Morphological and Physical Analysis of Natural Phospholipids-Based Biomembranes
Identifieur interne : 001E20 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001E19; suivant : 001E21Morphological and Physical Analysis of Natural Phospholipids-Based Biomembranes
Auteurs : Adrien Jacquot [France] ; Grégory Francius [France] ; Angelina Razafitianamaharavo [France] ; Fariba Dehghani [Australie] ; Ali Tamayol [États-Unis] ; Michel Linder [France] ; Elmira Arab-Tehrany [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- métabolisme : Brassica rapa, Phospholipides, Saumon.
- physiologie : Phospholipides.
- Animaux, Fluidité membranaire, Liposomes, Membrane artificielle, Microscopie à force atomique, Phospholipides.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Liposomes, Phospholipids.
- metabolism : Brassica rapa, Phospholipids, Salmon.
- chemical , physiology : Phospholipids.
- Animals, Membrane Fluidity, Membranes, Artificial, Microscopy, Atomic Force.
Abstract
Liposomes are currently an important part of biological, pharmaceutical, medical and nutritional research, as they are considered to be among the most effective carriers for the introduction of various types of bioactive agents into target cells.
In this work, we study the lipid organization and mechanical properties of biomembranes made of marine and plant phospholipids. Membranes based on phospholipids extracted from rapeseed and salmon are studied in the form of liposome and as supported lipid bilayer. Dioleylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) are used as references to determine the lipid organization of marine and plant phospholipid based membranes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and force spectroscopy measurements are performed to investigate the membranes' topography at the micrometer scale and to determine their mechanical properties.
The mechanical properties of the membranes are correlated to the fatty acid composition, the morphology, the electrophoretic mobility and the membrane fluidity. Thus, soft and homogeneous mechanical properties are evidenced for salmon phospholipids membrane containing various polyunsaturated fatty acids. Besides, phase segregation in rapeseed membrane and more important mechanical properties were emphasized for this type of membranes by contrast to the marine phospholipids based membranes.
This paper provides new information on the nanomechanical and morphological properties of membrane in form of liposome by AFM. The originality of this work is to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the nanoliposome from the natural sources containing various fatty acids and polar head.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107435
PubMed: 25238543
PubMed Central: 4169657
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PMC:4169657Le document en format XML
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<term>Brassica rapa (metabolism)</term>
<term>Liposomes (chemistry)</term>
<term>Membrane Fluidity</term>
<term>Membranes, Artificial</term>
<term>Microscopy, Atomic Force</term>
<term>Phospholipids (chemistry)</term>
<term>Phospholipids (metabolism)</term>
<term>Phospholipids (physiology)</term>
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<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Brassica rapa (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Fluidité membranaire</term>
<term>Liposomes ()</term>
<term>Membrane artificielle</term>
<term>Microscopie à force atomique</term>
<term>Phospholipides ()</term>
<term>Phospholipides (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Phospholipides (physiologie)</term>
<term>Saumon (métabolisme)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Liposomes</term>
<term>Phospholipids</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Brassica rapa</term>
<term>Phospholipids</term>
<term>Salmon</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Brassica rapa</term>
<term>Phospholipides</term>
<term>Saumon</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Phospholipides</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Phospholipids</term>
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<term>Membrane Fluidity</term>
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<term>Fluidité membranaire</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Liposomes are currently an important part of biological, pharmaceutical, medical and nutritional research, as they are considered to be among the most effective carriers for the introduction of various types of bioactive agents into target cells.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Scope of Review</title>
<p>In this work, we study the lipid organization and mechanical properties of biomembranes made of marine and plant phospholipids. Membranes based on phospholipids extracted from rapeseed and salmon are studied in the form of liposome and as supported lipid bilayer. Dioleylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) are used as references to determine the lipid organization of marine and plant phospholipid based membranes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and force spectroscopy measurements are performed to investigate the membranes' topography at the micrometer scale and to determine their mechanical properties.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Major Conclusions</title>
<p>The mechanical properties of the membranes are correlated to the fatty acid composition, the morphology, the electrophoretic mobility and the membrane fluidity. Thus, soft and homogeneous mechanical properties are evidenced for salmon phospholipids membrane containing various polyunsaturated fatty acids. Besides, phase segregation in rapeseed membrane and more important mechanical properties were emphasized for this type of membranes by contrast to the marine phospholipids based membranes.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>General Significance</title>
<p>This paper provides new information on the nanomechanical and morphological properties of membrane in form of liposome by AFM. The originality of this work is to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the nanoliposome from the natural sources containing various fatty acids and polar head.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Kahn, Cjf" uniqKey="Kahn C">CJF Kahn</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Baravian, C" uniqKey="Baravian C">C Baravian</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Maherani, B" uniqKey="Maherani B">B Maherani</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Mohebbi, M" uniqKey="Mohebbi M">M Mohebbi</name>
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<settlement type="city" wicri:auto="agglo">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>CNRS, Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>CNRS, Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city" wicri:auto="agglo">Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dehghani, Fariba" sort="Dehghani, Fariba" uniqKey="Dehghani F" first="Fariba" last="Dehghani">Fariba Dehghani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamayol, Ali" sort="Tamayol, Ali" uniqKey="Tamayol A" first="Ali" last="Tamayol">Ali Tamayol</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Linder, Michel" sort="Linder, Michel" uniqKey="Linder M" first="Michel" last="Linder">Michel Linder</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arab Tehrany, Elmira" sort="Arab Tehrany, Elmira" uniqKey="Arab Tehrany E" first="Elmira" last="Arab-Tehrany">Elmira Arab-Tehrany</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Metz</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Liposomes are currently an important part of biological, pharmaceutical, medical and nutritional research, as they are considered to be among the most effective carriers for the introduction of various types of bioactive agents into target cells.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Scope of Review</title>
