The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification
Identifieur interne : 000055 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000054; suivant : 000056The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification
Auteurs : Hervé Sauquet [France] ; Maria Von Balthazar [Autriche] ; Susana Magall N ; James A. Doyle [États-Unis] ; Peter K. Endress [Suisse] ; Emily J. Bailes [Royaume-Uni] ; Erica Barroso De Morais [Suisse] ; Kester Bull-Here U [Chili] ; Laetitia Carrive [France] ; Marion Chartier [Autriche] ; Guillaume Chomicki [Allemagne] ; Mario Coiro [Suisse] ; Raphaël Cornette [France] ; Juliana H. L. El Ottra [Brésil] ; Cyril Epicoco [France] ; Charles S. P. Foster [Australie] ; Florian Jabbour [France] ; Agathe Haevermans [France] ; Thomas Haevermans [France] ; Rebeca Hernández ; Stefan A. Little [France] ; Stefan Löfstrand [Autriche] ; Javier A. Luna [Royaume-Uni] ; Julien Massoni [Suisse] ; Sophie Nadot [France] ; Susanne Pamperl [Autriche] ; Charlotte Prieu [France] ; Elisabeth Reyes [France] ; Patrícia Dos Santos [Portugal] ; Kristel M. Schoonderwoerd [États-Unis] ; Susanne Sontag [Autriche] ; Anaëlle Soulebeau [France] ; Yannick Staedler [Autriche] ; Georg F. Tschan [Suède] ; Amy Wing-Sze Leung [République populaire de Chine] ; Jürg Schönenberger [Autriche]Source :
- Nature Communications [ 2041-1723 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and a series of important palaeobotanical discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of angiosperm diversification. Yet, the origin and early evolution of their most characteristic feature, the flower, remains poorly understood. In particular, the structure of the ancestral flower of all living angiosperms is still uncertain. Here we report model-based reconstructions for ancestral flowers at the deepest nodes in the phylogeny of angiosperms, using the largest data set of floral traits ever assembled. We reconstruct the ancestral angiosperm flower as bisexual and radially symmetric, with more than two whorls of three separate perianth organs each (undifferentiated tepals), more than two whorls of three separate stamens each, and more than five spirally arranged separate carpels. Although uncertainty remains for some of the characters, our reconstruction allows us to propose a new plausible scenario for the early diversification of flowers, leading to new testable hypotheses for future research on angiosperms.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16047
PubMed: 28763051
PubMed Central: 5543309
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Brésil, Chili, France, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, République populaire de Chine, Suisse, Suède, États-Unis
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5543309Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification</title><author><name sortKey="Sauquet, Herve" sort="Sauquet, Herve" uniqKey="Sauquet H" first="Hervé" last="Sauquet">Hervé Sauquet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Balthazar, Maria" sort="Von Balthazar, Maria" uniqKey="Von Balthazar M" first="Maria" last="Von Balthazar">Maria Von Balthazar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magall N, Susana" sort="Magall N, Susana" uniqKey="Magall N S" first="Susana" last="Magall N">Susana Magall N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán</institution>, México City 04510,<country>México</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">México</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, James A" sort="Doyle, James A" uniqKey="Doyle J" first="James A." last="Doyle">James A. Doyle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California</institution>, Davis, California 95616,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Endress, Peter K" sort="Endress, Peter K" uniqKey="Endress P" first="Peter K." last="Endress">Peter K. Endress</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8008,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailes, Emily J" sort="Bailes, Emily J" uniqKey="Bailes E" first="Emily J." last="Bailes">Emily J. Bailes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London</institution>, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barroso De Morais, Erica" sort="Barroso De Morais, Erica" uniqKey="Barroso De Morais E" first="Erica" last="Barroso De Morais">Erica Barroso De Morais</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8008,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bull Here U, Kester" sort="Bull Here U, Kester" uniqKey="Bull Here U K" first="Kester" last="Bull-Here U">Kester Bull-Here U</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>, Alameda 340, Santiago,<country>Chile</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrive, Laetitia" sort="Carrive, Laetitia" uniqKey="Carrive L" first="Laetitia" last="Carrive">Laetitia Carrive</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chartier, Marion" sort="Chartier, Marion" uniqKey="Chartier M" first="Marion" last="Chartier">Marion Chartier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chomicki, Guillaume" sort="Chomicki, Guillaume" uniqKey="Chomicki G" first="Guillaume" last="Chomicki">Guillaume Chomicki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich LMU</institution>, Munich 80638,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coiro, Mario" sort="Coiro, Mario" uniqKey="Coiro M" first="Mario" last="Coiro">Mario Coiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8008,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornette, Raphael" sort="Cornette, Raphael" uniqKey="Cornette R" first="Raphaël" last="Cornette">Raphaël Cornette</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Ottra, Juliana H L" sort="El Ottra, Juliana H L" uniqKey="El Ottra J" first="Juliana H. L." last="El Ottra">Juliana H. L. El Ottra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão</institution>, 277. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-090,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Epicoco, Cyril" sort="Epicoco, Cyril" uniqKey="Epicoco C" first="Cyril" last="Epicoco">Cyril Epicoco</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, Charles S P" sort="Foster, Charles S P" uniqKey="Foster C" first="Charles S. P." last="Foster">Charles S. P. Foster</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2006,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jabbour, Florian" sort="Jabbour, Florian" uniqKey="Jabbour F" first="Florian" last="Jabbour">Florian Jabbour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haevermans, Agathe" sort="Haevermans, Agathe" uniqKey="Haevermans A" first="Agathe" last="Haevermans">Agathe Haevermans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haevermans, Thomas" sort="Haevermans, Thomas" uniqKey="Haevermans T" first="Thomas" last="Haevermans">Thomas Haevermans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Rebeca" sort="Hernandez, Rebeca" uniqKey="Hernandez R" first="Rebeca" last="Hernández">Rebeca Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán</institution>, México City 04510,<country>México</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">México</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Little, Stefan A" sort="Little, Stefan A" uniqKey="Little S" first="Stefan A." last="Little">Stefan A. Little</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lofstrand, Stefan" sort="Lofstrand, Stefan" uniqKey="Lofstrand S" first="Stefan" last="Löfstrand">Stefan Löfstrand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luna, Javier A" sort="Luna, Javier A" uniqKey="Luna J" first="Javier A." last="Luna">Javier A. Luna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</institution>, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massoni, Julien" sort="Massoni, Julien" uniqKey="Massoni J" first="Julien" last="Massoni">Julien Massoni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8093,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadot, Sophie" sort="Nadot, Sophie" uniqKey="Nadot S" first="Sophie" last="Nadot">Sophie Nadot</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pamperl, Susanne" sort="Pamperl, Susanne" uniqKey="Pamperl S" first="Susanne" last="Pamperl">Susanne Pamperl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieu, Charlotte" sort="Prieu, Charlotte" uniqKey="Prieu C" first="Charlotte" last="Prieu">Charlotte Prieu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reyes, Elisabeth" sort="Reyes, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Reyes E" first="Elisabeth" last="Reyes">Elisabeth Reyes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Patricia" sort="Dos Santos, Patricia" uniqKey="Dos Santos P" first="Patrícia" last="Dos Santos">Patrícia Dos Santos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa</institution>, Lisboa 1749-016,<country>Portugal</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schoonderwoerd, Kristel M" sort="Schoonderwoerd, Kristel M" uniqKey="Schoonderwoerd K" first="Kristel M." last="Schoonderwoerd">Kristel M. Schoonderwoerd</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University</institution>, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sontag, Susanne" sort="Sontag, Susanne" uniqKey="Sontag S" first="Susanne" last="Sontag">Susanne Sontag</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soulebeau, Anaelle" sort="Soulebeau, Anaelle" uniqKey="Soulebeau A" first="Anaëlle" last="Soulebeau">Anaëlle Soulebeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Staedler, Yannick" sort="Staedler, Yannick" uniqKey="Staedler Y" first="Yannick" last="Staedler">Yannick Staedler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tschan, Georg F" sort="Tschan, Georg F" uniqKey="Tschan G" first="Georg F." last="Tschan">Georg F. Tschan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg</institution>, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Göteborg 413 19,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wing Sze Leung, Amy" sort="Wing Sze Leung, Amy" uniqKey="Wing Sze Leung A" first="Amy" last="Wing-Sze Leung">Amy Wing-Sze Leung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong</institution>, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schonenberger, Jurg" sort="Schonenberger, Jurg" uniqKey="Schonenberger J" first="Jürg" last="Schönenberger">Jürg Schönenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28763051</idno><idno type="pmc">5543309</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5543309</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5543309</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ncomms16047</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000799</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000799</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000798</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000798</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000055</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000055</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification</title><author><name sortKey="Sauquet, Herve" sort="Sauquet, Herve" uniqKey="Sauquet H" first="Hervé" last="Sauquet">Hervé Sauquet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Balthazar, Maria" sort="Von Balthazar, Maria" uniqKey="Von Balthazar M" first="Maria" last="Von Balthazar">Maria Von Balthazar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magall N, Susana" sort="Magall N, Susana" uniqKey="Magall N S" first="Susana" last="Magall N">Susana Magall N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán</institution>, México City 04510,<country>México</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">México</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, James A" sort="Doyle, James A" uniqKey="Doyle J" first="James A." last="Doyle">James A. Doyle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California</institution>, Davis, California 95616,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Endress, Peter K" sort="Endress, Peter K" uniqKey="Endress P" first="Peter K." last="Endress">Peter K. Endress</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8008,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bailes, Emily J" sort="Bailes, Emily J" uniqKey="Bailes E" first="Emily J." last="Bailes">Emily J. Bailes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London</institution>, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barroso De Morais, Erica" sort="Barroso De Morais, Erica" uniqKey="Barroso De Morais E" first="Erica" last="Barroso De Morais">Erica Barroso De Morais</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8008,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bull Here U, Kester" sort="Bull Here U, Kester" uniqKey="Bull Here U K" first="Kester" last="Bull-Here U">Kester Bull-Here U</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>, Alameda 340, Santiago,<country>Chile</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrive, Laetitia" sort="Carrive, Laetitia" uniqKey="Carrive L" first="Laetitia" last="Carrive">Laetitia Carrive</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chartier, Marion" sort="Chartier, Marion" uniqKey="Chartier M" first="Marion" last="Chartier">Marion Chartier</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chomicki, Guillaume" sort="Chomicki, Guillaume" uniqKey="Chomicki G" first="Guillaume" last="Chomicki">Guillaume Chomicki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich LMU</institution>, Munich 80638,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coiro, Mario" sort="Coiro, Mario" uniqKey="Coiro M" first="Mario" last="Coiro">Mario Coiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8008,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornette, Raphael" sort="Cornette, Raphael" uniqKey="Cornette R" first="Raphaël" last="Cornette">Raphaël Cornette</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Ottra, Juliana H L" sort="El Ottra, Juliana H L" uniqKey="El Ottra J" first="Juliana H. L." last="El Ottra">Juliana H. L. El Ottra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão</institution>, 277. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-090,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Epicoco, Cyril" sort="Epicoco, Cyril" uniqKey="Epicoco C" first="Cyril" last="Epicoco">Cyril Epicoco</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, Charles S P" sort="Foster, Charles S P" uniqKey="Foster C" first="Charles S. P." last="Foster">Charles S. P. Foster</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2006,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jabbour, Florian" sort="Jabbour, Florian" uniqKey="Jabbour F" first="Florian" last="Jabbour">Florian Jabbour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haevermans, Agathe" sort="Haevermans, Agathe" uniqKey="Haevermans A" first="Agathe" last="Haevermans">Agathe Haevermans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haevermans, Thomas" sort="Haevermans, Thomas" uniqKey="Haevermans T" first="Thomas" last="Haevermans">Thomas Haevermans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Rebeca" sort="Hernandez, Rebeca" uniqKey="Hernandez R" first="Rebeca" last="Hernández">Rebeca Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán</institution>, México City 04510,<country>México</country></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="nlm country">México</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Little, Stefan A" sort="Little, Stefan A" uniqKey="Little S" first="Stefan A." last="Little">Stefan A. Little</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lofstrand, Stefan" sort="Lofstrand, Stefan" uniqKey="Lofstrand S" first="Stefan" last="Löfstrand">Stefan Löfstrand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luna, Javier A" sort="Luna, Javier A" uniqKey="Luna J" first="Javier A." last="Luna">Javier A. Luna</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</institution>, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massoni, Julien" sort="Massoni, Julien" uniqKey="Massoni J" first="Julien" last="Massoni">Julien Massoni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8093,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nadot, Sophie" sort="Nadot, Sophie" uniqKey="Nadot S" first="Sophie" last="Nadot">Sophie Nadot</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pamperl, Susanne" sort="Pamperl, Susanne" uniqKey="Pamperl S" first="Susanne" last="Pamperl">Susanne Pamperl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieu, Charlotte" sort="Prieu, Charlotte" uniqKey="Prieu C" first="Charlotte" last="Prieu">Charlotte Prieu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reyes, Elisabeth" sort="Reyes, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Reyes E" first="Elisabeth" last="Reyes">Elisabeth Reyes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Patricia" sort="Dos Santos, Patricia" uniqKey="Dos Santos P" first="Patrícia" last="Dos Santos">Patrícia Dos Santos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa</institution>, Lisboa 1749-016,<country>Portugal</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schoonderwoerd, Kristel M" sort="Schoonderwoerd, Kristel M" uniqKey="Schoonderwoerd K" first="Kristel M." last="Schoonderwoerd">Kristel M. Schoonderwoerd</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University</institution>, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sontag, Susanne" sort="Sontag, Susanne" uniqKey="Sontag S" first="Susanne" last="Sontag">Susanne Sontag</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soulebeau, Anaelle" sort="Soulebeau, Anaelle" uniqKey="Soulebeau A" first="Anaëlle" last="Soulebeau">Anaëlle Soulebeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Staedler, Yannick" sort="Staedler, Yannick" uniqKey="Staedler Y" first="Yannick" last="Staedler">Yannick Staedler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tschan, Georg F" sort="Tschan, Georg F" uniqKey="Tschan G" first="Georg F." last="Tschan">Georg F. Tschan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg</institution>, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Göteborg 413 19,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wing Sze Leung, Amy" sort="Wing Sze Leung, Amy" uniqKey="Wing Sze Leung A" first="Amy" last="Wing-Sze Leung">Amy Wing-Sze Leung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong</institution>, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schonenberger, Jurg" sort="Schonenberger, Jurg" uniqKey="Schonenberger J" first="Jürg" last="Schönenberger">Jürg Schönenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature Communications</title><idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and a series of important palaeobotanical discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of angiosperm diversification. Yet, the origin and early evolution of their most characteristic feature, the flower, remains poorly understood. In particular, the structure of the ancestral flower of all living angiosperms is still uncertain. Here we report model-based reconstructions for ancestral flowers at the deepest nodes in the phylogeny of angiosperms, using the largest data set of floral traits ever assembled. We reconstruct the ancestral angiosperm flower as bisexual and radially symmetric, with more than two whorls of three separate perianth organs each (undifferentiated tepals), more than two whorls of three separate stamens each, and more than five spirally arranged separate carpels. Although uncertainty remains for some of the characters, our reconstruction allows us to propose a new plausible scenario for the early diversification of flowers, leading to new testable hypotheses for future research on angiosperms.