Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe.
Identifieur interne : 001944 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001943; suivant : 001945Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe.
Auteurs : Cosimo Posth [Allemagne] ; Gabriel Renaud [Allemagne] ; Alissa Mittnik [Allemagne] ; Dorothée G. Drucker [Allemagne] ; Hélène Rougier [États-Unis] ; Christophe Cupillard ; Frédérique Valentin [France] ; Corinne Thevenet [France] ; Anja Furtw Ngler [Allemagne] ; Christoph Wi Ing [Allemagne] ; Michael Francken [Allemagne] ; Maria Malina [Allemagne] ; Michael Bolus [Allemagne] ; Martina Lari [Italie] ; Elena Gigli [Italie] ; Giulia Capecchi [Italie] ; Isabelle Crevecoeur [France] ; Cédric Beauval [France] ; Damien Flas ; Mietje Germonpré [Belgique] ; Johannes Van Der Plicht [Pays-Bas] ; Richard Cottiaux [France] ; Bernard Gély [France] ; Annamaria Ronchitelli [Italie] ; Kurt Wehrberger [Allemagne] ; Dan Grigorescu ; Ji Svoboda [République tchèque] ; Patrick Semal [Belgique] ; David Caramelli [Italie] ; Hervé Bocherens [Allemagne] ; Katerina Harvati [Allemagne] ; Nicholas J. Conard [Allemagne] ; Wolfgang Haak [Australie] ; Adam Powell [Allemagne] ; Johannes Krause [Allemagne]Source :
- Current biology : CB [ 1879-0445 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : DNA, Mitochondrial.
- chemical : DNA, Ancient.
- genetics : African Continental Ancestry Group, European Continental Ancestry Group.
- Africa, Emigration and Immigration, Europe, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Genome, Mitochondrial, Haplotypes, Humans.
Abstract
How modern humans dispersed into Eurasia and Australasia, including the number of separate expansions and their timings, is highly debated [1, 2]. Two categories of models are proposed for the dispersal of non-Africans: (1) single dispersal, i.e., a single major diffusion of modern humans across Eurasia and Australasia [3-5]; and (2) multiple dispersal, i.e., additional earlier population expansions that may have contributed to the genetic diversity of some present-day humans outside of Africa [6-9]. Many variants of these models focus largely on Asia and Australasia, neglecting human dispersal into Europe, thus explaining only a subset of the entire colonization process outside of Africa [3-5, 8, 9]. The genetic diversity of the first modern humans who spread into Europe during the Late Pleistocene and the impact of subsequent climatic events on their demography are largely unknown. Here we analyze 55 complete human mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) of hunter-gatherers spanning ∼35,000 years of European prehistory. We unexpectedly find mtDNA lineage M in individuals prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This lineage is absent in contemporary Europeans, although it is found at high frequency in modern Asians, Australasians, and Native Americans. Dating the most recent common ancestor of each of the modern non-African mtDNA clades reveals their single, late, and rapid dispersal less than 55,000 years ago. Demographic modeling not only indicates an LGM genetic bottleneck, but also provides surprising evidence of a major population turnover in Europe around 14,500 years ago during the Late Glacial, a period of climatic instability at the end of the Pleistocene.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037
PubMed: 26853362
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, France, Italie, Pays-Bas, République tchèque, États-Unis
- Aquitaine, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Bade-Wurtemberg, Californie, District de Leipzig, District de Tübingen, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Rhône-Alpes, Saxe (Land), Vienne (Autriche)
- Bordeaux, Leipzig, Lyon, Tübingen, Ulm, Vienne (Autriche)
- Université de Bordeaux
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12, 50122 Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50122 Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gigli, Elena" sort="Gigli, Elena" uniqKey="Gigli E" first="Elena" last="Gigli">Elena Gigli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50122 Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capecchi, Giulia" sort="Capecchi, Giulia" uniqKey="Capecchi G" first="Giulia" last="Capecchi">Giulia Capecchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53100 Siena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" sort="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" uniqKey="Crevecoeur I" first="Isabelle" last="Crevecoeur">Isabelle Crevecoeur</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>CNRS, UMR 5199, PACEA, A3P, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 5199, PACEA, A3P, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac Cedex</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33615 Pessac Cedex</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beauval, Cedric" sort="Beauval, Cedric" uniqKey="Beauval C" first="Cédric" last="Beauval">Cédric