Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points—a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Identifieur interne : 003484 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003483; suivant : 003485Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points—a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Auteurs : B Rge G. Nordestgaard [Danemark] ; Anne Langsted [Danemark] ; Samia Mora [États-Unis] ; Genovefa Kolovou [Grèce] ; Hannsjörg Baum [Allemagne] ; Eric Bruckert [France] ; Gerald F. Watts [Australie] ; Grazyna Sypniewska [Pologne] ; Olov Wiklund [Suède] ; Jan Borén [Suède] ; M. John Chapman [France] ; Christa Cobbaert [Pays-Bas] ; Olivier S. Descamps [Belgique] ; Arnold Von Eckardstein [Suisse] ; Pia R. Kamstrup [Danemark] ; Kari Pulkki [Finlande] ; Florian Kronenberg [Autriche] ; Alan T. Remaley [États-Unis] ; Nader Rifai [États-Unis] ; Emilio Ros [Espagne] ; Michel Langlois [Belgique]Source :
- European Heart Journal [ 0195-668X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid profiles and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid profiles.
Extensive observational data, in which random non-fasting lipid profiles have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1–6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; concentrations of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting concentrations vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid profiles, while fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal concentrations as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal concentrations correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening concentrations require separate referral when triglycerides >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL) for the risk of pancreatitis, LDL cholesterol >13 mmol/L (500 mg/dL) for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, LDL cholesterol >5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL) for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, and lipoprotein(a) >150 mg/dL (99th percentile) for very high cardiovascular risk.
We recommend that non-fasting blood samples be routinely used for the assessment of plasma lipid profiles. Laboratory reports should flag abnormal values on the basis of desirable concentration cut-points. Non-fasting and fasting measurements should be complementary but not mutually exclusive.
Url:
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw152
PubMed: 27122601
PubMed Central: 4929379
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,<institution>AZ St-Jan</institution>
,<addr-line>Brugge</addr-line>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>University of Ghent</institution>
,<addr-line>Ghent</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points—a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</title>
<author><name sortKey="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" sort="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" uniqKey="Nordestgaard B" first="B Rge G." last="Nordestgaard">B Rge G. Nordestgaard</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kolovou, Genovefa" sort="Kolovou, Genovefa" uniqKey="Kolovou G" first="Genovefa" last="Kolovou">Genovefa Kolovou</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Bruckert, Eric" sort="Bruckert, Eric" uniqKey="Bruckert E" first="Eric" last="Bruckert">Eric Bruckert</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Watts, Gerald F" sort="Watts, Gerald F" uniqKey="Watts G" first="Gerald F." last="Watts">Gerald F. Watts</name>
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,<addr-line>Perth</addr-line>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Sypniewska, Grazyna" sort="Sypniewska, Grazyna" uniqKey="Sypniewska G" first="Grazyna" last="Sypniewska">Grazyna Sypniewska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Collegium Medicum, NC University</institution>
,<addr-line>Bydgoszcz</addr-line>
,<country>Poland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Wiklund, Olov" sort="Wiklund, Olov" uniqKey="Wiklund O" first="Olov" last="Wiklund">Olov Wiklund</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Boren, Jan" sort="Boren, Jan" uniqKey="Boren J" first="Jan" last="Borén">Jan Borén</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><institution>Sahlgrenska University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gothenburg</addr-line>
,<country>Sweden</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Chapman, M John" sort="Chapman, M John" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="M. John" last="Chapman">M. John Chapman</name>
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,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cobbaert, Christa" sort="Cobbaert, Christa" uniqKey="Cobbaert C" first="Christa" last="Cobbaert">Christa Cobbaert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Leiden University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Leiden</addr-line>
,<country>The Netherlands</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Descamps, Olivier S" sort="Descamps, Olivier S" uniqKey="Descamps O" first="Olivier S." last="Descamps">Olivier S. Descamps</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><institution>Hopital de Jolimont</institution>
,<addr-line>Haine-Saint-Paul</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" sort="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" uniqKey="Von Eckardstein A" first="Arnold" last="Von Eckardstein">Arnold Von Eckardstein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Institute for Clinical Chemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>University Hospital Zurich</institution>
,<addr-line>Zurich</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamstrup, Pia R" sort="Kamstrup, Pia R" uniqKey="Kamstrup P" first="Pia R." last="Kamstrup">Pia R. Kamstrup</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen</institution>
,<addr-line>DK-2730 Herlev</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pulkki, Kari" sort="Pulkki, Kari" uniqKey="Pulkki K" first="Kari" last="Pulkki">Kari Pulkki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Chemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>
,<addr-line>Kuopio</addr-line>
,<country>Finland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kronenberg, Florian" sort="Kronenberg, Florian" uniqKey="Kronenberg F" first="Florian" last="Kronenberg">Florian Kronenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology</addr-line>