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Magall N, S" uniqKey="Magall N S">S. Magallón</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez Acevedo, S" uniqKey="G Mez Acevedo S">S. Gómez-Acevedo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Reyes, L L" uniqKey="Sanchez Reyes L">L. L. Sánchez-Reyes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Hernandez, T" uniqKey="Hernandez Hernandez T">T. Hernández-Hernández</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beaulieu, J M" uniqKey="Beaulieu J">J. M. Beaulieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Eara, B C" uniqKey="O Eara B">B. C. O’Meara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crane, P" uniqKey="Crane P">P. Crane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donoghue, M J" uniqKey="Donoghue M">M. J. Donoghue</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Foster, C S P" uniqKey="Foster C">C. S. P. Foster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doyle, J A" uniqKey="Doyle J">J. A. Doyle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Magall N, S" uniqKey="Magall N S">S. Magallón</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilu, K W" uniqKey="Hilu K">K. W. Hilu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quandt, D" uniqKey="Quandt D">D. Quandt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Friis, E M" uniqKey="Friis E">E. M. Friis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crane, P R" uniqKey="Crane P">P. R. Crane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, K R" uniqKey="Pedersen K">K. R. Pedersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bateman, R M" uniqKey="Bateman R">R. M. Bateman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilton, J" uniqKey="Hilton J">J. Hilton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rudall, P J" uniqKey="Rudall P">P. J. Rudall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Specht, C D" uniqKey="Specht C">C. D. Specht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartlett, M E" uniqKey="Bartlett M">M. E. Bartlett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rudall, P J" uniqKey="Rudall P">P. J. Rudall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doyle, J A" uniqKey="Doyle J">J. A. Doyle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frohlich, M W" uniqKey="Frohlich M">M. W. Frohlich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chase, M W" uniqKey="Chase M">M. W. Chase</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crane, P R" uniqKey="Crane P">P. R. Crane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friis, E M" uniqKey="Friis E">E. M. Friis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, K R" uniqKey="Pedersen K">K. R. Pedersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Theissen, G" uniqKey="Theissen G">G. Theissen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melzer, R" uniqKey="Melzer R">R. Melzer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moyroud, E" uniqKey="Moyroud E">E. Moyroud</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Qiu, Y L" uniqKey="Qiu Y">Y.-L. Qiu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soltis, D E" uniqKey="Soltis D">D. E. Soltis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moore, M J" uniqKey="Moore M">M. J. Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, C D" uniqKey="Bell C">C. D. Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, P S" uniqKey="Soltis P">P. S. Soltis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, D E" uniqKey="Soltis D">D. E. Soltis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, J A" uniqKey="Doyle J">J. A. Doyle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ronse De Craene, L P" uniqKey="Ronse De Craene L">L. P. Ronse De Craene</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, P S" uniqKey="Soltis P">P. S. Soltis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, D E" uniqKey="Soltis D">D. E. Soltis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doyle, J A" uniqKey="Doyle J">J. A. Doyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anger, N" uniqKey="Anger N">N. Anger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fogliani, B" uniqKey="Fogliani B">B. Fogliani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scutt, C P" uniqKey="Scutt C">C. P. Scutt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gateble, G" uniqKey="Gateble G">G. Gâteblé</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wickett, N J" uniqKey="Wickett N">N. J. Wickett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, J A" uniqKey="Doyle J">J. A. Doyle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="O Eara, B C" uniqKey="O Eara B">B. C. O’Meara</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chartier, M" uniqKey="Chartier M">M. Chartier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chartier, M" uniqKey="Chartier M">M. Chartier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, S D" uniqKey="Smith S">S. D. Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diggle, P K" uniqKey="Diggle P">P. K. Diggle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stebbins, G" uniqKey="Stebbins G">G. Stebbins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herendeen, P S" uniqKey="Herendeen P">P. S. Herendeen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friis, E M" uniqKey="Friis E">E. M. Friis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, K R" uniqKey="Pedersen K">K. R. Pedersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crane, P R" uniqKey="Crane P">P. R. Crane</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schluter, D" uniqKey="Schluter D">D. Schluter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, T" uniqKey="Price T">T. Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mooers, A O" uniqKey="Mooers A">A. O. Mooers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ludwig, D" uniqKey="Ludwig D">D. Ludwig</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soltis, D E" uniqKey="Soltis D">D. E. Soltis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chanderbali, A S" uniqKey="Chanderbali A">A. S. Chanderbali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buzgo, M" uniqKey="Buzgo M">M. Buzgo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, P S" uniqKey="Soltis P">P. S. Soltis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Friis, E M" uniqKey="Friis E">E. M. Friis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, K R" uniqKey="Pedersen K">K. R. Pedersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crane, P R" uniqKey="Crane P">P. R. Crane</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gomez, B" uniqKey="Gomez B">B. Gomez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daviero Gomez, V" uniqKey="Daviero Gomez V">V. Daviero-Gomez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coiffard, C" uniqKey="Coiffard C">C. Coiffard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Closas, C" uniqKey="Martin