Beauval</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Archéosphère, 2 Rue des Noyers, 11500 Quirbajou, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Archéosphère, 2 Rue des Noyers, 11500 Quirbajou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>11500 Quirbajou</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>11500 Quirbajou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flas, Damien" sort="Flas, Damien" uniqKey="Flas D" first="Damien" last="Flas">Damien Flas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>TRACES, UMR 5608, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField"> France</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Germonpre, Mietje" sort="Germonpre, Mietje" uniqKey="Germonpre M" first="Mietje" last="Germonpré">Mietje Germonpré</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Plicht, Johannes" sort="Van Der Plicht, Johannes" uniqKey="Van Der Plicht J" first="Johannes" last="Van Der Plicht">Johannes Van Der Plicht</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen University, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen University, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cottiaux, Richard" sort="Cottiaux, Richard" uniqKey="Cottiaux R" first="Richard" last="Cottiaux">Richard Cottiaux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gely, Bernard" sort="Gely, Bernard" uniqKey="Gely B" first="Bernard" last="Gély">Bernard Gély</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Rhône-Alpes, Le Grenier d'Abondance 6, Quai Saint-Vincent, 69283 Lyon Cedex 01, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Rhône-Alpes, Le Grenier d'Abondance 6, Quai Saint-Vincent, 69283 Lyon Cedex 01</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>69283 Lyon Cedex 01</wicri:noRegion><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" sort="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" uniqKey="Ronchitelli A" first="Annamaria" last="Ronchitelli">Annamaria Ronchitelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53100 Siena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wehrberger, Kurt" sort="Wehrberger, Kurt" uniqKey="Wehrberger K" first="Kurt" last="Wehrberger">Kurt Wehrberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Ulmer Museum, Marktplatz 9, 89073 Ulm, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Ulmer Museum, Marktplatz 9, 89073 Ulm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Ulm</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigorescu, Dan" sort="Grigorescu, Dan" uniqKey="Grigorescu D" first="Dan" last="Grigorescu">Dan Grigorescu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Bulevardul Nicolae Balcescu 1, 01041 Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField"> Romania</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svoboda, Ji" sort="Svoboda, Ji" uniqKey="Svoboda J" first="Ji" last="Svoboda">Ji Svoboda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolní Věstonice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>69129 Dolní Věstonice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Semal, Patrick" sort="Semal, Patrick" uniqKey="Semal P" first="Patrick" last="Semal">Patrick Semal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caramelli, David" sort="Caramelli, David" uniqKey="Caramelli D" first="David" last="Caramelli">David Caramelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50122 Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bocherens, Herve" sort="Bocherens, Herve" uniqKey="Bocherens H" first="Hervé" last="Bocherens">Hervé Bocherens</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harvati, Katerina" sort="Harvati, Katerina" uniqKey="Harvati K" first="Katerina" last="Harvati">Katerina Harvati</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conard, Nicholas J" sort="Conard, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Conard N" first="Nicholas J" last="Conard">Nicholas J. Conard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Wolfgang" sort="Haak, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Haak W" first="Wolfgang" last="Haak">Wolfgang Haak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SA 5005</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Powell, Adam" sort="Powell, Adam" uniqKey="Powell A" first="Adam" last="Powell">Adam Powell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: powell@shh.mpg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: krause@shh.mpg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26853362</idno><idno type="pmid">26853362</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002132</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002132</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002106</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002106</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">003106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">003106</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001939</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001944</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001944</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe.</title><author><name sortKey="Posth, Cosimo" sort="Posth, Cosimo" uniqKey="Posth C" first="Cosimo" last="Posth">Cosimo Posth</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: posth@shh.mpg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renaud, Gabriel" sort="Renaud, Gabriel" uniqKey="Renaud G" first="Gabriel" last="Renaud">Gabriel Renaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mittnik, Alissa" sort="Mittnik, Alissa" uniqKey="Mittnik A" first="Alissa" last="Mittnik">Alissa Mittnik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Drucker, Dorothee G" sort="Drucker, Dorothee G" uniqKey="Drucker D" first="Dorothée G" last="Drucker">Dorothée G. Drucker</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rougier, Helene" sort="Rougier, Helene" uniqKey="Rougier H" first="Hélène" last="Rougier">Hélène Rougier</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8244, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8244</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cupillard, Christophe" sort="Cupillard, Christophe" uniqKey="Cupillard C" first="Christophe" last="Cupillard">Christophe Cupillard</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Service Régional d'Archéologie de Franche-Comté, 7 Rue Charles Nodier, 25043 Besançon Cedex, France; Laboratoire de Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 du CNRS, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField"> France</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valentin, Frederique" sort="Valentin, Frederique" uniqKey="Valentin F" first="Frédérique" last="Valentin">Frédérique Valentin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>CNRS/UMR 7041 ArScAn MAE, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS/UMR 7041 ArScAn MAE, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thevenet, Corinne" sort="Thevenet, Corinne" uniqKey="Thevenet C" first="Corinne" last="Thevenet">Corinne Thevenet</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furtw Ngler, Anja" sort="Furtw Ngler, Anja" uniqKey="Furtw Ngler A" first="Anja" last="Furtw Ngler">Anja Furtw Ngler</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wi Ing, Christoph" sort="Wi Ing, Christoph" uniqKey="Wi Ing C" first="Christoph" last="Wi Ing">Christoph Wi Ing</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francken, Michael" sort="Francken, Michael" uniqKey="Francken M" first="Michael" last="Francken">Michael Francken</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malina, Maria" sort="Malina, Maria" uniqKey="Malina M" first="Maria" last="Malina">Maria Malina</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Research Center "The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans" at the University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Research Center "The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans" at the University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolus, Michael" sort="Bolus, Michael" uniqKey="Bolus M" first="Michael" last="Bolus">Michael Bolus</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Research Center "The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans" at the University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Research Center "The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans" at the University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lari, Martina" sort="Lari, Martina" uniqKey="Lari M" first="Martina" last="Lari">Martina Lari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50122 Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gigli, Elena" sort="Gigli, Elena" uniqKey="Gigli E" first="Elena" last="Gigli">Elena Gigli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50122 Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capecchi, Giulia" sort="Capecchi, Giulia" uniqKey="Capecchi G" first="Giulia" last="Capecchi">Giulia Capecchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53100 Siena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" sort="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" uniqKey="Crevecoeur I" first="Isabelle" last="Crevecoeur">Isabelle Crevecoeur</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>CNRS, UMR 5199, PACEA, A3P, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 5199, PACEA, A3P, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac Cedex</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>33615 Pessac Cedex</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beauval, Cedric" sort="Beauval, Cedric" uniqKey="Beauval C" first="Cédric" last="Beauval">Cédric Beauval</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Archéosphère, 2 Rue des Noyers, 11500 Quirbajou, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Archéosphère, 2 Rue des Noyers, 11500 Quirbajou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>11500 Quirbajou</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>11500 