,<institution>Medical University of Innsbruck</institution>
,<addr-line>Innsbruck</addr-line>
,<country>Austria</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Remaley, Alan T" sort="Remaley, Alan T" uniqKey="Remaley A" first="Alan T." last="Remaley">Alan T. Remaley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch</addr-line>
,<institution>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>
,<addr-line>Bethesda, MD</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rifai, Nader" sort="Rifai, Nader" uniqKey="Rifai N" first="Nader" last="Rifai">Nader Rifai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>Childrens Hospital, Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Harvard University</institution>
,<addr-line>Boston, MA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ros, Emilio" sort="Ros, Emilio" uniqKey="Ros E" first="Emilio" last="Ros">Emilio Ros</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af17"><addr-line>Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition</addr-line>
,<institution>Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic</institution>
,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III</institution>
,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langlois, Michel" sort="Langlois, Michel" uniqKey="Langlois M" first="Michel" last="Langlois">Michel Langlois</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>AZ St-Jan</institution>
,<addr-line>Brugge</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>University of Ghent</institution>
,<addr-line>Ghent</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">European Heart Journal</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0195-668X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1522-9645</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aims</title>
<p>To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid profiles and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid profiles.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods and results</title>
<p>Extensive observational data, in which random non-fasting lipid profiles have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1–6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; concentrations of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting concentrations vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid profiles, while fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal concentrations as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal concentrations correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening concentrations require separate referral when triglycerides >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL) for the risk of pancreatitis, LDL cholesterol >13 mmol/L (500 mg/dL) for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, LDL cholesterol >5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL) for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, and lipoprotein(a) >150 mg/dL (99th percentile) for very high cardiovascular risk.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>We recommend that non-fasting blood samples be routinely used for the assessment of plasma lipid profiles. Laboratory reports should flag abnormal values on the basis of desirable concentration cut-points. Non-fasting and fasting measurements should be complementary but not mutually exclusive.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" sort="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" uniqKey="Nordestgaard B" first="B Rge G." last="Nordestgaard">B Rge G. Nordestgaard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen</institution>
,<addr-line>DK-2730 Herlev</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langsted, Anne" sort="Langsted, Anne" uniqKey="Langsted A" first="Anne" last="Langsted">Anne Langsted</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen</institution>
,<addr-line>DK-2730 Herlev</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mora, Samia" sort="Mora, Samia" uniqKey="Mora S" first="Samia" last="Mora">Samia Mora</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School</institution>
,<addr-line>Boston, MA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kolovou, Genovefa" sort="Kolovou, Genovefa" uniqKey="Kolovou G" first="Genovefa" last="Kolovou">Genovefa Kolovou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Cardiology Department</addr-line>
,<institution>Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>
,<country>Greece</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baum, Hannsjorg" sort="Baum, Hannsjorg" uniqKey="Baum H" first="Hannsjörg" last="Baum">Hannsjörg Baum</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Institute for Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Blutdepot und Krankenhaushygiene, Regionale Kliniken Holding RKH GmbH</institution>
,<addr-line>Ludwigsburg</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruckert, Eric" sort="Bruckert, Eric" uniqKey="Bruckert E" first="Eric" last="Bruckert">Eric Bruckert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Pitié-Salpetriere University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Watts, Gerald F" sort="Watts, Gerald F" uniqKey="Watts G" first="Gerald F." last="Watts">Gerald F. Watts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>University of Western Australia</institution>
,<addr-line>Perth</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sypniewska, Grazyna" sort="Sypniewska, Grazyna" uniqKey="Sypniewska G" first="Grazyna" last="Sypniewska">Grazyna Sypniewska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Collegium Medicum, NC University</institution>
,<addr-line>Bydgoszcz</addr-line>
,<country>Poland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiklund, Olov" sort="Wiklund, Olov" uniqKey="Wiklund O" first="Olov" last="Wiklund">Olov Wiklund</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><institution>Sahlgrenska University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gothenburg</addr-line>
,<country>Sweden</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boren, Jan" sort="Boren, Jan" uniqKey="Boren J" first="Jan" last="Borén">Jan Borén</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><institution>Sahlgrenska University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gothenburg</addr-line>
