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The aliphatic amidase AmiE is involved in regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence

Identifieur interne : 000056 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000055; suivant : 000057

The aliphatic amidase AmiE is involved in regulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence

Auteurs : Thomas Clamens [France] ; Thibaut Rosay [France] ; Alexandre Crépin [France] ; Teddy Grandjean [France] ; Takfarinas Kentache [France] ; Julie Hardouin [France] ; Perrine Bortolotti [France] ; Anke Neidig [Allemagne] ; Marlies Mooij [Irlande (pays)] ; Mélanie Hillion [France] ; Julien Vieillard [France] ; Pascal Cosette [France] ; Joerg Overhage [Allemagne] ; Fergal O Ara [Irlande (pays), Australie] ; Emeline Bouffartigues [France] ; Alain Dufour [France] ; Sylvie Chevalier [France] ; Benoit Guery [France] ; Pierre Cornelis [France] ; Marc G. J. Feuilloley [France] ; Olivier Lesouhaitier [France]

Source :

RBID : PMC:5259723

Abstract

We have previously shown that the eukaryotic C-type natriuretic peptide hormone (CNP) regulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and biofilm formation after binding on the AmiC sensor, triggering the amiE transcription. Herein, the involvement of the aliphatic amidase AmiE in P. aeruginosa virulence regulation has been investigated. The proteome analysis of an AmiE over-producing strain (AmiE+) revealed an expression change for 138 proteins, including some that are involved in motility, synthesis of quorum sensing compounds and virulence regulation. We observed that the AmiE+ strain produced less biofilm compared to the wild type, and over-produced rhamnolipids. In the same line, AmiE is involved in P. aeruginosa motilities (swarming and twitching) and production of the quorum sensing molecules N-acyl homoserine lactones and Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS). We observed that AmiE overproduction reduced levels of HCN and pyocyanin causing a decreased virulence in different hosts (i.e. Dictyostelium discoideum and Caenorhabditis elegans). This phenotype was further confirmed in a mouse model of acute lung infection, in which AmiE overproduction resulted in an almost fully virulence decrease. Taken together, our data suggest that, in addition to its role in bacterial secondary metabolism, AmiE is involved in P. aeruginosa virulence regulation by modulating pilus synthesis and cell-to-cell communication.


Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep41178
PubMed: 28117457
PubMed Central: 5259723


Affiliations:


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PMC:5259723

Le document en format XML

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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Dufour, Alain" sort="Dufour, Alain" uniqKey="Dufour A" first="Alain" last="Dufour">Alain Dufour</name>
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<name sortKey="Chevalier, Sylvie" sort="Chevalier, Sylvie" uniqKey="Chevalier S" first="Sylvie" last="Chevalier">Sylvie Chevalier</name>
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<name sortKey="Guery, Benoit" sort="Guery, Benoit" uniqKey="Guery B" first="Benoit" last="Guery">Benoit Guery</name>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The aliphatic amidase AmiE is involved in regulation of
<italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
virulence</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Clamens, Thomas" sort="Clamens, Thomas" uniqKey="Clamens T" first="Thomas" last="Clamens">Thomas Clamens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
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<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rosay, Thibaut" sort="Rosay, Thibaut" uniqKey="Rosay T" first="Thibaut" last="Rosay">Thibaut Rosay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<name sortKey="Crepin, Alexandre" sort="Crepin, Alexandre" uniqKey="Crepin A" first="Alexandre" last="Crépin">Alexandre Crépin</name>
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<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>Univ. Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM</institution>
, Lorient,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Grandjean, Teddy" sort="Grandjean, Teddy" uniqKey="Grandjean T" first="Teddy" last="Grandjean">Teddy Grandjean</name>
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<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Hardouin, Julie" sort="Hardouin, Julie" uniqKey="Hardouin J" first="Julie" last="Hardouin">Julie Hardouin</name>
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, Mont-Saint-Aignan,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Bortolotti, Perrine" sort="Bortolotti, Perrine" uniqKey="Bortolotti P" first="Perrine" last="Bortolotti">Perrine Bortolotti</name>
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, Lille,
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Neidig, Anke" sort="Neidig, Anke" uniqKey="Neidig A" first="Anke" last="Neidig">Anke Neidig</name>
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<institution>Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces</institution>
, PO Box 3640, Karlsruhe,
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Mooij, Marlies" sort="Mooij, Marlies" uniqKey="Mooij M" first="Marlies" last="Mooij">Marlies Mooij</name>
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<institution>BIOMERIT Research Centre, University College Cork</institution>
, Cork,
<country>Ireland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Irlande (pays)</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Hillion, Melanie" sort="Hillion, Melanie" uniqKey="Hillion M" first="Mélanie" last="Hillion">Mélanie Hillion</name>
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<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Vieillard, Julien" sort="Vieillard, Julien" uniqKey="Vieillard J" first="Julien" last="Vieillard">Julien Vieillard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a7">
<institution>Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014)</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Cosette, Pascal" sort="Cosette, Pascal" uniqKey="Cosette P" first="Pascal" last="Cosette">Pascal Cosette</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a4">
<institution>Laboratory « Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces » (UMR 6270 CNRS), Proteomic Platform PISSARO, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Mont-Saint-Aignan,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Overhage, Joerg" sort="Overhage, Joerg" uniqKey="Overhage J" first="Joerg" last="Overhage">Joerg Overhage</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a5">
<institution>Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces</institution>
, PO Box 3640, Karlsruhe,
<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<name sortKey="O Ara, Fergal" sort="O Ara, Fergal" uniqKey="O Ara F" first="Fergal" last="O Ara">Fergal O Ara</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a6">
<institution>BIOMERIT Research Centre, University College Cork</institution>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Irlande (pays)</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a8">
<institution>School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University</institution>
, Perth,
<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bouffartigues, Emeline" sort="Bouffartigues, Emeline" uniqKey="Bouffartigues E" first="Emeline" last="Bouffartigues">Emeline Bouffartigues</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dufour, Alain" sort="Dufour, Alain" uniqKey="Dufour A" first="Alain" last="Dufour">Alain Dufour</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a2">
<institution>Univ. Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM</institution>
, Lorient,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chevalier, Sylvie" sort="Chevalier, Sylvie" uniqKey="Chevalier S" first="Sylvie" last="Chevalier">Sylvie Chevalier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guery, Benoit" sort="Guery, Benoit" uniqKey="Guery B" first="Benoit" last="Guery">Benoit Guery</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a3">
<institution>Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7366 - Recherche Translationnelle: relations hôte pathogènes</institution>
, Lille,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cornelis, Pierre" sort="Cornelis, Pierre" uniqKey="Cornelis P" first="Pierre" last="Cornelis">Pierre Cornelis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Feuilloley, Marc G J" sort="Feuilloley, Marc G J" uniqKey="Feuilloley M" first="Marc G. J." last="Feuilloley">Marc G. J. Feuilloley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lesouhaitier, Olivier" sort="Lesouhaitier, Olivier" uniqKey="Lesouhaitier O" first="Olivier" last="Lesouhaitier">Olivier Lesouhaitier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="a1">