Quirbajou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flas, Damien" sort="Flas, Damien" uniqKey="Flas D" first="Damien" last="Flas">Damien Flas</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>TRACES, UMR 5608, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField"> France</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Germonpre, Mietje" sort="Germonpre, Mietje" uniqKey="Germonpre M" first="Mietje" last="Germonpré">Mietje Germonpré</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Plicht, Johannes" sort="Van Der Plicht, Johannes" uniqKey="Van Der Plicht J" first="Johannes" last="Van Der Plicht">Johannes Van Der Plicht</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen University, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Isotope Research, Groningen University, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, PO Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cottiaux, Richard" sort="Cottiaux, Richard" uniqKey="Cottiaux R" first="Richard" last="Cottiaux">Richard Cottiaux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires, 21 Allée de l'Université, 92023 Nanterre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>92023 Nanterre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gely, Bernard" sort="Gely, Bernard" uniqKey="Gely B" first="Bernard" last="Gély">Bernard Gély</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Rhône-Alpes, Le Grenier d'Abondance 6, Quai Saint-Vincent, 69283 Lyon Cedex 01, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles Rhône-Alpes, Le Grenier d'Abondance 6, Quai Saint-Vincent, 69283 Lyon Cedex 01</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>69283 Lyon Cedex 01</wicri:noRegion><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Rhône-Alpes</region><settlement type="city">Lyon</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" sort="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" uniqKey="Ronchitelli A" first="Annamaria" last="Ronchitelli">Annamaria Ronchitelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Laterina 8, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>53100 Siena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wehrberger, Kurt" sort="Wehrberger, Kurt" uniqKey="Wehrberger K" first="Kurt" last="Wehrberger">Kurt Wehrberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Ulmer Museum, Marktplatz 9, 89073 Ulm, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Ulmer Museum, Marktplatz 9, 89073 Ulm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Ulm</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grigorescu, Dan" sort="Grigorescu, Dan" uniqKey="Grigorescu D" first="Dan" last="Grigorescu">Dan Grigorescu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Bulevardul Nicolae Balcescu 1, 01041 Bucharest, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField"> Romania</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svoboda, Ji" sort="Svoboda, Ji" uniqKey="Svoboda J" first="Ji" last="Svoboda">Ji Svoboda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République tchèque</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Archaeology at Brno, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 69129 Dolní Věstonice</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>69129 Dolní Věstonice</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Semal, Patrick" sort="Semal, Patrick" uniqKey="Semal P" first="Patrick" last="Semal">Patrick Semal</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29 Vautier Street, 1000 Brussels</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Vienne (Autriche)</region><settlement type="city">Vienne (Autriche)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caramelli, David" sort="Caramelli, David" uniqKey="Caramelli D" first="David" last="Caramelli">David Caramelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50122 Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bocherens, Herve" sort="Bocherens, Herve" uniqKey="Bocherens H" first="Hervé" last="Bocherens">Hervé Bocherens</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geosciences, Biogeology, University of Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harvati, Katerina" sort="Harvati, Katerina" uniqKey="Harvati K" first="Katerina" last="Harvati">Katerina Harvati</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Paleoanthropology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conard, Nicholas J" sort="Conard, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Conard N" first="Nicholas J" last="Conard">Nicholas J. Conard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haak, Wolfgang" sort="Haak, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Haak W" first="Wolfgang" last="Haak">Wolfgang Haak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SA 5005</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Powell, Adam" sort="Powell, Adam" uniqKey="Powell A" first="Adam" last="Powell">Adam Powell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: powell@shh.mpg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>07745 Jena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: krause@shh.mpg.de.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstraße 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany; Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region><settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Current biology : CB</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-0445</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>African Continental Ancestry Group (genetics)</term><term>DNA, Ancient</term><term>DNA, Mitochondrial (genetics)</term><term>Emigration and Immigration</term><term>Europe</term><term>European Continental Ancestry Group (genetics)</term><term>Genetic Variation</term><term>Genome, Human</term><term>Genome, Mitochondrial</term><term>Haplotypes</term><term>Humans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN ancien</term><term>ADN mitochondrial (génétique)</term><term>Afrique</term><term>Europe</term><term>Génome humain</term><term>Génome mitochondrial</term><term>Haplotypes</term><term>Humains</term><term>Population d'origine africaine (génétique)</term><term>Population d'origine européenne (génétique)</term><term>Variation génétique</term><term>Émigration et immigration</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA, Mitochondrial</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>DNA, Ancient</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>African Continental Ancestry Group</term><term>European Continental Ancestry Group</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN mitochondrial</term><term>Population d'origine africaine</term><term>Population d'origine européenne</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Africa</term><term>Emigration and Immigration</term><term>Europe</term><term>Genetic Variation</term><term>Genome, Human</term><term>Genome, Mitochondrial</term><term>Haplotypes</term><term>Humans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>ADN ancien</term><term>Afrique</term><term>Europe</term><term>Génome humain</term><term>Génome mitochondrial</term><term>Haplotypes</term><term>Humains</term><term>Variation génétique</term><term>Émigration et immigration</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">How modern humans dispersed into Eurasia and Australasia, including the number of separate expansions and their timings, is highly debated [1, 2]. Two categories of models are proposed for the dispersal of non-Africans: (1) single dispersal, i.e., a single major diffusion of modern humans across Eurasia and Australasia [3-5]; and (2) multiple dispersal, i.e., additional earlier population expansions that may have contributed to the genetic diversity of some present-day humans outside of Africa [6-9]. Many variants of these models focus largely on Asia and Australasia, neglecting human dispersal into Europe, thus explaining only a subset of the entire colonization process outside of Africa [3-5, 8, 9]. The genetic diversity of the first modern humans who spread into Europe during the Late Pleistocene and the impact of subsequent climatic events on their demography are largely unknown. Here we analyze 55 complete human mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) of hunter-gatherers spanning ∼35,000 years of European prehistory. We unexpectedly find mtDNA lineage M in individuals prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This lineage is absent in contemporary Europeans, although it is found at high frequency in modern Asians, Australasians, and Native Americans. Dating the most recent common ancestor of each of the modern non-African mtDNA clades reveals their single, late, and rapid dispersal less than 55,000 years ago. Demographic modeling not only indicates an LGM genetic bottleneck, but also provides surprising evidence of a major population turnover in Europe around 14,500 years ago during the Late Glacial, a period of climatic instability at the end of the Pleistocene.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Belgique</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>République tchèque</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Aquitaine</li><li>Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Bade-Wurtemberg</li><li>Californie</li><li>District de Leipzig</li><li>District de Tübingen</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li><li>Rhône-Alpes</li><li>Saxe (Land)</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li></region><settlement><li>Bordeaux</li><li>Leipzig</li><li>Lyon</li><li>Tübingen</li><li>Ulm</li><li>Vienne (Autriche)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Bordeaux</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Cupillard, Christophe" sort="Cupillard, Christophe" uniqKey="Cupillard C" first="Christophe" last="Cupillard">Christophe Cupillard</name><name sortKey="Flas, Damien" sort="Flas, Damien" uniqKey="Flas D" first="Damien" last="Flas">Damien