Closas C">C. Martín-Closas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dilcher, D L" uniqKey="Dilcher D">D. L. Dilcher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doyle, J A" uniqKey="Doyle J">J. A. Doyle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Basinger, J F" uniqKey="Basinger J">J. F. Basinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dilcher, D L" uniqKey="Dilcher D">D. L. Dilcher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murat, F" uniqKey="Murat F">F. Murat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armero, A" uniqKey="Armero A">A. Armero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pont, C" uniqKey="Pont C">C. Pont</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klopp, C" uniqKey="Klopp C">C. Klopp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salse, J" uniqKey="Salse J">J. Salse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drummond, A J" uniqKey="Drummond A">A. J. Drummond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, M A" uniqKey="Suchard M">M. A. Suchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, D" uniqKey="Xie D">D. Xie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A. Rambaut</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jansen, R K" uniqKey="Jansen R">R. K. Jansen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moore, M J" uniqKey="Moore M">M. J. Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, P S" uniqKey="Soltis P">P. S. Soltis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, C D" uniqKey="Bell C">C. D. Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burleigh, J G" uniqKey="Burleigh J">J. G. Burleigh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, D E" uniqKey="Soltis D">D. E. Soltis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruhfel, B R" uniqKey="Ruhfel B">B. R. Ruhfel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gitzendanner, M A" uniqKey="Gitzendanner M">M. A. Gitzendanner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, P S" uniqKey="Soltis P">P. S. Soltis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soltis, D E" uniqKey="Soltis D">D. E. Soltis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burleigh, J G" uniqKey="Burleigh J">J. G. Burleigh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zeng, L" uniqKey="Zeng L">L. Zeng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Doyle, J A" uniqKey="Doyle J">J. A. Doyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Endress, P K" uniqKey="Endress P">P. K. Endress</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stevens, P F" uniqKey="Stevens P">P. F. Stevens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cantino, P D" uniqKey="Cantino P">P. D. Cantino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sauquet, H" uniqKey="Sauquet H">H. Sauquet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sauquet, H" uniqKey="Sauquet H">H. Sauquet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schliep, K P" uniqKey="Schliep K">K. P. Schliep</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beaulieu, J M" uniqKey="Beaulieu J">J. M. Beaulieu</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Eara, B C" uniqKey="O Eara B">B. C. O’Meara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donoghue, M J" uniqKey="Donoghue M">M. J. Donoghue</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pagel, M" uniqKey="Pagel M">M. Pagel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meade, A" uniqKey="Meade A">A. Meade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pagel, M" uniqKey="Pagel M">M. Pagel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meade, A" uniqKey="Meade A">A. Meade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, D" uniqKey="Barker D">D. Barker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pagel, M" uniqKey="Pagel M">M. Pagel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meade, A" uniqKey="Meade A">A. Meade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewis, P O" uniqKey="Lewis P">P. O. Lewis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pagel, M" uniqKey="Pagel M">M. Pagel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maddison, W P" uniqKey="Maddison W">W. P. Maddison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maddison, D R" uniqKey="Maddison D">D. R. Maddison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, E E" uniqKey="Goldberg E">E. E. Goldberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Igi, B" uniqKey="Igi B">B. Igić</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pagel, M" uniqKey="Pagel M">M. Pagel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maddison, W P" uniqKey="Maddison W">W. P. Maddison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Midford, P E" uniqKey="Midford P">P. E. Midford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otto, S P" uniqKey="Otto S">S. P. Otto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Posada, D" uniqKey="Posada D">D. Posada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buckley, T R" uniqKey="Buckley T">T. R. Buckley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, A" uniqKey="Rambaut A">A. Rambaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, M A" uniqKey="Suchard M">M. A. Suchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, D" uniqKey="Xie D">D. Xie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Drummond, A J" uniqKey="Drummond A">A. J. Drummond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, D C" uniqKey="Adams D">D. C. Adams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Felice, R N" uniqKey="Felice R">R. N. Felice</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bartoszek, K" uniqKey="Bartoszek K">K. Bartoszek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pienaar, J" uniqKey="Pienaar J">J. Pienaar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mostad, P" uniqKey="Mostad P">P. Mostad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersson, S" uniqKey="Andersson S">S. Andersson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, T F" uniqKey="Hansen T">T. F. Hansen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clavel, J" uniqKey="Clavel J">J. Clavel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escarguel, G" uniqKey="Escarguel G">G. Escarguel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merceron, G" uniqKey="Merceron G">G. Merceron</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huelsenbeck, J P" uniqKey="Huelsenbeck J">J. P. Huelsenbeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, R" uniqKey="Nielsen R">R. Nielsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bollback, J