<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Scientific Reports</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>We have previously shown that the eukaryotic C-type natriuretic peptide hormone (CNP) regulates
<italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
virulence and biofilm formation after binding on the AmiC sensor, triggering the
<italic>amiE</italic>
transcription. Herein, the involvement of the aliphatic amidase AmiE in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
virulence regulation has been investigated. The proteome analysis of an AmiE over-producing strain (AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
) revealed an expression change for 138 proteins, including some that are involved in motility, synthesis of quorum sensing compounds and virulence regulation. We observed that the AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strain produced less biofilm compared to the wild type, and over-produced rhamnolipids. In the same line, AmiE is involved in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
motilities (swarming and twitching) and production of the quorum sensing molecules
<italic>N</italic>
-acyl homoserine lactones and Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS). We observed that AmiE overproduction reduced levels of HCN and pyocyanin causing a decreased virulence in different hosts (i.e.
<italic>Dictyostelium discoideum</italic>
and
<italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>
). This phenotype was further confirmed in a mouse model of acute lung infection, in which AmiE overproduction resulted in an almost fully virulence decrease. Taken together, our data suggest that, in addition to its role in bacterial secondary metabolism, AmiE is involved in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
virulence regulation by modulating pilus synthesis and cell-to-cell communication.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28117457</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5259723</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep41178</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep41178</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>The aliphatic amidase AmiE is involved in regulation of
<italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
virulence</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Clamens</surname>
<given-names>Thomas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rosay</surname>
<given-names>Thibaut</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Crépin</surname>
<given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grandjean</surname>
<given-names>Teddy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kentache</surname>
<given-names>Takfarinas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hardouin</surname>
<given-names>Julie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bortolotti</surname>
<given-names>Perrine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Neidig</surname>
<given-names>Anke</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mooij</surname>
<given-names>Marlies</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hillion</surname>
<given-names>Mélanie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vieillard</surname>
<given-names>Julien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cosette</surname>
<given-names>Pascal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Overhage</surname>
<given-names>Joerg</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>O’Gara</surname>
<given-names>Fergal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bouffartigues</surname>
<given-names>Emeline</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dufour</surname>
<given-names>Alain</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chevalier</surname>
<given-names>Sylvie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guery</surname>
<given-names>Benoit</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cornelis</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Feuilloley</surname>
<given-names>Marc G. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lesouhaitier</surname>
<given-names>Olivier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="a1">
<label>1</label>
<institution>Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment LMSM EA 4312, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a2">
<label>2</label>
<institution>Univ. Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM</institution>
, Lorient,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a3">
<label>3</label>
<institution>Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7366 - Recherche Translationnelle: relations hôte pathogènes</institution>
, Lille,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a4">
<label>4</label>
<institution>Laboratory « Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces » (UMR 6270 CNRS), Proteomic Platform PISSARO, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN</institution>
, Mont-Saint-Aignan,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a5">
<label>5</label>
<institution>Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces</institution>
, PO Box 3640, Karlsruhe,
<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a6">
<label>6</label>
<institution>BIOMERIT Research Centre, University College Cork</institution>
, Cork,
<country>Ireland</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a7">
<label>7</label>
<institution>Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014)</institution>
, Evreux,
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a8">
<label>8</label>
<institution>School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University</institution>
, Perth,
<country>Australia</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1">
<label>a</label>
<email>olivier.lesouhait@univ-rouen.fr</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="n1">
<label>*</label>
<p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>24</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<elocation-id>41178</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>07</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>16</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>We have previously shown that the eukaryotic C-type natriuretic peptide hormone (CNP) regulates
<italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>
virulence and biofilm formation after binding on the AmiC sensor, triggering the
<italic>amiE</italic>
transcription. Herein, the involvement of the aliphatic amidase AmiE in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
virulence regulation has been investigated. The proteome analysis of an AmiE over-producing strain (AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
) revealed an expression change for 138 proteins, including some that are involved in motility, synthesis of quorum sensing compounds and virulence regulation. We observed that the AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strain produced less biofilm compared to the wild type, and over-produced rhamnolipids. In the same line, AmiE is involved in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
motilities (swarming and twitching) and production of the quorum sensing molecules
<italic>N</italic>
-acyl homoserine lactones and Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal (PQS). We observed that AmiE overproduction reduced levels of HCN and pyocyanin causing a decreased virulence in different hosts (i.e.
<italic>Dictyostelium discoideum</italic>
and
<italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>
). This phenotype was further confirmed in a mouse model of acute lung infection, in which AmiE overproduction resulted in an almost fully virulence decrease. Taken together, our data suggest that, in addition to its role in bacterial secondary metabolism, AmiE is involved in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
virulence regulation by modulating pilus synthesis and cell-to-cell communication.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Whole bacterial proteome analysis.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
) Workflow explaining the strategy used for quantification of the whole proteome of both PA14 EV and AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strains using nanoLC-MS/MS (LTQ-Orbitrap Elite). (
<bold>B</bold>
) Functional classes of AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
-regulated protein expression. All the 138 proteins that had a significant difference in production between PA14 EV and AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strains were classified according to their function. Functional classes were determined using functional classifications manually assigned by PseudoCAP (
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.pseudomonas.com;">www.pseudomonas.com;</ext-link>
ref.
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>
).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep41178-f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>AmiE involvement in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
motility.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
) Pictures show swarming motilities of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 WT (control), PA14 Δ
<italic>amiE</italic>
mutant strain, PA14 strain harboring the empty vector (PA14 EV), and PA14 AmiE over-producing strain (AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
) after 18 h at 37 °C. (
<bold>B</bold>
) Amounts of rhamnolipids produced by
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
relative to the production by the control
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 EV (dotted line). Data are the mean of three independent experiments. (
<bold>C</bold>
) Pictures show twitching motilities of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
strains after 16 h at 37 °C. Graphs show diameter of colonies spread by twitching motility in comparison with the wild type strain. (
<bold>D</bold>
) Pictures show swimming motilities of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
strains after 16 h at 37 °C. Graphs show diameter of colonies spread by swimming motility in comparison with the wild type strain. All results for motilities are representative of four independent experiments each performed in triplicate.
<sup>★★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001; NS: Not significantly different.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep41178-f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>AmiE and
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
biofilm formation.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
) 3D shadow representations of the biofilms developed by
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 EV and AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
under dynamic conditions at 37 °C for 24 h in LB broth. Biofilms were stained with Syto 61 red dye and observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. (
<bold>B</bold>
) COMSTAT analyses of biofilms of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 EV and AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strains. Data are the mean of eighteen measures from six independent channels from two independent experiments.
<sup>★★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001;
<sup>★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01; NS: Not significantly different.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep41178-f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>AmiE involvement in production of QS molecules.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
) AHL production by the indicated
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
strains.
<italic>C. violaceum</italic>
CV026 was used as a biosensor for AHL detection. An overnight culture of
<italic>C. violaceum</italic>
CV026 was mixed in a ratio 1:70 (v/v) with LB medium agar and each
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
strain was spotted on the agar medium and incubated during 24 h at 37 °C. Three independent experiments have been realized resulting in the same pattern. (
<bold>B</bold>
) Comparison of C
<sub>4</sub>
-HSL (left) and of 3-oxo-C
<sub>12</sub>
-HSL (right) production by
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
and PA14 EV at 3 h, 5 h and 24 h of growth. (
<bold>C</bold>
) Comparison of PQS production by
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