Flas</name><name sortKey="Grigorescu, Dan" sort="Grigorescu, Dan" uniqKey="Grigorescu D" first="Dan" last="Grigorescu">Dan Grigorescu</name></noCountry><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bade-Wurtemberg"><name sortKey="Posth, Cosimo" sort="Posth, Cosimo" uniqKey="Posth C" first="Cosimo" last="Posth">Cosimo Posth</name></region><name sortKey="Bocherens, Herve" sort="Bocherens, Herve" uniqKey="Bocherens H" first="Hervé" last="Bocherens">Hervé Bocherens</name><name sortKey="Bolus, Michael" sort="Bolus, Michael" uniqKey="Bolus M" first="Michael" last="Bolus">Michael Bolus</name><name sortKey="Conard, Nicholas J" sort="Conard, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Conard N" first="Nicholas J" last="Conard">Nicholas J. Conard</name><name sortKey="Drucker, Dorothee G" sort="Drucker, Dorothee G" uniqKey="Drucker D" first="Dorothée G" last="Drucker">Dorothée G. Drucker</name><name sortKey="Francken, Michael" sort="Francken, Michael" uniqKey="Francken M" first="Michael" last="Francken">Michael Francken</name><name sortKey="Furtw Ngler, Anja" sort="Furtw Ngler, Anja" uniqKey="Furtw Ngler A" first="Anja" last="Furtw Ngler">Anja Furtw Ngler</name><name sortKey="Harvati, Katerina" sort="Harvati, Katerina" uniqKey="Harvati K" first="Katerina" last="Harvati">Katerina Harvati</name><name sortKey="Krause, Johannes" sort="Krause, Johannes" uniqKey="Krause J" first="Johannes" last="Krause">Johannes Krause</name><name sortKey="Malina, Maria" sort="Malina, Maria" uniqKey="Malina M" first="Maria" last="Malina">Maria Malina</name><name sortKey="Mittnik, Alissa" sort="Mittnik, Alissa" uniqKey="Mittnik A" first="Alissa" last="Mittnik">Alissa Mittnik</name><name sortKey="Powell, Adam" sort="Powell, Adam" uniqKey="Powell A" first="Adam" last="Powell">Adam Powell</name><name sortKey="Renaud, Gabriel" sort="Renaud, Gabriel" uniqKey="Renaud G" first="Gabriel" last="Renaud">Gabriel Renaud</name><name sortKey="Wehrberger, Kurt" sort="Wehrberger, Kurt" uniqKey="Wehrberger K" first="Kurt" last="Wehrberger">Kurt Wehrberger</name><name sortKey="Wi Ing, Christoph" sort="Wi Ing, Christoph" uniqKey="Wi Ing C" first="Christoph" last="Wi Ing">Christoph Wi Ing</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Rougier, Helene" sort="Rougier, Helene" uniqKey="Rougier H" first="Hélène" last="Rougier">Hélène Rougier</name></region></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Valentin, Frederique" sort="Valentin, Frederique" uniqKey="Valentin F" first="Frédérique" last="Valentin">Frédérique Valentin</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Beauval, Cedric" sort="Beauval, Cedric" uniqKey="Beauval C" first="Cédric" last="Beauval">Cédric Beauval</name><name sortKey="Cottiaux, Richard" sort="Cottiaux, Richard" uniqKey="Cottiaux R" first="Richard" last="Cottiaux">Richard Cottiaux</name><name sortKey="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" sort="Crevecoeur, Isabelle" uniqKey="Crevecoeur I" first="Isabelle" last="Crevecoeur">Isabelle Crevecoeur</name><name sortKey="Gely, Bernard" sort="Gely, Bernard" uniqKey="Gely B" first="Bernard" last="Gély">Bernard Gély</name><name sortKey="Thevenet, Corinne" sort="Thevenet, Corinne" uniqKey="Thevenet C" first="Corinne" last="Thevenet">Corinne Thevenet</name></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lari, Martina" sort="Lari, Martina" uniqKey="Lari M" first="Martina" last="Lari">Martina Lari</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Capecchi, Giulia" sort="Capecchi, Giulia" uniqKey="Capecchi G" first="Giulia" last="Capecchi">Giulia Capecchi</name><name sortKey="Caramelli, David" sort="Caramelli, David" uniqKey="Caramelli D" first="David" last="Caramelli">David Caramelli</name><name sortKey="Gigli, Elena" sort="Gigli, Elena" uniqKey="Gigli E" first="Elena" last="Gigli">Elena Gigli</name><name sortKey="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" sort="Ronchitelli, Annamaria" uniqKey="Ronchitelli A" first="Annamaria" last="Ronchitelli">Annamaria Ronchitelli</name></country><country name="Belgique"><region name="Vienne (Autriche)"><name sortKey="Germonpre, Mietje" sort="Germonpre, Mietje" uniqKey="Germonpre M" first="Mietje" last="Germonpré">Mietje Germonpré</name></region><name sortKey="Semal, Patrick" sort="Semal, Patrick" uniqKey="Semal P" first="Patrick" last="Semal">Patrick Semal</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Der Plicht, Johannes" sort="Van Der Plicht, Johannes" uniqKey="Van Der Plicht J" first="Johannes" last="Van Der Plicht">Johannes Van Der Plicht</name></noRegion></country><country name="République tchèque"><noRegion><name sortKey="Svoboda, Ji" sort="Svoboda, Ji" uniqKey="Svoboda J" first="Ji" last="Svoboda">Ji Svoboda</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Haak, Wolfgang" sort="Haak, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Haak W" first="Wolfgang" last="Haak">Wolfgang Haak</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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