The Dynamics of Speed Selection and Psycho-Physiological Load during a Mountain Ultramarathon
Identifieur interne : 000C87 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000C86; suivant : 000C88The Dynamics of Speed Selection and Psycho-Physiological Load during a Mountain Ultramarathon
Auteurs : Hugo A. Kerhervé [Australie, France] ; Guillaume Y. Millet [Canada, France] ; Colin Solomon [Australie]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Exercise intensity during ultramarathons (UM) is expected to be regulated as a result of the development of psycho-physiological strain and in anticipation of perceived difficulties (duration, topography). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of speed, heart rate and perceived exertion during a long trail UM in a mountainous setting.
Fifteen participants were recruited from competitors in a 106 km trail mountain UM with a total elevation gain and loss of 5870 m. Speed and gradient, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (dissociated between the general [RPEGEN] and knee extensor fatigue [RPEKE] and collected using a voice recorder) were measured during the UM. Self-selected speed at three gradients (level, negative, positive), HR, RPEGEN and RPEKE were determined for each 10% section of total event duration (TED).
The participants completed the event in 18.3 ± 3.0 h, for a total calculated distance of 105.6 ± 1.8 km. Speed at all gradients decreased, and HR at all gradients significantly decreased from 10% to 70%, 80% and 90%, but not 100% of TED. RPEGEN and RPEKE increased throughout the event. Speed increased from 90% to 100% of TED at all gradients. Average speed was significantly correlated with total time stopped (r = -.772; p = .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.15, -0.39) and the magnitude of speed loss (r = .540; p = .038; 95% CI = -1.04, -0.03), but not with the variability of speed (r = -.475; p = .073; 95% CI = -1.00, 0.05).
Participants in a mountain UM event combined positive pacing strategies (speed decreased until 70–90% of TED), an increased speed in the last 10% of the event, a decrease in HR at 70–90% of TED, and an increase in RPEGEN and RPEKE in the last 30% of the event. A greater speed loss and less total time stopped were the factors associated with increased total performance. These results could be explained by theoretical perspectives of a complex regulatory system modulating motor drive in anticipation of perceived difficulties such as elevation changes.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145482
PubMed: 26691599
PubMed Central: 4687124
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Kerhervé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sippy Downs</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, EA-4338, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, EA-4338, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Le Bourget-du-Lac</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Le Bourget-du-Lac</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Millet, Guillaume Y" sort="Millet, Guillaume Y" uniqKey="Millet G" first="Guillaume Y." last="Millet">Guillaume Y. Millet</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>42023, Saint–Etienne</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>42023, Saint–Etienne</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Solomon, Colin" sort="Solomon, Colin" uniqKey="Solomon C" first="Colin" last="Solomon">Colin Solomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sippy Downs</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26691599</idno><idno type="pmc">4687124</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687124</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4687124</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0145482</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000349</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000349</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000349</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000349</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000C87</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000C87</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Dynamics of Speed Selection and Psycho-Physiological Load during a Mountain Ultramarathon</title><author><name sortKey="Kerherve, Hugo A" sort="Kerherve, Hugo A" uniqKey="Kerherve H" first="Hugo A." last="Kerhervé">Hugo A. Kerhervé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sippy Downs</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, EA-4338, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, EA-4338, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Le Bourget-du-Lac</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Le Bourget-du-Lac</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Millet, Guillaume Y" sort="Millet, Guillaume Y" uniqKey="Millet G" first="Guillaume Y." last="Millet">Guillaume Y. Millet</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Calgary</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Calgary</settlement><region type="state">Alberta</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>42023, Saint–Etienne</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>42023, Saint–Etienne</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Solomon, Colin" sort="Solomon, Colin" uniqKey="Solomon C" first="Colin" last="Solomon">Colin Solomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sippy Downs</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Exercise intensity during ultramarathons (UM) is expected to be regulated as a result of the development of psycho-physiological strain and in anticipation of perceived difficulties (duration, topography). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of speed, heart rate and perceived exertion during a long trail UM in a mountainous setting.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>Fifteen participants were recruited from competitors in a 106 km trail mountain UM with a total elevation gain and loss of 5870 m. Speed and gradient, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (dissociated between the general [RPE<sub>GEN</sub>] and knee extensor fatigue [RPE<sub>KE</sub>] and collected using a voice recorder) were measured during the UM. Self-selected speed at three gradients (level, negative, positive), HR, RPE<sub>GEN</sub> and RPE<sub>KE</sub> were determined for each 10% section of total event duration (TED).