improve the process. Any process can in theory be improved, and we would support continued review and improvement of the IARC processes. This does not mean, however, that the current procedures are flawed.</p>
<p>Conclusions: The IARC Monographs have made, and continue to make, major contributions to the scientific underpinning for societal actions to improve the public’s health.</p>
<p>Citation: Pearce N, Blair A, Vineis P, Ahrens W, Andersen A, Anto JM, Armstrong BK, Baccarelli AA, Beland FA, Berrington A, Bertazzi PA, Birnbaum LS, Brownson RC, Bucher JR, Cantor KP, Cardis E, Cherrie JW, Christiani DC, Cocco P, Coggon D, Comba P, Demers PA, Dement JM, Douwes J, Eisen EA, Engel LS, Fenske RA, Fleming LE, Fletcher T, Fontham E, Forastiere F, Frentzel-Beyme R, Fritschi L, Gerin M, Goldberg M, Grandjean P, Grimsrud TK, Gustavsson P, Haines A, Hartge P, Hansen J, Hauptmann M, Heederik D, Hemminki K, Hemon D, Hertz-Picciotto I, Hoppin JA, Huff J, Jarvholm B, Kang D, Karagas MR, Kjaerheim K, Kjuus H, Kogevinas M, Kriebel D, Kristensen P, Kromhout H, Laden F, Lebailly P, LeMasters G, Lubin JH, Lynch CF, Lynge E, ‘t Mannetje A, McMichael AJ, McLaughlin JR, Marrett L, Martuzzi M, Merchant JA, Merler E, Merletti F, Miller A, Mirer FE, Monson R, Nordby KC, Olshan AF, Parent ME, Perera FP, Perry MJ, Pesatori AC, Pirastu R, Porta M, Pukkala E, Rice C, Richardson DB, Ritter L, Ritz B, Ronckers CM, Rushton L, Rusiecki JA, Rusyn I, Samet JM, Sandler DP, de Sanjose S, Schernhammer E, Seniori Costantini A, Seixas N, Shy C, Siemiatycki J, Silverman DT, Simonato L, Smith AH, Smith MT, Spinelli JJ, Spitz MR, Stallones L, Stayner LT, Steenland K, Stenzel M, Stewart BW, Stewart PA, Symanski E, Terracini B, Tolbert PE, Vainio H, Vena J, Vermeulen R, Victora CG, Ward EM, Weinberg CR, Weisenburger D, Wesseling C, Weiderpass E, Zahm SH. 2015. IARC Monographs: 40 years of evaluating carcinogenic hazards to humans. Environ Health Perspect 123:507–514; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409149">http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409149</ext-link>
</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Brésil</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>Corée du Sud</li>
<li>Danemark</li>
<li>Espagne</li>
<li>Finlande</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Norvège</li>
<li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suède</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Arkansas</li>
<li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li>
<li>Basse-Normandie</li>
<li>Brême (Land)</li>
<li>Californie</li>
<li>Caroline du Nord</li>
<li>Caroline du Sud</li>
<li>Catalogne</li>
<li>Colorado</li>
<li>District de Cologne</li>
<li>District de Columbia</li>
<li>District de Karlsruhe</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
<li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li>
<li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li>
<li>Hovedstaden</li>
<li>Illinois</li>
<li>Iowa</li>
<li>Latium</li>
<li>Lombardie</li>
<li>Louisiane</li>
<li>Maine (État)</li>
<li>Maryland</li>
<li>Massachusetts</li>
<li>Missouri (État)</li>
<li>New Hampshire</li>
<li>Ohio</li>
<li>Ontario</li>
<li>Piémont</li>
<li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li>
<li>Rio Grande do Sul</li>
<li>Région Normandie</li>
<li>Région capitale de Séoul</li>
<li>Svealand</li>
<li>Texas</li>
<li>Utrecht (province)</li>
<li>Virginie</li>
<li>Washington (État)</li>
<li>Écosse</li>
<li>État de New York</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
<li>Østlandet</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Amsterdam</li>
<li>Barcelone</li>
<li>Bonn</li>
<li>Brême</li>
<li>Caen</li>
<li>Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</li>
<li>Chicago</li>
<li>Copenhague</li>
<li>Heidelberg</li>
<li>Iowa City</li>
<li>Londres</li>
<li>Los Angeles</li>
<li>Milan</li>
<li>New York</li>