and PA14 EV at 5 h and 24 h of growth. Data are the mean of three independent experiments.
<sup>★★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001;
<sup>★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01; NS: Not significantly different.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep41178-f4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<title>AmiE involvement in toxin production and cytotoxic activity.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
) Relative amounts of HCN/CN
<sup></sup>
in supernatants of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
strains culture. The mean HCN/CN
<sup></sup>
level in the control was 1,834 ± 134 μg.l
<sup>−1</sup>
. (
<bold>B</bold>
) Relative amounts of pyocyanin in supernatants of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
strains culture. (
<bold>C</bold>
) Involvement of AmiE in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
cytotoxicity towards A549 lung cells. The measurement of LDH was done after 6 h of contact with PA14 WT, Δ
<italic>amiE</italic>
, PA14 EV and AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strains. All data are the mean of three independent experiments.
<sup>★★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep41178-f5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<title>AmiE involvement in
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
virulence.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
)
<italic>Dictyostelium discoideum</italic>
plate killing assay. Each point represents the number of amoebae required to form a plaque on the bacterial lawn of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 strains after 5 days of incubation. The AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strain has a total defect in this virulence model of infection, which was statistically significant as measured with the Mann Whitney test (
<sup>★★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001), n = 10), when compared with the PA14 EV strain or the Δ
<italic>amiE</italic>
strain. Data represent 10 samples from three independent experiments. (
<bold>B</bold>
) Kaplan-Meier survival plots of worms in contact with
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 WT (n = 146) (black squares), AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
(n = 138) (red triangle) or Δ
<italic>amiE</italic>
(n = 132) (green diamonds). Each value reported for the assay is the mean of measurements of nine samples from three independent experiments. Pairwise comparisons (log rank test) by strain: PA14 WT versus AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
,
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.0001; PA14 WT versus Δ
<italic>amiE, P</italic>
 = 0.7914.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep41178-f6"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption>
<title>Effects of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strain on acute lung injury model.</title>
<p>(
<bold>A</bold>
and
<bold>B</bold>
) Mice were infected with intranasal instillation of 1.10
<sup>7</sup>
 CFU of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 WT, PA14 EV and AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strains (n = 11). (
<bold>A</bold>
) Lethality was monitored for 96 h after
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
infection. (
<bold>B</bold>
) Score disease assessed the infection severity by evaluating mouse motility, mouse temperature, aspect of fur and weight loss. (
<bold>C, D</bold>
and
<bold>E</bold>
) Mice were infected with intranasal instillation of 5.10
<sup>6</sup>
CFU of
<italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>
PA14 WT, PA14 EV and AmiE
<sup>+</sup>
strains (n = 6). (
<bold>C</bold>
) Lung injury reflects the integrity of alveolar-capillary barrier measuring the leakage of FITC-labeled bovine serum albumin from the serum to the lung. (
<bold>D</bold>
) Bacterial load in the lungs and dissemination assessed through cultured spleen or cultured lung homogenate. (
<bold>E</bold>
) Cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were counted to determine percentage distribution of immune stimulatory cells.
<sup></sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.05;
<sup>★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.01;
<sup>★★★</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
 < 0.001.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep41178-f7"></graphic>
</fig>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Irlande (pays)</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="France">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Clamens, Thomas" sort="Clamens, Thomas" uniqKey="Clamens T" first="Thomas" last="Clamens">Thomas Clamens</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Bortolotti, Perrine" sort="Bortolotti, Perrine" uniqKey="Bortolotti P" first="Perrine" last="Bortolotti">Perrine Bortolotti</name>
<name sortKey="Bouffartigues, Emeline" sort="Bouffartigues, Emeline" uniqKey="Bouffartigues E" first="Emeline" last="Bouffartigues">Emeline Bouffartigues</name>
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<name sortKey="Dufour, Alain" sort="Dufour, Alain" uniqKey="Dufour A" first="Alain" last="Dufour">Alain Dufour</name>
<name sortKey="Feuilloley, Marc G J" sort="Feuilloley, Marc G J" uniqKey="Feuilloley M" first="Marc G. J." last="Feuilloley">Marc G. J. Feuilloley</name>
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<name sortKey="Guery, Benoit" sort="Guery, Benoit" uniqKey="Guery B" first="Benoit" last="Guery">Benoit Guery</name>
<name sortKey="Hardouin, Julie" sort="Hardouin, Julie" uniqKey="Hardouin J" first="Julie" last="Hardouin">Julie Hardouin</name>
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<name sortKey="Vieillard, Julien" sort="Vieillard, Julien" uniqKey="Vieillard J" first="Julien" last="Vieillard">Julien Vieillard</name>
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<name sortKey="Neidig, Anke" sort="Neidig, Anke" uniqKey="Neidig A" first="Anke" last="Neidig">Anke Neidig</name>
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<country name="Australie">
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<name sortKey="O Ara, Fergal" sort="O Ara, Fergal" uniqKey="O Ara F" first="Fergal" last="O Ara">Fergal O Ara</name>
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