What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira
Identifieur interne : 003148 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003147; suivant : 003149What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira
Auteurs : Derrick E. Fouts [États-Unis] ; Michael A. Matthias [États-Unis] ; Haritha Adhikarla [États-Unis] ; Ben Adler [Australie] ; Luciane Amorim-Santos [États-Unis, Brésil] ; Douglas E. Berg [États-Unis] ; Dieter Bulach [Australie] ; Alejandro Buschiazzo [Uruguay, France] ; Yung-Fu Chang [États-Unis] ; Renee L. Galloway [États-Unis] ; David A. Haake [États-Unis] ; Daniel H. Haft [États-Unis] ; Rudy Hartskeerl [Pays-Bas] ; Albert I. Ko [États-Unis, Brésil] ; Paul N. Levett [Canada] ; James Matsunaga [États-Unis] ; Ariel E. Mechaly [Uruguay] ; Jonathan M. Monk [États-Unis] ; Ana L. T. Nascimento [Brésil] ; Karen E. Nelson [États-Unis] ; Bernhard Palsson [États-Unis] ; Sharon J. Peacock [Royaume-Uni] ; Mathieu Picardeau [France] ; Jessica N. Ricaldi [Pérou] ; Janjira Thaipandungpanit [Thaïlande] ; Elsio A. Wunder [États-Unis, Brésil] ; X. Frank Yang [États-Unis] ; Jun-Jie Zhang [États-Unis] ; Joseph M. Vinetz [États-Unis, Pérou]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Données de séquences moléculaires, Génome bactérien, Génomique, Humains, Leptospira (), Leptospira (génétique), Leptospira (isolement et purification), Leptospira (pathogénicité), Leptospirose (microbiologie), Leptospirose (médecine vétérinaire), Phylogénie, Protéines bactériennes (génétique), Protéines bactériennes (métabolisme), Signaux de triage des protéines, Systèmes bactériens de sécrétion, Séquence nucléotidique, Virulence, Évolution moléculaire.
- MESH :
- génétique : Leptospira, Protéines bactériennes.
- isolement et purification : Leptospira.
- microbiologie : Leptospirose.
- médecine vétérinaire : Leptospirose.
- métabolisme : Protéines bactériennes.
- pathogénicité : Leptospira.
- Animaux, Données de séquences moléculaires, Génome bactérien, Génomique, Humains, Leptospira, Phylogénie, Signaux de triage des protéines, Systèmes bactériens de sécrétion, Séquence nucléotidique, Virulence, Évolution moléculaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Bacterial Proteins (genetics), Bacterial Proteins (metabolism), Bacterial Secretion Systems, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Bacterial, Genomics, Humans, Leptospira (classification), Leptospira (genetics), Leptospira (isolation & purification), Leptospira (pathogenicity), Leptospirosis (microbiology), Leptospirosis (veterinary), Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Protein Sorting Signals, Virulence.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Bacterial Proteins.
- chemical , metabolism : Bacterial Proteins.
- classification : Leptospira.
- genetics : Leptospira.
- isolation & purification : Leptospira.
- microbiology : Leptospirosis.
- pathogenicity : Leptospira.
- veterinary : Leptospirosis.
- Animals, Bacterial Secretion Systems, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Bacterial, Genomics, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Protein Sorting Signals, Virulence.