<li>Oslo</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Rome</li>
<li>Stockholm</li>
<li>Séoul</li>
<li>Toronto</li>
<li>Turin</li>
<li>Utrecht</li>
<li>Édimbourg</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université Columbia</li>
<li>Université Pompeu Fabra</li>
<li>Université autonome de Barcelone</li>
<li>Université d'Utrecht</li>
<li>Université de Californie du Sud</li>
<li>Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</li>
<li>Université de Toronto</li>
<li>Université de l'Illinois à Chicago</li>
<li>Université de l'Iowa</li>
<li>Université nationale de Séoul</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Kogevinas, Manolis" sort="Kogevinas, Manolis" uniqKey="Kogevinas M" first="Manolis" last="Kogevinas">Manolis Kogevinas</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Pearce, Neil" sort="Pearce, Neil" uniqKey="Pearce N" first="Neil" last="Pearce">Neil Pearce</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Cherrie, John W" sort="Cherrie, John W" uniqKey="Cherrie J" first="John W." last="Cherrie">John W. Cherrie</name>
<name sortKey="Coggon, David" sort="Coggon, David" uniqKey="Coggon D" first="David" last="Coggon">David Coggon</name>
<name sortKey="Fleming, Lora E" sort="Fleming, Lora E" uniqKey="Fleming L" first="Lora E." last="Fleming">Lora E. Fleming</name>
<name sortKey="Fletcher, Tony" sort="Fletcher, Tony" uniqKey="Fletcher T" first="Tony" last="Fletcher">Tony Fletcher</name>
<name sortKey="Haines, Andy" sort="Haines, Andy" uniqKey="Haines A" first="Andy" last="Haines">Andy Haines</name>
<name sortKey="Rushton, Lesley" sort="Rushton, Lesley" uniqKey="Rushton L" first="Lesley" last="Rushton">Lesley Rushton</name>
<name sortKey="Vineis, Paolo" sort="Vineis, Paolo" uniqKey="Vineis P" first="Paolo" last="Vineis">Paolo Vineis</name>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Maryland"><name sortKey="Blair, Aaron" sort="Blair, Aaron" uniqKey="Blair A" first="Aaron" last="Blair">Aaron Blair</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Baccarelli, Andrea A" sort="Baccarelli, Andrea A" uniqKey="Baccarelli A" first="Andrea A." last="Baccarelli">Andrea A. Baccarelli</name>
<name sortKey="Beland, Frederick A" sort="Beland, Frederick A" uniqKey="Beland F" first="Frederick A." last="Beland">Frederick A. Beland</name>
<name sortKey="Berrington, Amy" sort="Berrington, Amy" uniqKey="Berrington A" first="Amy" last="Berrington">Amy Berrington</name>
<name sortKey="Birnbaum, Linda S" sort="Birnbaum, Linda S" uniqKey="Birnbaum L" first="Linda S." last="Birnbaum">Linda S. Birnbaum</name>
<name sortKey="Brownson, Ross C" sort="Brownson, Ross C" uniqKey="Brownson R" first="Ross C." last="Brownson">Ross C. Brownson</name>
<name sortKey="Bucher, John R" sort="Bucher, John R" uniqKey="Bucher J" first="John R." last="Bucher">John R. Bucher</name>
<name sortKey="Cantor, Kenneth P" sort="Cantor, Kenneth P" uniqKey="Cantor K" first="Kenneth P." last="Cantor">Kenneth P. Cantor</name>
<name sortKey="Christiani, David C" sort="Christiani, David C" uniqKey="Christiani D" first="David C." last="Christiani">David C. Christiani</name>
<name sortKey="Dement, John M" sort="Dement, John M" uniqKey="Dement J" first="John M." last="Dement">John M. Dement</name>
<name sortKey="Eisen, Ellen A" sort="Eisen, Ellen A" uniqKey="Eisen E" first="Ellen A." last="Eisen">Ellen A. Eisen</name>
<name sortKey="Engel, Lawrence S" sort="Engel, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Engel L" first="Lawrence S." last="Engel">Lawrence S. Engel</name>
<name sortKey="Fenske, Richard A" sort="Fenske, Richard A" uniqKey="Fenske R" first="Richard A." last="Fenske">Richard A. Fenske</name>
<name sortKey="Fontham, Elizabeth" sort="Fontham, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Fontham E" first="Elizabeth" last="Fontham">Elizabeth Fontham</name>
<name sortKey="Hartge, Patricia" sort="Hartge, Patricia" uniqKey="Hartge P" first="Patricia" last="Hartge">Patricia Hartge</name>