,<country>Sweden</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chapman, M John" sort="Chapman, M John" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="M. John" last="Chapman">M. John Chapman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>INSERM U939, Pitié-Salpetriere University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cobbaert, Christa" sort="Cobbaert, Christa" uniqKey="Cobbaert C" first="Christa" last="Cobbaert">Christa Cobbaert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Leiden University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Leiden</addr-line>
,<country>The Netherlands</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Descamps, Olivier S" sort="Descamps, Olivier S" uniqKey="Descamps O" first="Olivier S." last="Descamps">Olivier S. Descamps</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><institution>Hopital de Jolimont</institution>
,<addr-line>Haine-Saint-Paul</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" sort="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" uniqKey="Von Eckardstein A" first="Arnold" last="Von Eckardstein">Arnold Von Eckardstein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Institute for Clinical Chemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>University Hospital Zurich</institution>
,<addr-line>Zurich</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamstrup, Pia R" sort="Kamstrup, Pia R" uniqKey="Kamstrup P" first="Pia R." last="Kamstrup">Pia R. Kamstrup</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen</institution>
,<addr-line>DK-2730 Herlev</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pulkki, Kari" sort="Pulkki, Kari" uniqKey="Pulkki K" first="Kari" last="Pulkki">Kari Pulkki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Chemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>
,<addr-line>Kuopio</addr-line>
,<country>Finland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kronenberg, Florian" sort="Kronenberg, Florian" uniqKey="Kronenberg F" first="Florian" last="Kronenberg">Florian Kronenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology</addr-line>
,<institution>Medical University of Innsbruck</institution>
,<addr-line>Innsbruck</addr-line>
,<country>Austria</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Remaley, Alan T" sort="Remaley, Alan T" uniqKey="Remaley A" first="Alan T." last="Remaley">Alan T. Remaley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch</addr-line>
,<institution>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>
,<addr-line>Bethesda, MD</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rifai, Nader" sort="Rifai, Nader" uniqKey="Rifai N" first="Nader" last="Rifai">Nader Rifai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>Childrens Hospital, Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Harvard University</institution>
,<addr-line>Boston, MA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ros, Emilio" sort="Ros, Emilio" uniqKey="Ros E" first="Emilio" last="Ros">Emilio Ros</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af17"><addr-line>Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition</addr-line>
,<institution>Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic</institution>
,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III</institution>
,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langlois, Michel" sort="Langlois, Michel" uniqKey="Langlois M" first="Michel" last="Langlois">Michel Langlois</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>AZ St-Jan</institution>
,<addr-line>Brugge</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>University of Ghent</institution>
,<addr-line>Ghent</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<idno type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehw152</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points—a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</title>
<author><name sortKey="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" sort="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" uniqKey="Nordestgaard B" first="B Rge G." last="Nordestgaard">B Rge G. Nordestgaard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen</institution>
,<addr-line>DK-2730 Herlev</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langsted, Anne" sort="Langsted, Anne" uniqKey="Langsted A" first="Anne" last="Langsted">Anne Langsted</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen</institution>
,<addr-line>DK-2730 Herlev</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mora, Samia" sort="Mora, Samia" uniqKey="Mora S" first="Samia" last="Mora">Samia Mora</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School</institution>
,<addr-line>Boston, MA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kolovou, Genovefa" sort="Kolovou, Genovefa" uniqKey="Kolovou G" first="Genovefa" last="Kolovou">Genovefa Kolovou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Cardiology Department</addr-line>
,<institution>Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>
,<country>Greece</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baum, Hannsjorg" sort="Baum, Hannsjorg" uniqKey="Baum H" first="Hannsjörg" last="Baum">Hannsjörg Baum</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Institute for Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Blutdepot und Krankenhaushygiene, Regionale Kliniken Holding RKH GmbH</institution>
,<addr-line>Ludwigsburg</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruckert, Eric" sort="Bruckert, Eric" uniqKey="Bruckert E" first="Eric" last="Bruckert">Eric Bruckert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Pitié-Salpetriere University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Watts, Gerald F" sort="Watts, Gerald F" uniqKey="Watts G" first="Gerald F." last="Watts">Gerald F. Watts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>University of Western Australia</institution>
,<addr-line>Perth</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sypniewska, Grazyna" sort="Sypniewska, Grazyna" uniqKey="Sypniewska G" first="Grazyna" last="Sypniewska">Grazyna Sypniewska</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Collegium Medicum, NC University</institution>
,<addr-line>Bydgoszcz</addr-line>
,<country>Poland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiklund, Olov" sort="Wiklund, Olov" uniqKey="Wiklund O" first="Olov" last="Wiklund">Olov Wiklund</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><institution>Sahlgrenska University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gothenburg</addr-line>