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004403
PubMed: 26890609
PubMed Central: 4758666
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PMC:4758666Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J." last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Picardeau, Mathieu" sort="Picardeau, Mathieu" uniqKey="Picardeau M" first="Mathieu" last="Picardeau">Mathieu Picardeau</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N." last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A." last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X. Frank" last="Yang">X. Frank Yang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus <italic>Leptospira</italic>
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<author><name sortKey="Fouts, Derrick E" sort="Fouts, Derrick E" uniqKey="Fouts D" first="Derrick E." last="Fouts">Derrick E. Fouts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthias, Michael A" sort="Matthias, Michael A" uniqKey="Matthias M" first="Michael A." last="Matthias">Michael A. Matthias</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Adhikarla, Haritha" sort="Adhikarla, Haritha" uniqKey="Adhikarla H" first="Haritha" last="Adhikarla">Haritha Adhikarla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adler, Ben" sort="Adler, Ben" uniqKey="Adler B" first="Ben" last="Adler">Ben Adler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amorim Santos, Luciane" sort="Amorim Santos, Luciane" uniqKey="Amorim Santos L" first="Luciane" last="Amorim-Santos">Luciane Amorim-Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Douglas E" sort="Berg, Douglas E" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Douglas E." last="Berg">Douglas E. Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bulach, Dieter" sort="Bulach, Dieter" uniqKey="Bulach D" first="Dieter" last="Bulach">Dieter Bulach</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" sort="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" uniqKey="Buschiazzo A" first="Alejandro" last="Buschiazzo">Alejandro Buschiazzo</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Yung Fu" sort="Chang, Yung Fu" uniqKey="Chang Y" first="Yung-Fu" last="Chang">Yung-Fu Chang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galloway, Renee L" sort="Galloway, Renee L" uniqKey="Galloway R" first="Renee L." last="Galloway">Renee L. Galloway</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haake, David A" sort="Haake, David A" uniqKey="Haake D" first="David A." last="Haake">David A. Haake</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haft, Daniel H" sort="Haft, Daniel H" uniqKey="Haft D" first="Daniel H." last="Haft">Daniel H. Haft</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartskeerl, Rudy" sort="Hartskeerl, Rudy" uniqKey="Hartskeerl R" first="Rudy" last="Hartskeerl">Rudy Hartskeerl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ko, Albert I" sort="Ko, Albert I" uniqKey="Ko A" first="Albert I." last="Ko">Albert I. Ko</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levett, Paul N" sort="Levett, Paul N" uniqKey="Levett P" first="Paul N." last="Levett">Paul N. Levett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Disease Control Laboratory Regina</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsunaga, James" sort="Matsunaga, James" uniqKey="Matsunaga J" first="James" last="Matsunaga">James Matsunaga</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mechaly, Ariel E" sort="Mechaly, Ariel E" uniqKey="Mechaly A" first="Ariel E." last="Mechaly">Ariel E. Mechaly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monk, Jonathan M" sort="Monk, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Monk J" first="Jonathan M." last="Monk">Jonathan M. Monk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Ana L T" sort="Nascimento, Ana L T" uniqKey="Nascimento A" first="Ana L. T." last="Nascimento">Ana L. T. Nascimento</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff016"><addr-line>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nelson, Karen E" sort="Nelson, Karen E" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Karen E." last="Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palsson, Bernhard" sort="Palsson, Bernhard" uniqKey="Palsson B" first="Bernhard" last="Palsson">Bernhard Palsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J." last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Picardeau, Mathieu" sort="Picardeau, Mathieu" uniqKey="Picardeau M" first="Mathieu" last="Picardeau">Mathieu Picardeau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N." last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A." last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X. Frank" last="Yang">X. Frank Yang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinetz, Joseph M" sort="Vinetz, Joseph M" uniqKey="Vinetz J" first="Joseph M." last="Vinetz">Joseph M. Vinetz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Bacterial Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Bacterial Proteins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Bacterial Secretion Systems</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Genomics</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Leptospira (classification)</term>
<term>Leptospira (genetics)</term>
<term>Leptospira (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Leptospira (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Leptospirosis (microbiology)</term>
<term>Leptospirosis (veterinary)</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Protein Sorting Signals</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Génomique</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Leptospira ()</term>
<term>Leptospira (génétique)</term>
<term>Leptospira (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Leptospira (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Leptospirose (microbiologie)</term>
<term>Leptospirose (médecine vétérinaire)</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Signaux de triage des protéines</term>
<term>Systèmes bactériens de sécrétion</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospira</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospirose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospirosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="médecine vétérinaire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospirose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="veterinary" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospirosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Bacterial Secretion Systems</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Genomics</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Protein Sorting Signals</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Génomique</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Leptospira</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Signaux de triage des protéines</term>