<name sortKey="Hertz Picciotto, Irva" sort="Hertz Picciotto, Irva" uniqKey="Hertz Picciotto I" first="Irva" last="Hertz-Picciotto">Irva Hertz-Picciotto</name>
<name sortKey="Hoppin, Jane A" sort="Hoppin, Jane A" uniqKey="Hoppin J" first="Jane A." last="Hoppin">Jane A. Hoppin</name>
<name sortKey="Huff, James" sort="Huff, James" uniqKey="Huff J" first="James" last="Huff">James Huff</name>
<name sortKey="Karagas, Margaret R" sort="Karagas, Margaret R" uniqKey="Karagas M" first="Margaret R." last="Karagas">Margaret R. Karagas</name>
<name sortKey="Kriebel, David" sort="Kriebel, David" uniqKey="Kriebel D" first="David" last="Kriebel">David Kriebel</name>
<name sortKey="Laden, Francine" sort="Laden, Francine" uniqKey="Laden F" first="Francine" last="Laden">Francine Laden</name>
<name sortKey="Lemasters, Grace" sort="Lemasters, Grace" uniqKey="Lemasters G" first="Grace" last="Lemasters">Grace Lemasters</name>
<name sortKey="Lubin, Jay H" sort="Lubin, Jay H" uniqKey="Lubin J" first="Jay H." last="Lubin">Jay H. Lubin</name>
<name sortKey="Lynch, Charles F" sort="Lynch, Charles F" uniqKey="Lynch C" first="Charles F." last="Lynch">Charles F. Lynch</name>
<name sortKey="Merchant, James A" sort="Merchant, James A" uniqKey="Merchant J" first="James A." last="Merchant">James A. Merchant</name>
<name sortKey="Mirer, Franklin E" sort="Mirer, Franklin E" uniqKey="Mirer F" first="Franklin E." last="Mirer">Franklin E. Mirer</name>
<name sortKey="Monson, Richard" sort="Monson, Richard" uniqKey="Monson R" first="Richard" last="Monson">Richard Monson</name>
<name sortKey="Olshan, Andrew F" sort="Olshan, Andrew F" uniqKey="Olshan A" first="Andrew F." last="Olshan">Andrew F. Olshan</name>
<name sortKey="Perera, Frederica P" sort="Perera, Frederica P" uniqKey="Perera F" first="Frederica P." last="Perera">Frederica P. Perera</name>
<name sortKey="Perry, Melissa J" sort="Perry, Melissa J" uniqKey="Perry M" first="Melissa J." last="Perry">Melissa J. Perry</name>
<name sortKey="Rice, Carol" sort="Rice, Carol" uniqKey="Rice C" first="Carol" last="Rice">Carol Rice</name>
<name sortKey="Richardson, David B" sort="Richardson, David B" uniqKey="Richardson D" first="David B." last="Richardson">David B. Richardson</name>
<name sortKey="Ritz, Beate" sort="Ritz, Beate" uniqKey="Ritz B" first="Beate" last="Ritz">Beate Ritz</name>
<name sortKey="Rusiecki, Jennifer A" sort="Rusiecki, Jennifer A" uniqKey="Rusiecki J" first="Jennifer A." last="Rusiecki">Jennifer A. Rusiecki</name>
<name sortKey="Rusyn, Ivan" sort="Rusyn, Ivan" uniqKey="Rusyn I" first="Ivan" last="Rusyn">Ivan Rusyn</name>
<name sortKey="Samet, Jonathan M" sort="Samet, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Samet J" first="Jonathan M." last="Samet">Jonathan M. Samet</name>
<name sortKey="Sandler, Dale P" sort="Sandler, Dale P" uniqKey="Sandler D" first="Dale P." last="Sandler">Dale P. Sandler</name>
<name sortKey="Schernhammer, Eva" sort="Schernhammer, Eva" uniqKey="Schernhammer E" first="Eva" last="Schernhammer">Eva Schernhammer</name>
<name sortKey="Seixas, Noah" sort="Seixas, Noah" uniqKey="Seixas N" first="Noah" last="Seixas">Noah Seixas</name>
<name sortKey="Shy, Carl" sort="Shy, Carl" uniqKey="Shy C" first="Carl" last="Shy">Carl Shy</name>
<name sortKey="Silverman, Debra T" sort="Silverman, Debra T" uniqKey="Silverman D" first="Debra T." last="Silverman">Debra T. Silverman</name>
<name sortKey="Smith, Allan H" sort="Smith, Allan H" uniqKey="Smith A" first="Allan H." last="Smith">Allan H. Smith</name>
<name sortKey="Smith, Martyn T" sort="Smith, Martyn T" uniqKey="Smith M" first="Martyn T." last="Smith">Martyn T. Smith</name>
<name sortKey="Spitz, Margaret R" sort="Spitz, Margaret R" uniqKey="Spitz M" first="Margaret R." last="Spitz">Margaret R. Spitz</name>
<name sortKey="Stallones, Lorann" sort="Stallones, Lorann" uniqKey="Stallones L" first="Lorann" last="Stallones">Lorann Stallones</name>
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