P" uniqKey="Bollback J">J. P. Bollback</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nat Commun</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nat Commun</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature Communications</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2041-1723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28763051</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5543309</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">ncomms16047</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ncomms16047</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sauquet</surname><given-names>Hervé</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>von Balthazar</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magallón</surname><given-names>Susana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Doyle</surname><given-names>James A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Endress</surname><given-names>Peter K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bailes</surname><given-names>Emily J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barroso de Morais</surname><given-names>Erica</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bull-Hereñu</surname><given-names>Kester</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carrive</surname><given-names>Laetitia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chartier</surname><given-names>Marion</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chomicki</surname><given-names>Guillaume</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coiro</surname><given-names>Mario</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cornette</surname><given-names>Raphaël</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El Ottra</surname><given-names>Juliana H. L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Epicoco</surname><given-names>Cyril</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Foster</surname><given-names>Charles S. P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jabbour</surname><given-names>Florian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haevermans</surname><given-names>Agathe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haevermans</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8934-4544</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hernández</surname><given-names>Rebeca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Little</surname><given-names>Stefan A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Löfstrand</surname><given-names>Stefan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luna</surname><given-names>Javier A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Massoni</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nadot</surname><given-names>Sophie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pamperl</surname><given-names>Susanne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prieu</surname><given-names>Charlotte</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reyes</surname><given-names>Elisabeth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>dos Santos</surname><given-names>Patrícia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schoonderwoerd</surname><given-names>Kristel M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a15">15</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9753-2537</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sontag</surname><given-names>Susanne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Soulebeau</surname><given-names>Anaëlle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Staedler</surname><given-names>Yannick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tschan</surname><given-names>Georg F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wing-Sze Leung</surname><given-names>Amy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schönenberger</surname><given-names>Jürg</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">b</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud</institution>, CNRS UMR 8079, Orsay 91405,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna</institution>, Rennweg 14, Vienna 1030,<country>Austria</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán</institution>, México City 04510,<country>México</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California</institution>, Davis, California 95616,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8008,<country>Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="a6"><label>6</label><institution>School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London</institution>, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a7"><label>7</label><institution>Departamento de Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>, Alameda 340, Santiago,<country>Chile</country></aff><aff id="a8"><label>8</label><institution>Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich LMU</institution>, Munich 80638,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a9"><label>9</label><institution>Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle</institution>, UMR 7205 ISYEB MNHN/CNRS/UPMC/EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a10"><label>10</label><institution>Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão</institution>, 277. Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-090,<country>Brazil</country></aff><aff id="a11"><label>11</label><institution>School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney</institution>, Sydney, New South Wales 2006,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a12"><label>12</label><institution>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</institution>, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a13"><label>13</label><institution>Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich</institution>, Zurich 8093,<country>Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="a14"><label>14</label><institution>Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa</institution>, Lisboa 1749-016,<country>Portugal</country></aff><aff id="a15"><label>15</label><institution>Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University</institution>, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a16"><label>16</label><institution>Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg</institution>, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, Göteborg 413 19,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="a17"><label>17</label><institution>School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong</institution>, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>herve.sauquet@u-psud.fr</email></corresp><corresp