<term>Systèmes bactériens de sécrétion</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known <italic>Leptospira</italic>
species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade’s refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding <italic>Leptospira</italic>
pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, <italic>Sec</italic>
-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all <italic>Leptospira</italic>
; and 7) and demonstration of infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<double pmid="26890609"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus <italic>Leptospira</italic>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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</author>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
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</affiliation>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Ana L T" sort="Nascimento, Ana L T" uniqKey="Nascimento A" first="Ana L. T." last="Nascimento">Ana L. T. Nascimento</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nelson, Karen E" sort="Nelson, Karen E" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Karen E." last="Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palsson, Bernhard" sort="Palsson, Bernhard" uniqKey="Palsson B" first="Bernhard" last="Palsson">Bernhard Palsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J." last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Picardeau, Mathieu" sort="Picardeau, Mathieu" uniqKey="Picardeau M" first="Mathieu" last="Picardeau">Mathieu Picardeau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N." last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A." last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X. Frank" last="Yang">X. Frank Yang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinetz, Joseph M" sort="Vinetz, Joseph M" uniqKey="Vinetz J" first="Joseph M." last="Vinetz">Joseph M. Vinetz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus <italic>Leptospira</italic>
</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fouts, Derrick E" sort="Fouts, Derrick E" uniqKey="Fouts D" first="Derrick E." last="Fouts">Derrick E. Fouts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthias, Michael A" sort="Matthias, Michael A" uniqKey="Matthias M" first="Michael A." last="Matthias">Michael A. Matthias</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adhikarla, Haritha" sort="Adhikarla, Haritha" uniqKey="Adhikarla H" first="Haritha" last="Adhikarla">Haritha Adhikarla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adler, Ben" sort="Adler, Ben" uniqKey="Adler B" first="Ben" last="Adler">Ben Adler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amorim Santos, Luciane" sort="Amorim Santos, Luciane" uniqKey="Amorim Santos L" first="Luciane" last="Amorim-Santos">Luciane Amorim-Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Douglas E" sort="Berg, Douglas E" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Douglas E." last="Berg">Douglas E. Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bulach, Dieter" sort="Bulach, Dieter" uniqKey="Bulach D" first="Dieter" last="Bulach">Dieter Bulach</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" sort="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" uniqKey="Buschiazzo A" first="Alejandro" last="Buschiazzo">Alejandro Buschiazzo</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Yung Fu" sort="Chang, Yung Fu" uniqKey="Chang Y" first="Yung-Fu" last="Chang">Yung-Fu Chang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galloway, Renee L" sort="Galloway, Renee L" uniqKey="Galloway R" first="Renee L." last="Galloway">Renee L. Galloway</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haake, David A" sort="Haake, David A" uniqKey="Haake D" first="David A." last="Haake">David A. Haake</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haft, Daniel H" sort="Haft, Daniel H" uniqKey="Haft D" first="Daniel H." last="Haft">Daniel H. Haft</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartskeerl, Rudy" sort="Hartskeerl, Rudy" uniqKey="Hartskeerl R" first="Rudy" last="Hartskeerl">Rudy Hartskeerl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff013"><addr-line>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ko, Albert I" sort="Ko, Albert I" uniqKey="Ko A" first="Albert I." last="Ko">Albert I. Ko</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levett, Paul N" sort="Levett, Paul N" uniqKey="Levett P" first="Paul N." last="Levett">Paul N. Levett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff014"><addr-line>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsunaga, James" sort="Matsunaga, James" uniqKey="Matsunaga J" first="James" last="Matsunaga">James Matsunaga</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mechaly, Ariel E" sort="Mechaly, Ariel E" uniqKey="Mechaly A" first="Ariel E." last="Mechaly">Ariel E. Mechaly</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Monk, Jonathan M" sort="Monk, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Monk J" first="Jonathan M." last="Monk">Jonathan M. Monk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Ana L T" sort="Nascimento, Ana L T" uniqKey="Nascimento A" first="Ana L. T." last="Nascimento">Ana L. T. Nascimento</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff017"><addr-line>Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nelson, Karen E" sort="Nelson, Karen E" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Karen E." last="Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palsson, Bernhard" sort="Palsson, Bernhard" uniqKey="Palsson B" first="Bernhard" last="Palsson">Bernhard Palsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff015"><addr-line>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J." last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff018"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Picardeau, Mathieu" sort="Picardeau, Mathieu" uniqKey="Picardeau M" first="Mathieu" last="Picardeau">Mathieu Picardeau</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff019"><addr-line>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N." last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff021"><addr-line>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A." last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Bahia</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X. Frank" last="Yang">X. Frank Yang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff022"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinetz, Joseph M" sort="Vinetz, Joseph M" uniqKey="Vinetz J" first="Joseph M." last="Vinetz">Joseph M. Vinetz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff020"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff023"><addr-line>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Instituto de Medicina “Alexander von Humboldt,” Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known <italic>Leptospira</italic>
species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade’s refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding <italic>Leptospira</italic>
pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, <italic>Sec</italic>
-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all <italic>Leptospira</italic>
; and 7) and demonstration of infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious <italic>Leptospira</italic>
, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fouts, Derrick E" sort="Fouts, Derrick E" uniqKey="Fouts D" first="Derrick E" last="Fouts">Derrick E. Fouts</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthias, Michael A" sort="Matthias, Michael A" uniqKey="Matthias M" first="Michael A" last="Matthias">Michael A. Matthias</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adhikarla, Haritha" sort="Adhikarla, Haritha" uniqKey="Adhikarla H" first="Haritha" last="Adhikarla">Haritha Adhikarla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adler, Ben" sort="Adler, Ben" uniqKey="Adler B" first="Ben" last="Adler">Ben Adler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Clayton</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amorim Santos, Luciane" sort="Amorim Santos, Luciane" uniqKey="Amorim Santos L" first="Luciane" last="Amorim-Santos">Luciane Amorim-Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Douglas E" sort="Berg, Douglas E" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Douglas E" last="Berg">Douglas E. Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bulach, Dieter" sort="Bulach, Dieter" uniqKey="Bulach D" first="Dieter" last="Bulach">Dieter Bulach</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" sort="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" uniqKey="Buschiazzo A" first="Alejandro" last="Buschiazzo">Alejandro Buschiazzo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Yung Fu" sort="Chang, Yung Fu" uniqKey="Chang Y" first="Yung-Fu" last="Chang">Yung-Fu Chang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galloway, Renee L" sort="Galloway, Renee L" uniqKey="Galloway R" first="Renee L" last="Galloway">Renee L. Galloway</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haake, David A" sort="Haake, David A" uniqKey="Haake D" first="David A" last="Haake">David A. Haake</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haft, Daniel H" sort="Haft, Daniel H" uniqKey="Haft D" first="Daniel H" last="Haft">Daniel H. Haft</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartskeerl, Rudy" sort="Hartskeerl, Rudy" uniqKey="Hartskeerl R" first="Rudy" last="Hartskeerl">Rudy Hartskeerl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ko, Albert I" sort="Ko, Albert I" uniqKey="Ko A" first="Albert I" last="Ko">Albert I. Ko</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levett, Paul N" sort="Levett, Paul N" uniqKey="Levett P" first="Paul N" last="Levett">Paul N. Levett</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Disease Control Laboratory Regina</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsunaga, James" sort="Matsunaga, James" uniqKey="Matsunaga J" first="James" last="Matsunaga">James Matsunaga</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mechaly, Ariel E" sort="Mechaly, Ariel E" uniqKey="Mechaly A" first="Ariel E" last="Mechaly">Ariel E. Mechaly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Montevideo</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Monk, Jonathan M" sort="Monk, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Monk J" first="Jonathan M" last="Monk">Jonathan M. Monk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Ana L T" sort="Nascimento, Ana L T" uniqKey="Nascimento A" first="Ana L T" last="Nascimento">Ana L T. Nascimento</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de São Paulo</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Nelson, Karen E" sort="Nelson, Karen E" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Karen E" last="Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Palsson, Bernhard" sort="Palsson, Bernhard" uniqKey="Palsson B" first="Bernhard" last="Palsson">Bernhard Palsson</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J" last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N" last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A" last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X Frank" last="Yang">X Frank Yang</name>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinetz, Joseph M" sort="Vinetz, Joseph M" uniqKey="Vinetz J" first="Joseph M" last="Vinetz">Joseph M. Vinetz</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Fouts, Derrick E" sort="Fouts, Derrick E" uniqKey="Fouts D" first="Derrick E" last="Fouts">Derrick E. Fouts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthias, Michael A" sort="Matthias, Michael A" uniqKey="Matthias M" first="Michael A" last="Matthias">Michael A. Matthias</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adhikarla, Haritha" sort="Adhikarla, Haritha" uniqKey="Adhikarla H" first="Haritha" last="Adhikarla">Haritha Adhikarla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adler, Ben" sort="Adler, Ben" uniqKey="Adler B" first="Ben" last="Adler">Ben Adler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amorim Santos, Luciane" sort="Amorim Santos, Luciane" uniqKey="Amorim Santos L" first="Luciane" last="Amorim-Santos">Luciane Amorim-Santos</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Douglas E" sort="Berg, Douglas E" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Douglas E" last="Berg">Douglas E. Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bulach, Dieter" sort="Bulach, Dieter" uniqKey="Bulach D" first="Dieter" last="Bulach">Dieter Bulach</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Victoria</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" sort="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" uniqKey="Buschiazzo A" first="Alejandro" last="Buschiazzo">Alejandro Buschiazzo</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Yung Fu" sort="Chang, Yung Fu" uniqKey="Chang Y" first="Yung-Fu" last="Chang">Yung-Fu Chang</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">Ithaca (New York)</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Cornell</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galloway, Renee L" sort="Galloway, Renee L" uniqKey="Galloway R" first="Renee L" last="Galloway">Renee L. Galloway</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Haake, David A" sort="Haake, David A" uniqKey="Haake D" first="David A" last="Haake">David A. Haake</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haft, Daniel H" sort="Haft, Daniel H" uniqKey="Haft D" first="Daniel H" last="Haft">Daniel H. Haft</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartskeerl, Rudy" sort="Hartskeerl, Rudy" uniqKey="Hartskeerl R" first="Rudy" last="Hartskeerl">Rudy Hartskeerl</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ko, Albert I" sort="Ko, Albert I" uniqKey="Ko A" first="Albert I" last="Ko">Albert I. Ko</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levett, Paul N" sort="Levett, Paul N" uniqKey="Levett P" first="Paul N" last="Levett">Paul N. Levett</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsunaga, James" sort="Matsunaga, James" uniqKey="Matsunaga J" first="James" last="Matsunaga">James Matsunaga</name>
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<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Mechaly, Ariel E" sort="Mechaly, Ariel E" uniqKey="Mechaly A" first="Ariel E" last="Mechaly">Ariel E. Mechaly</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Uruguay</country>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monk, Jonathan M" sort="Monk, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Monk J" first="Jonathan M" last="Monk">Jonathan M. Monk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Ana L T" sort="Nascimento, Ana L T" uniqKey="Nascimento A" first="Ana L T" last="Nascimento">Ana L T. Nascimento</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Nelson, Karen E" sort="Nelson, Karen E" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Karen E" last="Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Palsson, Bernhard" sort="Palsson, Bernhard" uniqKey="Palsson B" first="Bernhard" last="Palsson">Bernhard Palsson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J" last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Picardeau, Mathieu" sort="Picardeau, Mathieu" uniqKey="Picardeau M" first="Mathieu" last="Picardeau">Mathieu Picardeau</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N" last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A" last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X Frank" last="Yang">X Frank Yang</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vinetz, Joseph M" sort="Vinetz, Joseph M" uniqKey="Vinetz J" first="Joseph M" last="Vinetz">Joseph M. Vinetz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
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<series><title level="j">PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Bacterial Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Bacterial Proteins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Bacterial Secretion Systems</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Genomics</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Leptospira (classification)</term>
<term>Leptospira (genetics)</term>
<term>Leptospira (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>Leptospira (pathogenicity)</term>
<term>Leptospirosis (microbiology)</term>
<term>Leptospirosis (veterinary)</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Protein Sorting Signals</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Génomique</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Leptospira ()</term>
<term>Leptospira (génétique)</term>
<term>Leptospira (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Leptospira (pathogénicité)</term>
<term>Leptospirose (microbiologie)</term>
<term>Leptospirose (médecine vétérinaire)</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Signaux de triage des protéines</term>
<term>Systèmes bactériens de sécrétion</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospira</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospirose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospirosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="médecine vétérinaire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospirose</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Leptospira</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="veterinary" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospirosis</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Bacterial Secretion Systems</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Evolution, Molecular</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Genomics</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Molecular Sequence Data</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Protein Sorting Signals</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Génomique</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Leptospira</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Signaux de triage des protéines</term>
<term>Systèmes bactériens de sécrétion</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Virulence</term>
<term>Évolution moléculaire</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious Leptospira, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious Leptospira, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic Leptospira, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known Leptospira species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious Leptospira to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade's refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding Leptospira pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, Sec-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all Leptospira; and 7) and demonstration of infectious Leptospira-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious Leptospira, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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