,<country>Sweden</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boren, Jan" sort="Boren, Jan" uniqKey="Boren J" first="Jan" last="Borén">Jan Borén</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><institution>Sahlgrenska University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gothenburg</addr-line>
,<country>Sweden</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chapman, M John" sort="Chapman, M John" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="M. John" last="Chapman">M. John Chapman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>INSERM U939, Pitié-Salpetriere University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cobbaert, Christa" sort="Cobbaert, Christa" uniqKey="Cobbaert C" first="Christa" last="Cobbaert">Christa Cobbaert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Leiden University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Leiden</addr-line>
,<country>The Netherlands</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Descamps, Olivier S" sort="Descamps, Olivier S" uniqKey="Descamps O" first="Olivier S." last="Descamps">Olivier S. Descamps</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><institution>Hopital de Jolimont</institution>
,<addr-line>Haine-Saint-Paul</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" sort="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" uniqKey="Von Eckardstein A" first="Arnold" last="Von Eckardstein">Arnold Von Eckardstein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Institute for Clinical Chemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>University Hospital Zurich</institution>
,<addr-line>Zurich</addr-line>
,<country>Switzerland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamstrup, Pia R" sort="Kamstrup, Pia R" uniqKey="Kamstrup P" first="Pia R." last="Kamstrup">Pia R. Kamstrup</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen</institution>
,<addr-line>DK-2730 Herlev</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pulkki, Kari" sort="Pulkki, Kari" uniqKey="Pulkki K" first="Kari" last="Pulkki">Kari Pulkki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Chemistry</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>
,<addr-line>Kuopio</addr-line>
,<country>Finland</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kronenberg, Florian" sort="Kronenberg, Florian" uniqKey="Kronenberg F" first="Florian" last="Kronenberg">Florian Kronenberg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Genetic Epidemiology</addr-line>
,<institution>Medical University of Innsbruck</institution>
,<addr-line>Innsbruck</addr-line>
,<country>Austria</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Remaley, Alan T" sort="Remaley, Alan T" uniqKey="Remaley A" first="Alan T." last="Remaley">Alan T. Remaley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch</addr-line>
,<institution>National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health</institution>
,<addr-line>Bethesda, MD</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rifai, Nader" sort="Rifai, Nader" uniqKey="Rifai N" first="Nader" last="Rifai">Nader Rifai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>Childrens Hospital, Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Harvard University</institution>
,<addr-line>Boston, MA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ros, Emilio" sort="Ros, Emilio" uniqKey="Ros E" first="Emilio" last="Ros">Emilio Ros</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af17"><addr-line>Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition</addr-line>
,<institution>Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic</institution>
,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III</institution>
,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langlois, Michel" sort="Langlois, Michel" uniqKey="Langlois M" first="Michel" last="Langlois">Michel Langlois</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>AZ St-Jan</institution>
,<addr-line>Brugge</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>University of Ghent</institution>
,<addr-line>Ghent</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">European Heart Journal</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0195-668X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1522-9645</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aims</title>
<p>To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid profiles and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid profiles.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods and results</title>
<p>Extensive observational data, in which random non-fasting lipid profiles have been compared with those determined under fasting conditions, indicate that the maximal mean changes at 1–6 h after habitual meals are not clinically significant [+0.3 mmol/L (26 mg/dL) for triglycerides; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for total cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for LDL cholesterol; +0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated remnant cholesterol; −0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) for calculated non-HDL cholesterol]; concentrations of HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a) are not affected by fasting/non-fasting status. In addition, non-fasting and fasting concentrations vary similarly over time and are comparable in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. To improve patient compliance with lipid testing, we therefore recommend the routine use of non-fasting lipid profiles, while fasting sampling may be considered when non-fasting triglycerides >5 mmol/L (440 mg/dL). For non-fasting samples, laboratory reports should flag abnormal concentrations as triglycerides ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL), total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol ≥3 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), calculated remnant cholesterol ≥0.9 mmol/L (35 mg/dL), calculated non-HDL cholesterol ≥3.9 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), HDL cholesterol ≤1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), apolipoprotein A1 ≤1.25 g/L (125 mg/dL), apolipoprotein B ≥1.0 g/L (100 mg/dL), and lipoprotein(a) ≥50 mg/dL (80th percentile); for fasting samples, abnormal concentrations correspond to triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL). Life-threatening concentrations require separate referral when triglycerides >10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL) for the risk of pancreatitis, LDL cholesterol >13 mmol/L (500 mg/dL) for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, LDL cholesterol >5 mmol/L (190 mg/dL) for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, and lipoprotein(a) >150 mg/dL (99th percentile) for very high cardiovascular risk.