<p>In this work, we study the lipid organization and mechanical properties of biomembranes made of marine and plant phospholipids. Membranes based on phospholipids extracted from rapeseed and salmon are studied in the form of liposome and as supported lipid bilayer. Dioleylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) are used as references to determine the lipid organization of marine and plant phospholipid based membranes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and force spectroscopy measurements are performed to investigate the membranes' topography at the micrometer scale and to determine their mechanical properties.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Major Conclusions</title>
<p>The mechanical properties of the membranes are correlated to the fatty acid composition, the morphology, the electrophoretic mobility and the membrane fluidity. Thus, soft and homogeneous mechanical properties are evidenced for salmon phospholipids membrane containing various polyunsaturated fatty acids. Besides, phase segregation in rapeseed membrane and more important mechanical properties were emphasized for this type of membranes by contrast to the marine phospholipids based membranes.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>General Significance</title>
<p>This paper provides new information on the nanomechanical and morphological properties of membrane in form of liposome by AFM. The originality of this work is to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the nanoliposome from the natural sources containing various fatty acids and polar head.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
</pmc>
<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Morphological and physical analysis of natural phospholipids-based biomembranes.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Jacquot, Adrien" sort="Jacquot, Adrien" uniqKey="Jacquot A" first="Adrien" last="Jacquot">Adrien Jacquot</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Metz</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Francius, Gregory" sort="Francius, Gregory" uniqKey="Francius G" first="Grégory" last="Francius">Grégory Francius</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Villers-lès-Nancy</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Metz</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Razafitianamaharavo, Angelina" sort="Razafitianamaharavo, Angelina" uniqKey="Razafitianamaharavo A" first="Angelina" last="Razafitianamaharavo">Angelina Razafitianamaharavo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city" wicri:auto="agglo">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dehghani, Fariba" sort="Dehghani, Fariba" uniqKey="Dehghani F" first="Fariba" last="Dehghani">Fariba Dehghani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamayol, Ali" sort="Tamayol, Ali" uniqKey="Tamayol A" first="Ali" last="Tamayol">Ali Tamayol</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Linder, Michel" sort="Linder, Michel" uniqKey="Linder M" first="Michel" last="Linder">Michel Linder</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Arab Tehrany, Elmira" sort="Arab Tehrany, Elmira" uniqKey="Arab Tehrany E" first="Elmira" last="Arab-Tehrany">Elmira Arab-Tehrany</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Morphological and physical analysis of natural phospholipids-based biomembranes.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Jacquot, Adrien" sort="Jacquot, Adrien" uniqKey="Jacquot A" first="Adrien" last="Jacquot">Adrien Jacquot</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Francius, Gregory" sort="Francius, Gregory" uniqKey="Francius G" first="Grégory" last="Francius">Grégory Francius</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Villers-lès-Nancy</wicri:noRegion>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Metz</settlement>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Razafitianamaharavo, Angelina" sort="Razafitianamaharavo, Angelina" uniqKey="Razafitianamaharavo A" first="Angelina" last="Razafitianamaharavo">Angelina Razafitianamaharavo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Grand Est</region>
<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city" wicri:auto="agglo">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dehghani, Fariba" sort="Dehghani, Fariba" uniqKey="Dehghani F" first="Fariba" last="Dehghani">Fariba Dehghani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement>
<region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tamayol, Ali" sort="Tamayol, Ali" uniqKey="Tamayol A" first="Ali" last="Tamayol">Ali Tamayol</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Linder, Michel" sort="Linder, Michel" uniqKey="Linder M" first="Michel" last="Linder">Michel Linder</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region>
<settlement type="city">Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
</placeName>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arab Tehrany, Elmira" sort="Arab Tehrany, Elmira" uniqKey="Arab Tehrany E" first="Elmira" last="Arab-Tehrany">Elmira Arab-Tehrany</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Ingénierie des Biomolécules, TSA 40602, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy</wicri:regionArea>
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<orgName type="university">Université de Lorraine</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Nancy</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Metz</settlement>
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<region type="old region" nuts="2">Lorraine (région)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PloS one</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Brassica rapa (metabolism)</term>
<term>Liposomes (chemistry)</term>
<term>Membrane Fluidity</term>
<term>Membranes, Artificial</term>
<term>Microscopy, Atomic Force</term>
<term>Phospholipids (chemistry)</term>
<term>Phospholipids (metabolism)</term>
<term>Phospholipids (physiology)</term>
<term>Salmon (metabolism)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Brassica rapa (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Fluidité membranaire</term>
<term>Liposomes ()</term>
<term>Membrane artificielle</term>
<term>Microscopie à force atomique</term>
<term>Phospholipides ()</term>
<term>Phospholipides (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Phospholipides (physiologie)</term>
<term>Saumon (métabolisme)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Liposomes</term>
<term>Phospholipids</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Brassica rapa</term>
<term>Phospholipids</term>
<term>Salmon</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Brassica rapa</term>
<term>Phospholipides</term>
<term>Saumon</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Phospholipides</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Phospholipids</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Membrane Fluidity</term>
<term>Membranes, Artificial</term>
<term>Microscopy, Atomic Force</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Fluidité membranaire</term>
<term>Liposomes</term>
<term>Membrane artificielle</term>
<term>Microscopie à force atomique</term>
<term>Phospholipides</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Liposomes are currently an important part of biological, pharmaceutical, medical and nutritional research, as they are considered to be among the most effective carriers for the introduction of various types of bioactive agents into target cells.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pubmed>
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