id="c2"><label>b</label><email>juerg.schoenenberger@univie.ac.at</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><elocation-id>16047</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p><bold>Open Access</bold> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and a series of important palaeobotanical discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of angiosperm diversification. Yet, the origin and early evolution of their most characteristic feature, the flower, remains poorly understood. In particular, the structure of the ancestral flower of all living angiosperms is still uncertain. Here we report model-based reconstructions for ancestral flowers at the deepest nodes in the phylogeny of angiosperms, using the largest data set of floral traits ever assembled. We reconstruct the ancestral angiosperm flower as bisexual and radially symmetric, with more than two whorls of three separate perianth organs each (undifferentiated tepals), more than two whorls of three separate stamens each, and more than five spirally arranged separate carpels. Although uncertainty remains for some of the characters, our reconstruction allows us to propose a new plausible scenario for the early diversification of flowers, leading to new testable hypotheses for future research on angiosperms.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="web-summary"><p>The fossil record of flowers is limited, necessitating other approaches to understanding floral evolution. Here, Sauquet and colleagues reconstruct the characteristics and diversification of ancient angiosperm flowers by combining models of flower evolution with an extensive database of extant floral traits.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Three-dimensional model of the ancestral flower reconstructed from our analyses.</title><p>Here we provide the states with highest mean posterior probability and their associated credibility intervals from the reversible-jump Bayesian analysis of the C series of trees, which takes into account all forms of uncertainty (parameters, tree, branch times, model). States marked with three asterisks (***) indicate high confidence and consistency across methods of reconstruction (for example, perianth present, undifferentiated and actinomorphic). Other states need to be interpreted with caution as their reconstruction was either associated with higher uncertainty (for example, perianth phyllotaxis, number of stamen whorls) or inconsistent across methods (for example, sex reconstructed as equivocal with parsimony). The colours, shapes and relative sizes of organs were not inferred from our analyses and were chosen here for artistic reasons. The exact number of organs could not be reconstructed precisely. Minimum numbers were chosen for this representation, but reconstructions with more floral organs are also compatible with our results (for further details, see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Discussion</xref>, section ‘Reconstructing the ancestral flower’). A rotating version of this model is provided as <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Movie 1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms16047-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstruction of functional sex of flowers in angiosperms.</title><p>Our results show that bisexual flowers are ancestral and that unisexual flowers evolved many times independently. The pie charts at the centre of the figure indicate the proportional likelihoods for reconstructed ancestral states at 15 key nodes (here we illustrate character 100_A on the maximum clade credibility tree from the C series; for complete results, see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Data 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Data 14–23</xref>). The photographs illustrate the diversity of angiosperm flowers (photographs by H.S., Y.S., J.S. and M.v.B.).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms16047-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Overview of confidence in ancestral state reconstructions across all traits (<italic>X</italic> axis), focal nodes (<italic>Y</italic> axis) and sets of trees (panels).</title><p>Confidence scores on a three-star scale were attributed for each trait-node combination based on the cross-comparison of MP, ML and rjMCMC results and the lower bound of the rjMCMC credibility intervals (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Discussion</xref> for details). A more detailed version of this figure with row and column captions is provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Data 1</xref>. Light=low confidence; dark=high confidence.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms16047-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Simplified scenario for the earliest phase of floral diversification as inferred from our analyses.</title><p>Each floral diagram summarizes the main features of our reconstructed ancestors for key nodes of the tree (for details, see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Discussion</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Figs 2–7</xref>). This figure only depicts the presumed first 40 million years of floral evolution, without exhaustively representing every new morphology that arose during that time. The absolute timescale provided here corresponds to divergence time estimated with a narrow constraint on the maximum age of angiosperms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>; relaxing this constraint to reflect alternative studies that yielded older age estimates for angiosperms resulted in nearly identical ancestral reconstructions (see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Discussion</xref>). Note that there is uncertainty associated with some of these reconstructions (especially for Angiospermae, Magnoliidae and Eudicotyledoneae). Therefore, the scenario illustrated here is one of several plausible alternatives and should be taken with caution. Floral diagram colour code: light green=undifferentiated tepals; green=sepals; yellow=petals; red=stamens; blue=carpels.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms16047-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstructions of four representative floral characters.