What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.
Identifieur interne : 002291 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 002290; suivant : 002292What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.
Auteurs : Derrick E. Fouts ; Michael A. Matthias ; Haritha Adhikarla ; Ben Adler ; Luciane Amorim-Santos ; Douglas E. Berg ; Dieter Bulach ; Alejandro Buschiazzo ; Yung-Fu Chang ; Renee L. Galloway ; David A. Haake ; Daniel H. Haft ; Rudy Hartskeerl ; Albert I. Ko ; Paul N. Levett ; James Matsunaga ; Ariel E. Mechaly ; Jonathan M. Monk ; Ana L T. Nascimento ; Karen E. Nelson ; Bernhard Palsson ; Sharon J. Peacock ; Mathieu Picardeau ; Jessica N. Ricaldi ; Janjira Thaipandungpanit ; Elsio A. Wunder ; X Frank Yang ; Jun-Jie Zhang ; Joseph M. VinetzSource :
- PLoS neglected tropical diseases [ 1935-2735 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Bacterial Proteins (genetics), Bacterial Proteins (metabolism), Bacterial Secretion Systems, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Bacterial, Genomics, Humans, Leptospira (classification), Leptospira (genetics), Leptospira (isolation & purification), Leptospira (pathogenicity), Leptospirosis (microbiology), Leptospirosis (veterinary), Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Protein Sorting Signals, Virulence.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Bacterial Proteins.
- chemical , metabolism : Bacterial Proteins.
- classification : Leptospira.
- genetics : Leptospira.
- isolation & purification : Leptospira.
- microbiology : Leptospirosis.
- pathogenicity : Leptospira.
- veterinary : Leptospirosis.
- Animals, Bacterial Secretion Systems, Base Sequence, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Bacterial, Genomics, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Protein Sorting Signals, Virulence.
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious Leptospira, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious Leptospira, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic Leptospira, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known Leptospira species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious Leptospira to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade's refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding Leptospira pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, Sec-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all Leptospira; and 7) and demonstration of infectious Leptospira-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious Leptospira, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004403
PubMed: 26890609
Links to Exploration step
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.</title><author><name sortKey="Fouts, Derrick E" sort="Fouts, Derrick E" uniqKey="Fouts D" first="Derrick E" last="Fouts">Derrick E. Fouts</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthias, Michael A" sort="Matthias, Michael A" uniqKey="Matthias M" first="Michael A" last="Matthias">Michael A. Matthias</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adhikarla, Haritha" sort="Adhikarla, Haritha" uniqKey="Adhikarla H" first="Haritha" last="Adhikarla">Haritha Adhikarla</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adler, Ben" sort="Adler, Ben" uniqKey="Adler B" first="Ben" last="Adler">Ben Adler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim Santos, Luciane" sort="Amorim Santos, Luciane" uniqKey="Amorim Santos L" first="Luciane" last="Amorim-Santos">Luciane Amorim-Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, Douglas E" sort="Berg, Douglas E" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Douglas E" last="Berg">Douglas E. Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bulach, Dieter" sort="Bulach, Dieter" uniqKey="Bulach D" first="Dieter" last="Bulach">Dieter Bulach</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" sort="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" uniqKey="Buschiazzo A" first="Alejandro" last="Buschiazzo">Alejandro Buschiazzo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Yung Fu" sort="Chang, Yung Fu" uniqKey="Chang Y" first="Yung-Fu" last="Chang">Yung-Fu Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galloway, Renee L" sort="Galloway, Renee L" uniqKey="Galloway R" first="Renee L" last="Galloway">Renee L. Galloway</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haake, David A" sort="Haake, David A" uniqKey="Haake D" first="David A" last="Haake">David A. Haake</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haft, Daniel H" sort="Haft, Daniel H" uniqKey="Haft D" first="Daniel H" last="Haft">Daniel H. Haft</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartskeerl, Rudy" sort="Hartskeerl, Rudy" uniqKey="Hartskeerl R" first="Rudy" last="Hartskeerl">Rudy Hartskeerl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ko, Albert I" sort="Ko, Albert I" uniqKey="Ko A" first="Albert I" last="Ko">Albert I. Ko</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levett, Paul N" sort="Levett, Paul N" uniqKey="Levett P" first="Paul N" last="Levett">Paul N. Levett</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsunaga, James" sort="Matsunaga, James" uniqKey="Matsunaga J" first="James" last="Matsunaga">James Matsunaga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mechaly, Ariel E" sort="Mechaly, Ariel E" uniqKey="Mechaly A" first="Ariel E" last="Mechaly">Ariel E. Mechaly</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monk, Jonathan M" sort="Monk, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Monk J" first="Jonathan M" last="Monk">Jonathan M. Monk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Ana L T" sort="Nascimento, Ana L T" uniqKey="Nascimento A" first="Ana L T" last="Nascimento">Ana L T. Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Karen E" sort="Nelson, Karen E" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Karen E" last="Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palsson, Bernhard" sort="Palsson, Bernhard" uniqKey="Palsson B" first="Bernhard" last="Palsson">Bernhard Palsson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J" last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Picardeau, Mathieu" sort="Picardeau, Mathieu" uniqKey="Picardeau M" first="Mathieu" last="Picardeau">Mathieu Picardeau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N" last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A" last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X Frank" last="Yang">X Frank Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinetz, Joseph M" sort="Vinetz, Joseph M" uniqKey="Vinetz J" first="Joseph M" last="Vinetz">Joseph M. Vinetz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26890609</idno><idno type="pmid">26890609</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0004403</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002291</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002291</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.</title><author><name sortKey="Fouts, Derrick E" sort="Fouts, Derrick E" uniqKey="Fouts D" first="Derrick E" last="Fouts">Derrick E. Fouts</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthias, Michael A" sort="Matthias, Michael A" uniqKey="Matthias M" first="Michael A" last="Matthias">Michael A. Matthias</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adhikarla, Haritha" sort="Adhikarla, Haritha" uniqKey="Adhikarla H" first="Haritha" last="Adhikarla">Haritha Adhikarla</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adler, Ben" sort="Adler, Ben" uniqKey="Adler B" first="Ben" last="Adler">Ben Adler</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim Santos, Luciane" sort="Amorim Santos, Luciane" uniqKey="Amorim Santos L" first="Luciane" last="Amorim-Santos">Luciane Amorim-Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, Douglas E" sort="Berg, Douglas E" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Douglas E" last="Berg">Douglas E. Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bulach, Dieter" sort="Bulach, Dieter" uniqKey="Bulach D" first="Dieter" last="Bulach">Dieter Bulach</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" sort="Buschiazzo, Alejandro" uniqKey="Buschiazzo A" first="Alejandro" last="Buschiazzo">Alejandro Buschiazzo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Yung Fu" sort="Chang, Yung Fu" uniqKey="Chang Y" first="Yung-Fu" last="Chang">Yung-Fu Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galloway, Renee L" sort="Galloway, Renee L" uniqKey="Galloway R" first="Renee L" last="Galloway">Renee L. Galloway</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haake, David A" sort="Haake, David A" uniqKey="Haake D" first="David A" last="Haake">David A. Haake</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haft, Daniel H" sort="Haft, Daniel H" uniqKey="Haft D" first="Daniel H" last="Haft">Daniel H. Haft</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartskeerl, Rudy" sort="Hartskeerl, Rudy" uniqKey="Hartskeerl R" first="Rudy" last="Hartskeerl">Rudy Hartskeerl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ko, Albert I" sort="Ko, Albert I" uniqKey="Ko A" first="Albert I" last="Ko">Albert I. Ko</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levett, Paul N" sort="Levett, Paul N" uniqKey="Levett P" first="Paul N" last="Levett">Paul N. Levett</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsunaga, James" sort="Matsunaga, James" uniqKey="Matsunaga J" first="James" last="Matsunaga">James Matsunaga</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mechaly, Ariel E" sort="Mechaly, Ariel E" uniqKey="Mechaly A" first="Ariel E" last="Mechaly">Ariel E. Mechaly</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monk, Jonathan M" sort="Monk, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Monk J" first="Jonathan M" last="Monk">Jonathan M. Monk</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Ana L T" sort="Nascimento, Ana L T" uniqKey="Nascimento A" first="Ana L T" last="Nascimento">Ana L T. Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Karen E" sort="Nelson, Karen E" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Karen E" last="Nelson">Karen E. Nelson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palsson, Bernhard" sort="Palsson, Bernhard" uniqKey="Palsson B" first="Bernhard" last="Palsson">Bernhard Palsson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peacock, Sharon J" sort="Peacock, Sharon J" uniqKey="Peacock S" first="Sharon J" last="Peacock">Sharon J. Peacock</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Picardeau, Mathieu" sort="Picardeau, Mathieu" uniqKey="Picardeau M" first="Mathieu" last="Picardeau">Mathieu Picardeau</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ricaldi, Jessica N" sort="Ricaldi, Jessica N" uniqKey="Ricaldi J" first="Jessica N" last="Ricaldi">Jessica N. Ricaldi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" sort="Thaipandungpanit, Janjira" uniqKey="Thaipandungpanit J" first="Janjira" last="Thaipandungpanit">Janjira Thaipandungpanit</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wunder, Elsio A" sort="Wunder, Elsio A" uniqKey="Wunder E" first="Elsio A" last="Wunder">Elsio A. Wunder</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, X Frank" sort="Yang, X Frank" uniqKey="Yang X" first="X Frank" last="Yang">X Frank Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jun Jie" sort="Zhang, Jun Jie" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jun-Jie" last="Zhang">Jun-Jie Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vinetz, Joseph M" sort="Vinetz, Joseph M" uniqKey="Vinetz J" first="Joseph M" last="Vinetz">Joseph M. Vinetz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Bacterial Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Bacterial Proteins (metabolism)</term><term>Bacterial Secretion Systems</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genomics</term><term>Humans</term><term>Leptospira (classification)</term><term>Leptospira (genetics)</term><term>Leptospira (isolation & purification)</term><term>Leptospira (pathogenicity)</term><term>Leptospirosis (microbiology)</term><term>Leptospirosis (veterinary)</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Protein Sorting Signals</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospirosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospira</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="veterinary" xml:lang="en"><term>Leptospirosis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Bacterial Secretion Systems</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Evolution, Molecular</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genomics</term><term>Humans</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Protein Sorting Signals</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious Leptospira, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious Leptospira, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic Leptospira, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known Leptospira species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious Leptospira to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade's refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding Leptospira pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, Sec-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all Leptospira; and 7) and demonstration of infectious Leptospira-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious Leptospira, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26890609</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>19</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>20</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1935-2735</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>10</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Feb</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>What Makes a Bacterial Species Pathogenic?:Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Genus Leptospira.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0004403</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pntd.0004403</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Leptospirosis, caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, is a globally widespread, neglected and emerging zoonotic disease. While whole genome analysis of individual pathogenic, intermediately pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira species has been reported, comprehensive cross-species genomic comparison of all known species of infectious and non-infectious Leptospira, with the goal of identifying genes related to pathogenesis and mammalian host adaptation, remains a key gap in the field. Infectious Leptospira, comprised of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira, evolutionarily diverged from non-infectious, saprophytic Leptospira, as demonstrated by the following computational biology analyses: 1) the definitive taxonomy and evolutionary relatedness among all known Leptospira species; 2) genomically-predicted metabolic reconstructions that indicate novel adaptation of infectious Leptospira to mammals, including sialic acid biosynthesis, pathogen-specific porphyrin metabolism and the first-time demonstration of cobalamin (B12) autotrophy as a bacterial virulence factor; 3) CRISPR/Cas systems demonstrated only to be present in pathogenic Leptospira, suggesting a potential mechanism for this clade's refractoriness to gene targeting; 4) finding Leptospira pathogen-specific specialized protein secretion systems; 5) novel virulence-related genes/gene families such as the Virulence Modifying (VM) (PF07598 paralogs) proteins and pathogen-specific adhesins; 6) discovery of novel, pathogen-specific protein modification and secretion mechanisms including unique lipoprotein signal peptide motifs, Sec-independent twin arginine protein secretion motifs, and the absence of certain canonical signal recognition particle proteins from all Leptospira; and 7) and demonstration of infectious Leptospira-specific signal-responsive gene expression, motility and chemotaxis systems. By identifying large scale changes in infectious (pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic) vs. non-infectious Leptospira, this work provides new insights into the evolution of a genus of bacterial pathogens. This work will be a comprehensive roadmap for understanding leptospirosis pathogenesis. More generally, it provides new insights into mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens adapt to mammalian hosts.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fouts</LastName><ForeName>Derrick E</ForeName><Initials>DE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Matthias</LastName><ForeName>Michael A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adhikarla</LastName><ForeName>Haritha</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adler</LastName><ForeName>Ben</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Amorim-Santos</LastName><ForeName>Luciane</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Berg</LastName><ForeName>Douglas E</ForeName><Initials>DE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bulach</LastName><ForeName>Dieter</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buschiazzo</LastName><ForeName>Alejandro</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chang</LastName><ForeName>Yung-Fu</ForeName><Initials>YF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galloway</LastName><ForeName>Renee L</ForeName><Initials>RL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DHHS, CDC, OID, NCEZID, DHCPP, BSPB), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haake</LastName><ForeName>David A</ForeName><Initials>DA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haft</LastName><ForeName>Daniel H</ForeName><Initials>DH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hartskeerl</LastName><ForeName>Rudy</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, KIT Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ko</LastName><ForeName>Albert I</ForeName><Initials>AI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Levett</LastName><ForeName>Paul N</ForeName><Initials>PN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Government of Saskatchewan, Disease Control Laboratory Regina, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Matsunaga</LastName><ForeName>James</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mechaly</LastName><ForeName>Ariel E</ForeName><Initials>AE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Microbiology, Montevideo, Uruguay.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Monk</LastName><ForeName>Jonathan M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nascimento</LastName><ForeName>Ana L T</ForeName><Initials>AL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Programa Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nelson</LastName><ForeName>Karen E</ForeName><Initials>KE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Palsson</LastName><ForeName>Bernhard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peacock</LastName><ForeName>Sharon J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Picardeau</LastName><ForeName>Mathieu</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ricaldi</LastName><ForeName>Jessica N</ForeName><Initials>JN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Thaipandungpanit</LastName><ForeName>Janjira</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wunder</LastName><ForeName>Elsio A</ForeName><Initials>EA</Initials><Suffix>Jr</Suffix><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/MS, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>X Frank</ForeName><Initials>XF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Jun-Jie</ForeName><Initials>JJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vinetz</LastName><ForeName>Joseph M</ForeName><Initials>JM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt; Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidd Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Instituto de Medicina "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>U01 AI088752</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01TW009504</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01AI121207</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>D43TW007120</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United 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HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U01AI088752</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 AI108276</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R01 AI121207</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>D43 TW007120</GrantID><Acronym>TW</Acronym><Agency>FIC NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>I01 BX002003</GrantID><Acronym>BX</Acronym><Agency>BLRD VA</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>K24 AI068903</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>U19 AI115658</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D003160">Comparative Study</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>18</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101291488</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1935-2727</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D001426">Bacterial Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D058947">Bacterial Secretion Systems</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D021382">Protein Sorting 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Version="1">20186328</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001426" MajorTopicYN="N">Bacterial Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058947" MajorTopicYN="N">Bacterial Secretion Systems</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001483" MajorTopicYN="N">Base Sequence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019143" MajorTopicYN="N">Evolution, Molecular</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016680" MajorTopicYN="Y">Genome, Bacterial</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D023281" MajorTopicYN="N">Genomics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007919" MajorTopicYN="N">Leptospira</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000145" MajorTopicYN="N">classification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000302" MajorTopicYN="N">isolation & purification</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007922" MajorTopicYN="N">Leptospirosis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000382" MajorTopicYN="Y">microbiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000662" MajorTopicYN="Y">veterinary</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008969" MajorTopicYN="N">Molecular Sequence Data</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010802" MajorTopicYN="N">Phylogeny</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D021382" MajorTopicYN="N">Protein Sorting Signals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014774" MajorTopicYN="N">Virulence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><OtherID Source="NLM">PMC4758666</OtherID></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>19</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2016</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>20</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>21</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26890609</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0004403</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">PNTD-D-15-01081</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4758666</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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