</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>The participants completed the event in 18.3 ± 3.0 h, for a total calculated distance of 105.6 ± 1.8 km. Speed at all gradients decreased, and HR at all gradients significantly decreased from 10% to 70%, 80% and 90%, but not 100% of TED. RPE<sub>GEN</sub> and RPE<sub>KE</sub> increased throughout the event. Speed increased from 90% to 100% of TED at all gradients. Average speed was significantly correlated with total time stopped (r = -.772; p = .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.15, -0.39) and the magnitude of speed loss (r = .540; p = .038; 95% CI = -1.04, -0.03), but not with the variability of speed (r = -.475; p = .073; 95% CI = -1.00, 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Participants in a mountain UM event combined positive pacing strategies (speed decreased until 70–90% of TED), an increased speed in the last 10% of the event, a decrease in HR at 70–90% of TED, and an increase in RPE<sub>GEN</sub> and RPE<sub>KE</sub> in the last 30% of the event. A greater speed loss and less total time stopped were the factors associated with increased total performance. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26691599</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4687124</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0145482</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-44730</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Dynamics of Speed Selection and Psycho-Physiological Load during a Mountain Ultramarathon</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Psycho-Physiological Load during a Mountain Ultramarathon</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kerhervé</surname><given-names>Hugo A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Millet</surname><given-names>Guillaume Y.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Solomon</surname><given-names>Colin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, EA-4338, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Exercice, Université de Lyon, F–42023, Saint–Etienne, France</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Tauler</surname><given-names>Pedro</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of the Balearic Islands, SPAIN</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: HK CS. Performed the experiments: HK GM. Analyzed the data: HK CS. Wrote the paper: HK CS GM.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>hugo-alain.kerherve@univ-smb.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>12</issue><elocation-id>e0145482</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 Kerhervé et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Kerhervé et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0145482.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Exercise intensity during ultramarathons (UM) is expected to be regulated as a result of the development of psycho-physiological strain and in anticipation of perceived difficulties (duration, topography). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of speed, heart rate and perceived exertion during a long trail UM in a mountainous setting.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>Fifteen participants were recruited from competitors in a 106 km trail mountain UM with a total elevation gain and loss of 5870 m. Speed and gradient, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (dissociated between the general [RPE<sub>GEN</sub>] and knee extensor fatigue [RPE<sub>KE</sub>] and collected using a voice recorder) were measured during the UM. Self-selected speed at three gradients (level, negative, positive), HR, RPE<sub>GEN</sub> and RPE<sub>KE</sub> were determined for each 10% section of total event duration (TED).</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>The participants completed the event in 18.3 ± 3.0 h, for a total calculated distance of 105.6 ± 1.8 km. Speed at all gradients decreased, and HR at all gradients significantly decreased from 10% to 70%, 80% and 90%, but not 100% of TED. RPE<sub>GEN</sub> and RPE<sub>KE</sub> increased throughout the event. Speed increased from 90% to 100% of TED at all gradients. Average speed was significantly correlated with total time stopped (r = -.772; p = .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.15, -0.39) and the magnitude of speed loss (r = .540; p = .038; 95% CI = -1.04, -0.03), but not with the variability of speed (r = -.475; p = .073; 95% CI = -1.00, 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Participants in a mountain UM event combined positive pacing strategies (speed decreased until 70–90% of TED), an increased speed in the last 10% of the event, a decrease in HR at 70–90% of TED, and an increase in RPE<sub>GEN</sub> and RPE<sub>KE</sub> in the last 30% of the event. A greater speed loss and less total time stopped were the factors associated with increased total performance. These results could be explained by theoretical perspectives of a complex regulatory system modulating motor drive in anticipation of perceived difficulties such as elevation changes.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>No specific funding was used for this study. The first author was supported by university research funds and scholarship (USC and Queensland Education and Training).</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="4"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><page-count count="13"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li></country><region><li>Alberta</li></region><settlement><li>Calgary</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Calgary</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kerherve, Hugo A" sort="Kerherve, Hugo A" uniqKey="Kerherve H" first="Hugo A." last="Kerhervé">Hugo A. Kerhervé</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Solomon, Colin" sort="Solomon, Colin" uniqKey="Solomon C" first="Colin" last="Solomon">Colin Solomon</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kerherve, Hugo A" sort="Kerherve, Hugo A" uniqKey="Kerherve H" first="Hugo A." last="Kerhervé">Hugo A. Kerhervé</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Millet, Guillaume Y" sort="Millet, Guillaume Y" uniqKey="Millet G" first="Guillaume Y." last="Millet">Guillaume Y. Millet</name></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Alberta"><name sortKey="Millet, Guillaume Y" sort="Millet, Guillaume Y" uniqKey="Millet G" first="Guillaume Y." last="Millet">Guillaume Y. Millet</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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