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>We recommend that non-fasting blood samples be routinely used for the assessment of plasma lipid profiles. Laboratory reports should flag abnormal values on the basis of desirable concentration cut-points. Non-fasting and fasting measurements should be complementary but not mutually exclusive.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points-a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.</title>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pitié-Salpetriere University Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Gothenburg</wicri:noRegion>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>INSERM U939, Pitié-Salpetriere University Hospital, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Langlois, Michel" sort="Langlois, Michel" uniqKey="Langlois M" first="Michel" last="Langlois">Michel Langlois</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ St-Jan, Brugge, Belgium University of Ghent, Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points-a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" sort="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" uniqKey="Nordestgaard B" first="B Rge G" last="Nordestgaard">B Rge G. Nordestgaard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark boerge.nordestgaard@regionh.dk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langsted, Anne" sort="Langsted, Anne" uniqKey="Langsted A" first="Anne" last="Langsted">Anne Langsted</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Mora, Samia" sort="Mora, Samia" uniqKey="Mora S" first="Samia" last="Mora">Samia Mora</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Baum, Hannsjorg" sort="Baum, Hannsjorg" uniqKey="Baum H" first="Hannsjörg" last="Baum">Hannsjörg Baum</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Ludwigsburg</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Bruckert, Eric" sort="Bruckert, Eric" uniqKey="Bruckert E" first="Eric" last="Bruckert">Eric Bruckert</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
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<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Watts, Gerald F" sort="Watts, Gerald F" uniqKey="Watts G" first="Gerald F" last="Watts">Gerald F. Watts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Western Australia, Perth</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Perth</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Sypniewska, Grazyna" sort="Sypniewska, Grazyna" uniqKey="Sypniewska G" first="Grazyna" last="Sypniewska">Grazyna Sypniewska</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Pologne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine, Collegium Medicum, NC University, Bydgoszcz</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiklund, Olov" sort="Wiklund, Olov" uniqKey="Wiklund O" first="Olov" last="Wiklund">Olov Wiklund</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Boren, Jan" sort="Boren, Jan" uniqKey="Boren J" first="Jan" last="Borén">Jan Borén</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chapman, M John" sort="Chapman, M John" uniqKey="Chapman M" first="M John" last="Chapman">M John Chapman</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>INSERM U939, Pitié-Salpetriere University Hospital, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Cobbaert, Christa" sort="Cobbaert, Christa" uniqKey="Cobbaert C" first="Christa" last="Cobbaert">Christa Cobbaert</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Leyde</settlement>
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<author><name sortKey="Descamps, Olivier S" sort="Descamps, Olivier S" uniqKey="Descamps O" first="Olivier S" last="Descamps">Olivier S. Descamps</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" sort="Von Eckardstein, Arnold" uniqKey="Von Eckardstein A" first="Arnold" last="Von Eckardstein">Arnold Von Eckardstein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kamstrup, Pia R" sort="Kamstrup, Pia R" uniqKey="Kamstrup P" first="Pia R" last="Kamstrup">Pia R. Kamstrup</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>DK-2730 Herlev</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pulkki, Kari" sort="Pulkki, Kari" uniqKey="Pulkki K" first="Kari" last="Pulkki">Kari Pulkki</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Kronenberg, Florian" sort="Kronenberg, Florian" uniqKey="Kronenberg F" first="Florian" last="Kronenberg">Florian Kronenberg</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
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</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Remaley, Alan T" sort="Remaley, Alan T" uniqKey="Remaley A" first="Alan T" last="Remaley">Alan T. Remaley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rifai, Nader" sort="Rifai, Nader" uniqKey="Rifai N" first="Nader" last="Rifai">Nader Rifai</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Childrens Hospital, Laboratory Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
<settlement type="city">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Harvard</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ros, Emilio" sort="Ros, Emilio" uniqKey="Ros E" first="Emilio" last="Ros">Emilio Ros</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langlois, Michel" sort="Langlois, Michel" uniqKey="Langlois M" first="Michel" last="Langlois">Michel Langlois</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ St-Jan, Brugge, Belgium University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ St-Jan, Brugge, Belgium University of Ghent, Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ghent</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">European heart journal</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1522-9645</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">To critically evaluate the clinical implications of the use of non-fasting rather than fasting lipid profiles and to provide guidance for the laboratory reporting of abnormal non-fasting or fasting lipid profiles.</div>
</front>
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