</title><p>The pie charts at the centre of the figure indicate the proportional likelihoods for reconstructed ancestral states at 15 key nodes (here we optimized the characters on the maximum clade credibility tree from the C series; for complete results, see <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Data 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Data 14–23</xref>). Grey branches denote missing, inapplicable or polymorphic data. (<bold>a</bold>) Ovary position (character 102_B). (<bold>b</bold>) Fusion of perianth (character 204_A). (<bold>c</bold>) Symmetry of perianth (character 207_B). (<bold>d</bold>) Number of perianth whorls (character 231_A).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms16047-f5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Matrix of all pairwise correlations tested among binary floral traits.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms16047-t1"></graphic></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Brésil</li><li>Chili</li><li>France</li><li>Portugal</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Hernandez, Rebeca" sort="Hernandez, Rebeca" uniqKey="Hernandez R" first="Rebeca" last="Hernández">Rebeca Hernández</name><name sortKey="Magall N, Susana" sort="Magall N, Susana" uniqKey="Magall N S" first="Susana" last="Magall N">Susana Magall N</name></noCountry><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sauquet, Herve" sort="Sauquet, Herve" uniqKey="Sauquet H" first="Hervé" last="Sauquet">Hervé Sauquet</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Carrive, Laetitia" sort="Carrive, Laetitia" uniqKey="Carrive L" first="Laetitia" last="Carrive">Laetitia Carrive</name><name sortKey="Cornette, Raphael" sort="Cornette, Raphael" uniqKey="Cornette R" first="Raphaël" last="Cornette">Raphaël Cornette</name><name sortKey="Epicoco, Cyril" sort="Epicoco, Cyril" uniqKey="Epicoco C" first="Cyril" last="Epicoco">Cyril Epicoco</name><name sortKey="Haevermans, Agathe" sort="Haevermans, Agathe" uniqKey="Haevermans A" first="Agathe" last="Haevermans">Agathe Haevermans</name><name sortKey="Haevermans, Thomas" sort="Haevermans, Thomas" uniqKey="Haevermans T" first="Thomas" last="Haevermans">Thomas Haevermans</name><name sortKey="Jabbour, Florian" sort="Jabbour, Florian" uniqKey="Jabbour F" first="Florian" last="Jabbour">Florian Jabbour</name><name sortKey="Little, Stefan A" sort="Little, Stefan A" uniqKey="Little S" first="Stefan A." last="Little">Stefan A. Little</name><name sortKey="Nadot, Sophie" sort="Nadot, Sophie" uniqKey="Nadot S" first="Sophie" last="Nadot">Sophie Nadot</name><name sortKey="Prieu, Charlotte" sort="Prieu, Charlotte" uniqKey="Prieu C" first="Charlotte" last="Prieu">Charlotte Prieu</name><name sortKey="Reyes, Elisabeth" sort="Reyes, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Reyes E" first="Elisabeth" last="Reyes">Elisabeth Reyes</name><name sortKey="Soulebeau, Anaelle" sort="Soulebeau, Anaelle" uniqKey="Soulebeau A" first="Anaëlle" last="Soulebeau">Anaëlle Soulebeau</name></country><country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Von Balthazar, Maria" sort="Von Balthazar, Maria" uniqKey="Von Balthazar M" first="Maria" last="Von Balthazar">Maria Von Balthazar</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chartier, Marion" sort="Chartier, Marion" uniqKey="Chartier M" first="Marion" last="Chartier">Marion Chartier</name><name sortKey="Lofstrand, Stefan" sort="Lofstrand, Stefan" uniqKey="Lofstrand S" first="Stefan" last="Löfstrand">Stefan Löfstrand</name><name sortKey="Pamperl, Susanne" sort="Pamperl, Susanne" uniqKey="Pamperl S" first="Susanne" last="Pamperl">Susanne Pamperl</name><name sortKey="Schonenberger, Jurg" sort="Schonenberger, Jurg" uniqKey="Schonenberger J" first="Jürg" last="Schönenberger">Jürg Schönenberger</name><name sortKey="Sontag, Susanne" sort="Sontag, Susanne" uniqKey="Sontag S" first="Susanne" last="Sontag">Susanne Sontag</name><name sortKey="Staedler, Yannick" sort="Staedler, Yannick" uniqKey="Staedler Y" first="Yannick" last="Staedler">Yannick Staedler</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Doyle, James A" sort="Doyle, James A" uniqKey="Doyle J" first="James A." last="Doyle">James A. Doyle</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Schoonderwoerd, Kristel M" sort="Schoonderwoerd, Kristel M" uniqKey="Schoonderwoerd K" first="Kristel M." last="Schoonderwoerd">Kristel M. Schoonderwoerd</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Endress, Peter K" sort="Endress, Peter K" uniqKey="Endress P" first="Peter K." last="Endress">Peter K. Endress</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Barroso De Morais, Erica" sort="Barroso De Morais, Erica" uniqKey="Barroso De Morais E" first="Erica" last="Barroso De Morais">Erica Barroso De Morais</name><name sortKey="Coiro, Mario" sort="Coiro, Mario" uniqKey="Coiro M" first="Mario" last="Coiro">Mario Coiro</name><name sortKey="Massoni, Julien" sort="Massoni, Julien" uniqKey="Massoni J" first="Julien" last="Massoni">Julien Massoni</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bailes, Emily J" sort="Bailes, Emily J" uniqKey="Bailes E" first="Emily J." last="Bailes">Emily J. Bailes</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Luna, Javier A" sort="Luna, Javier A" uniqKey="Luna J" first="Javier A." last="Luna">Javier A. Luna</name></country><country name="Chili"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bull Here U, Kester" sort="Bull Here U, Kester" uniqKey="Bull Here U K" first="Kester" last="Bull-Here U">Kester Bull-Here U</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Chomicki, Guillaume" sort="Chomicki, Guillaume" uniqKey="Chomicki G" first="Guillaume" last="Chomicki">Guillaume Chomicki</name></noRegion></country><country name="Brésil"><noRegion><name sortKey="El Ottra, Juliana H L" sort="El Ottra, Juliana H L" uniqKey="El Ottra J" first="Juliana H. L." last="El Ottra">Juliana H. L. El Ottra</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Foster, Charles S P" sort="Foster, Charles S P" uniqKey="Foster C" first="Charles S. P." last="Foster">Charles S. P. Foster</name></noRegion></country><country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dos Santos, Patricia" sort="Dos Santos, Patricia" uniqKey="Dos Santos P" first="Patrícia" last="Dos Santos">Patrícia Dos Santos</name></noRegion></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tschan, Georg F" sort="Tschan, Georg F" uniqKey="Tschan G" first="Georg F." last="Tschan">Georg F. Tschan</name></noRegion></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wing Sze Leung, Amy" sort="Wing Sze Leung, Amy" uniqKey="Wing Sze Leung A" first="Amy" last="Wing-Sze Leung">Amy Wing-Sze Leung</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000055 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000055 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5543309
|texte= The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28763051" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |