Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus
Identifieur interne : 003031 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003030; suivant : 003032Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus
Auteurs : Kirsten I. Bos [Allemagne] ; Alexander Herbig [Allemagne] ; Jason Sahl [États-Unis] ; Nicholas Waglechner [Canada] ; Mathieu Fourment [Australie] ; Stephen A. Forrest [Allemagne] ; Jennifer Klunk [Canada] ; Verena J. Schuenemann [Allemagne] ; Debi Poinar [Canada] ; Melanie Kuch [Canada] ; G Brian Golding [Canada] ; Olivier Dutour [France] ; Paul Keim [États-Unis] ; David M. Wagner [États-Unis] ; Edward C. Holmes [Australie] ; Johannes Krause [Allemagne] ; Hendrik N. Poinar [Canada]Source :
- eLife [ 2050-084X ] ; ????.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Europe (épidémiologie), Génome bactérien, Génotype, Histoire du 15ème siècle, Histoire du 16ème siècle, Histoire du 17ème siècle, Histoire du 18ème siècle, Peste (histoire), Peste (épidémiologie), Yersinia pestis (), Yersinia pestis (génétique), Yersinia pestis (isolement et purification), Épidémiologie moléculaire.
- MESH :
- génétique : Yersinia pestis.
- histoire : Peste.
- isolement et purification : Yersinia pestis.
- épidémiologie : Europe, Peste.
- Génome bactérien, Génotype, Histoire du 15ème siècle, Histoire du 16ème siècle, Histoire du 17ème siècle, Histoire du 18ème siècle, Yersinia pestis, Épidémiologie moléculaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Europe (epidemiology), Genome, Bacterial, Genotype, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, Molecular Epidemiology, Plague (epidemiology), Plague (history), Yersinia pestis (classification), Yersinia pestis (genetics), Yersinia pestis (isolation & purification).
- MESH :
- classification : Yersinia pestis.
- epidemiology : Europe, Plague.
- genetics : Yersinia pestis.
- history : Plague.
- isolation & purification : Yersinia pestis.
- Genome, Bacterial, Genotype, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, Molecular Epidemiology.
Abstract
The 14th–18th century pandemic of
Url:
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.12994
PubMed: 26795402
PubMed Central: 4798955
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Links to Exploration step
PMC:4798955Le document en format XML
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Bos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herbig, Alexander" sort="Herbig, Alexander" uniqKey="Herbig A" first="Alexander" last="Herbig">Alexander Herbig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahl, Jason" sort="Sahl, Jason" uniqKey="Sahl J" first="Jason" last="Sahl">Jason Sahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waglechner, Nicholas" sort="Waglechner, Nicholas" uniqKey="Waglechner N" first="Nicholas" last="Waglechner">Nicholas Waglechner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, Mathieu" sort="Fourment, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fourment M" first="Mathieu" last="Fourment">Mathieu Fourment</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution content-type="dept">Charles Perkins Centre</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution content-type="dept">School of Life and Environmental Sciences</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution content-type="dept">Sydney Medical School</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Stephen A" sort="Forrest, Stephen A" uniqKey="Forrest S" first="Stephen A" last="Forrest">Stephen A. Forrest</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klunk, Jennifer" sort="Klunk, Jennifer" uniqKey="Klunk J" first="Jennifer" last="Klunk">Jennifer Klunk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuenemann, Verena J" sort="Schuenemann, Verena J" uniqKey="Schuenemann V" first="Verena J" last="Schuenemann">Verena J. Schuenemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Debi" sort="Poinar, Debi" uniqKey="Poinar D" first="Debi" last="Poinar">Debi Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Melanie" sort="Kuch, Melanie" uniqKey="Kuch M" first="Melanie" last="Kuch">Melanie Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, G Brian" sort="Golding, G Brian" uniqKey="Golding G" first="G Brian" last="Golding">G Brian Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutour, Olivier" sort="Dutour, Olivier" uniqKey="Dutour O" first="Olivier" last="Dutour">Olivier Dutour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution content-type="dept">Laboratoire d'anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PACEA</institution>,<institution>Université Bordeaux</institution>,<addr-line>Bordeaux</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keim, Paul" sort="Keim, Paul" uniqKey="Keim P" first="Paul" last="Keim">Paul Keim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, David M" sort="Wagner, David M" uniqKey="Wagner D" first="David M" last="Wagner">David M. Wagner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution content-type="dept">Charles Perkins Centre</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution content-type="dept">School of Life and Environmental Sciences</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution content-type="dept">Sydney Medical School</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biochemistry</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Europe (epidemiology)</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genotype</term><term>History, 15th Century</term><term>History, 16th Century</term><term>History, 17th Century</term><term>History, 18th Century</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term><term>Plague (epidemiology)</term><term>Plague (history)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (classification)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (genetics)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (isolation & purification)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Europe (épidémiologie)</term><term>Génome bactérien</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Histoire du 15ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 16ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 17ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 18ème siècle</term><term>Peste (histoire)</term><term>Peste (épidémiologie)</term><term>Yersinia pestis ()</term><term>Yersinia pestis (génétique)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (isolement et purification)</term><term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Europe</term><term>Plague</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="histoire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Peste</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="history" xml:lang="en"><term>Plague</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Europe</term><term>Peste</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genotype</term><term>History, 15th Century</term><term>History, 16th Century</term><term>History, 17th Century</term><term>History, 18th Century</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génome bactérien</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Histoire du 15ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 16ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 17ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 18ème siècle</term><term>Yersinia pestis</term><term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The 14th–18th century pandemic of <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> caused devastating disease outbreaks in Europe for almost 400 years. The reasons for plague’s persistence and abrupt disappearance in Europe are poorly understood, but could have been due to either the presence of now-extinct plague foci in Europe itself, or successive disease introductions from other locations. Here we present five <italic>Y. pestis</italic> genomes from one of the last European outbreaks of plague, from 1722 in Marseille, France. The lineage identified has not been found in any extant <italic>Y. pestis</italic> foci sampled to date, and has its ancestry in strains obtained from victims of the 14th century Black Death. These data suggest the existence of a previously uncharacterized historical plague focus that persisted for at least three centuries. We propose that this disease source may have been responsible for the many resurgences of plague in Europe following the Black Death.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.12994.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12994.001</ext-link></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Achtman, M" uniqKey="Achtman M">M Achtman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morelli, G" uniqKey="Morelli G">G Morelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, P" uniqKey="Zhu P">P Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wirth, T" uniqKey="Wirth T">T Wirth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diehl, I" uniqKey="Diehl I">I Diehl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kusecek, B" uniqKey="Kusecek B">B Kusecek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vogler, Aj" uniqKey="Vogler A">AJ Vogler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Dm" uniqKey="Wagner D">DM Wagner</name></author><author><name 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Poinar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearson, T" uniqKey="Pearson T">T Pearson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, M" uniqKey="Fourment M">M Fourment</name></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, B" uniqKey="Golding B">B Golding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riehm, Jm" uniqKey="Riehm J">JM Riehm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Earn, Djd" uniqKey="Earn D">DJD Earn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dewitte, S" uniqKey="Dewitte S">S DeWitte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rouillard, J M" uniqKey="Rouillard J">J-M Rouillard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grupe, G" uniqKey="Grupe G">G Grupe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiechmann, I" uniqKey="Wiechmann I">I Wiechmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bliska, Jb" uniqKey="Bliska J">JB Bliska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keim, Ps" uniqKey="Keim P">PS Keim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scholz, Hc" uniqKey="Scholz H">HC Scholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Ec" uniqKey="Holmes E">EC Holmes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, H" uniqKey="Poinar H">H Poinar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harbeck, M" uniqKey="Harbeck M">M Harbeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devault, A" uniqKey="Devault A">A Devault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waglechner, N" uniqKey="Waglechner N">N Waglechner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahl, Jw" uniqKey="Sahl J">JW Sahl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><double pmid="26795402"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Eighteenth century <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus</title><author><name sortKey="Bos, Kirsten I" sort="Bos, Kirsten I" uniqKey="Bos K" first="Kirsten I" last="Bos">Kirsten I. Bos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herbig, Alexander" sort="Herbig, Alexander" uniqKey="Herbig A" first="Alexander" last="Herbig">Alexander Herbig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahl, Jason" sort="Sahl, Jason" uniqKey="Sahl J" first="Jason" last="Sahl">Jason Sahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waglechner, Nicholas" sort="Waglechner, Nicholas" uniqKey="Waglechner N" first="Nicholas" last="Waglechner">Nicholas Waglechner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, Mathieu" sort="Fourment, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fourment M" first="Mathieu" last="Fourment">Mathieu Fourment</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution content-type="dept">Charles Perkins Centre</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution content-type="dept">School of Life and Environmental Sciences</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution content-type="dept">Sydney Medical School</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Stephen A" sort="Forrest, Stephen A" uniqKey="Forrest S" first="Stephen A" last="Forrest">Stephen A. Forrest</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klunk, Jennifer" sort="Klunk, Jennifer" uniqKey="Klunk J" first="Jennifer" last="Klunk">Jennifer Klunk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuenemann, Verena J" sort="Schuenemann, Verena J" uniqKey="Schuenemann V" first="Verena J" last="Schuenemann">Verena J. Schuenemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Debi" sort="Poinar, Debi" uniqKey="Poinar D" first="Debi" last="Poinar">Debi Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Melanie" sort="Kuch, Melanie" uniqKey="Kuch M" first="Melanie" last="Kuch">Melanie Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, G Brian" sort="Golding, G Brian" uniqKey="Golding G" first="G Brian" last="Golding">G Brian Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutour, Olivier" sort="Dutour, Olivier" uniqKey="Dutour O" first="Olivier" last="Dutour">Olivier Dutour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution content-type="dept">Laboratoire d'anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PACEA</institution>,<institution>Université Bordeaux</institution>,<addr-line>Bordeaux</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keim, Paul" sort="Keim, Paul" uniqKey="Keim P" first="Paul" last="Keim">Paul Keim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, David M" sort="Wagner, David M" uniqKey="Wagner D" first="David M" last="Wagner">David M. Wagner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution content-type="dept">Charles Perkins Centre</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution content-type="dept">School of Life and Environmental Sciences</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution content-type="dept">Sydney Medical School</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biochemistry</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26795402</idno><idno type="pmc">4798955</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4798955</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4798955</idno><idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.12994</idno><date when="????">????</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000646</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000646</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000645</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000645</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002E15</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002E15</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Eighteenth century <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus</title><author><name sortKey="Bos, Kirsten I" sort="Bos, Kirsten I" uniqKey="Bos K" first="Kirsten I" last="Bos">Kirsten I. Bos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herbig, Alexander" sort="Herbig, Alexander" uniqKey="Herbig A" first="Alexander" last="Herbig">Alexander Herbig</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahl, Jason" sort="Sahl, Jason" uniqKey="Sahl J" first="Jason" last="Sahl">Jason Sahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waglechner, Nicholas" sort="Waglechner, Nicholas" uniqKey="Waglechner N" first="Nicholas" last="Waglechner">Nicholas Waglechner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, Mathieu" sort="Fourment, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fourment M" first="Mathieu" last="Fourment">Mathieu Fourment</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution content-type="dept">Charles Perkins Centre</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution content-type="dept">School of Life and Environmental Sciences</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution content-type="dept">Sydney Medical School</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Stephen A" sort="Forrest, Stephen A" uniqKey="Forrest S" first="Stephen A" last="Forrest">Stephen A. Forrest</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klunk, Jennifer" sort="Klunk, Jennifer" uniqKey="Klunk J" first="Jennifer" last="Klunk">Jennifer Klunk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuenemann, Verena J" sort="Schuenemann, Verena J" uniqKey="Schuenemann V" first="Verena J" last="Schuenemann">Verena J. Schuenemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Debi" sort="Poinar, Debi" uniqKey="Poinar D" first="Debi" last="Poinar">Debi Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Melanie" sort="Kuch, Melanie" uniqKey="Kuch M" first="Melanie" last="Kuch">Melanie Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, G Brian" sort="Golding, G Brian" uniqKey="Golding G" first="G Brian" last="Golding">G Brian Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutour, Olivier" sort="Dutour, Olivier" uniqKey="Dutour O" first="Olivier" last="Dutour">Olivier Dutour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution content-type="dept">Laboratoire d'anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PACEA</institution>,<institution>Université Bordeaux</institution>,<addr-line>Bordeaux</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keim, Paul" sort="Keim, Paul" uniqKey="Keim P" first="Paul" last="Keim">Paul Keim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, David M" sort="Wagner, David M" uniqKey="Wagner D" first="David M" last="Wagner">David M. Wagner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="dept">Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics</institution>,<institution>Northern Arizona University</institution>,<addr-line>Flagstaff</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution content-type="dept">Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution content-type="dept">Charles Perkins Centre</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution content-type="dept">School of Life and Environmental Sciences</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution content-type="dept">Sydney Medical School</institution>,<institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Archeological Sciences</institution>,<institution>University of Tübingen</institution>,<addr-line>Tübingen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</institution>,<addr-line>Jena</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution content-type="dept">Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution content-type="dept">McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biology</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution content-type="dept">Department of Biochemistry</institution>,<institution>McMaster University</institution>,<addr-line>Hamilton</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The 14th–18th century pandemic of <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> caused devastating disease outbreaks in Europe for almost 400 years. The reasons for plague’s persistence and abrupt disappearance in Europe are poorly understood, but could have been due to either the presence of now-extinct plague foci in Europe itself, or successive disease introductions from other locations. Here we present five <italic>Y. pestis</italic> genomes from one of the last European outbreaks of plague, from 1722 in Marseille, France. The lineage identified has not been found in any extant <italic>Y. pestis</italic> foci sampled to date, and has its ancestry in strains obtained from victims of the 14th century Black Death. These data suggest the existence of a previously uncharacterized historical plague focus that persisted for at least three centuries. We propose that this disease source may have been responsible for the many resurgences of plague in Europe following the Black Death.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.12994.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12994.001</ext-link></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Achtman, M" uniqKey="Achtman M">M Achtman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morelli, G" uniqKey="Morelli G">G Morelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, P" uniqKey="Zhu P">P Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wirth, T" uniqKey="Wirth T">T Wirth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diehl, I" uniqKey="Diehl I">I Diehl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kusecek, B" uniqKey="Kusecek B">B Kusecek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vogler, Aj" uniqKey="Vogler A">AJ Vogler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Dm" uniqKey="Wagner D">DM Wagner</name></author><author><name 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Bos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herbig, Alexander" sort="Herbig, Alexander" uniqKey="Herbig A" first="Alexander" last="Herbig">Alexander Herbig</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahl, Jason" sort="Sahl, Jason" uniqKey="Sahl J" first="Jason" last="Sahl">Jason Sahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Flagstaff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waglechner, Nicholas" sort="Waglechner, Nicholas" uniqKey="Waglechner N" first="Nicholas" last="Waglechner">Nicholas Waglechner</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, Mathieu" sort="Fourment, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fourment M" first="Mathieu" last="Fourment">Mathieu Fourment</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Stephen A" sort="Forrest, Stephen A" uniqKey="Forrest S" first="Stephen A" last="Forrest">Stephen A. Forrest</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klunk, Jennifer" sort="Klunk, Jennifer" uniqKey="Klunk J" first="Jennifer" last="Klunk">Jennifer Klunk</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuenemann, Verena J" sort="Schuenemann, Verena J" uniqKey="Schuenemann V" first="Verena J" last="Schuenemann">Verena J. Schuenemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Debi" sort="Poinar, Debi" uniqKey="Poinar D" first="Debi" last="Poinar">Debi Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Melanie" sort="Kuch, Melanie" uniqKey="Kuch M" first="Melanie" last="Kuch">Melanie Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, G Brian" sort="Golding, G Brian" uniqKey="Golding G" first="G Brian" last="Golding">G Brian Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutour, Olivier" sort="Dutour, Olivier" uniqKey="Dutour O" first="Olivier" last="Dutour">Olivier Dutour</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PACEA, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PACEA, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keim, Paul" sort="Keim, Paul" uniqKey="Keim P" first="Paul" last="Keim">Paul Keim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Flagstaff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, David M" sort="Wagner, David M" uniqKey="Wagner D" first="David M" last="Wagner">David M. Wagner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Flagstaff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26795402</idno><idno type="pmid">26795402</idno><idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.12994</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002476</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002476</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002427</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002427</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002427</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002427</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Eighteenth century Yersinia pestis genomes reveal the long-term persistence of an historical plague focus.</title><author><name sortKey="Bos, Kirsten I" sort="Bos, Kirsten I" uniqKey="Bos K" first="Kirsten I" last="Bos">Kirsten I. Bos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herbig, Alexander" sort="Herbig, Alexander" uniqKey="Herbig A" first="Alexander" last="Herbig">Alexander Herbig</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahl, Jason" sort="Sahl, Jason" uniqKey="Sahl J" first="Jason" last="Sahl">Jason Sahl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Flagstaff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Waglechner, Nicholas" sort="Waglechner, Nicholas" uniqKey="Waglechner N" first="Nicholas" last="Waglechner">Nicholas Waglechner</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fourment, Mathieu" sort="Fourment, Mathieu" uniqKey="Fourment M" first="Mathieu" last="Fourment">Mathieu Fourment</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, Stephen A" sort="Forrest, Stephen A" uniqKey="Forrest S" first="Stephen A" last="Forrest">Stephen A. Forrest</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klunk, Jennifer" sort="Klunk, Jennifer" uniqKey="Klunk J" first="Jennifer" last="Klunk">Jennifer Klunk</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuenemann, Verena J" sort="Schuenemann, Verena J" uniqKey="Schuenemann V" first="Verena J" last="Schuenemann">Verena J. Schuenemann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Debi" sort="Poinar, Debi" uniqKey="Poinar D" first="Debi" last="Poinar">Debi Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuch, Melanie" sort="Kuch, Melanie" uniqKey="Kuch M" first="Melanie" last="Kuch">Melanie Kuch</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, G Brian" sort="Golding, G Brian" uniqKey="Golding G" first="G Brian" last="Golding">G Brian Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dutour, Olivier" sort="Dutour, Olivier" uniqKey="Dutour O" first="Olivier" last="Dutour">Olivier Dutour</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratoire d'anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PACEA, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire d'anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PACEA, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keim, Paul" sort="Keim, Paul" uniqKey="Keim P" first="Paul" last="Keim">Paul Keim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Flagstaff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, David M" sort="Wagner, David M" uniqKey="Wagner D" first="David M" last="Wagner">David M. Wagner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Flagstaff</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Archeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poinar, Hendrik N" sort="Poinar, Hendrik N" uniqKey="Poinar H" first="Hendrik N" last="Poinar">Hendrik N. Poinar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McMaster</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Hamilton (Ontario)</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Europe (epidemiology)</term><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genotype</term><term>History, 15th Century</term><term>History, 16th Century</term><term>History, 17th Century</term><term>History, 18th Century</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term><term>Plague (epidemiology)</term><term>Plague (history)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (classification)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (genetics)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (isolation & purification)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Europe (épidémiologie)</term><term>Génome bactérien</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Histoire du 15ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 16ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 17ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 18ème siècle</term><term>Peste (histoire)</term><term>Peste (épidémiologie)</term><term>Yersinia pestis ()</term><term>Yersinia pestis (génétique)</term><term>Yersinia pestis (isolement et purification)</term><term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Europe</term><term>Plague</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="histoire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Peste</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="history" xml:lang="en"><term>Plague</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Yersinia pestis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Europe</term><term>Peste</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Genome, Bacterial</term><term>Genotype</term><term>History, 15th Century</term><term>History, 16th Century</term><term>History, 17th Century</term><term>History, 18th Century</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Génome bactérien</term><term>Génotype</term><term>Histoire du 15ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 16ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 17ème siècle</term><term>Histoire du 18ème siècle</term><term>Yersinia pestis</term><term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The 14th-18th century pandemic of Yersinia pestis caused devastating disease outbreaks in Europe for almost 400 years. The reasons for plague's persistence and abrupt disappearance in Europe are poorly understood, but could have been due to either the presence of now-extinct plague foci in Europe itself, or successive disease introductions from other locations. Here we present five Y. pestis genomes from one of the last European outbreaks of plague, from 1722 in Marseille, France. The lineage identified has not been found in any extant Y. pestis foci sampled to date, and has its ancestry in strains obtained from victims of the 14th century Black Death. These data suggest the existence of a previously uncharacterized historical plague focus that persisted for at least three centuries. We propose that this disease source may have been responsible for the many resurgences of plague in Europe following the Black Death.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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