Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study
Identifieur interne : 004797 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 004796; suivant : 004798Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study
Auteurs : Jeff Bagust [Royaume-Uni] ; Sharon Docherty [Royaume-Uni] ; Wayne Haynes [Australie] ; Richard Telford [Australie] ; Brice Isableu [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The Rod and Frame Test has been used to assess the degree to which subjects rely on the visual frame of reference to perceive vertical (visual field dependence- independence perceptual style). Early investigations found children exhibited a wide range of alignment errors, which reduced as they matured. These studies used a mechanical Rod and Frame system, and presented only mean values of grouped data. The current study also considered changes in individual performance. Changes in rod alignment accuracy in 419 school children were measured using a computer-based Rod and Frame test. Each child was tested at school Grade 2 and retested in Grades 4 and 6. The results confirmed that children displayed a wide range of alignment errors, which decreased with age but did not reach the expected adult values. Although most children showed a decrease in frame dependency over the 4 years of the study, almost 20% had increased alignment errors suggesting that they were becoming more frame-dependent. Plots of individual variation (SD) against mean error allowed the sample to be divided into 4 groups; the majority with small errors and SDs; a group with small SDs, but alignments clustering around the frame angle of 18°; a group showing large errors in the opposite direction to the frame tilt; and a small number with large SDs whose alignment appeared to be random. The errors in the last 3 groups could largely be explained by alignment of the rod to different aspects of the frame. At corresponding ages females exhibited larger alignment errors than males although this did not reach statistical significance. This study confirms that children rely more heavily on the visual frame of reference for processing spatial orientation cues. Most become less frame-dependent as they mature, but there are considerable individual differences.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065321
PubMed: 23724139
PubMed Central: 3664583
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :002A86
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :002936
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :001C14
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :001287
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :001287
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :001287
- to stream Main, to step Merge: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :004913
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3664583Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bagust, Jeff" sort="Bagust, Jeff" uniqKey="Bagust J" first="Jeff" last="Bagust">Jeff Bagust</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Visiting Researcher, School of Health and Social Care, Bournemouth University, Boumemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Visiting Researcher, School of Health and Social Care, Bournemouth University, Boumemouth</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Boumemouth</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Docherty, Sharon" sort="Docherty, Sharon" uniqKey="Docherty S" first="Sharon" last="Docherty">Sharon Docherty</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, Bournemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, Bournemouth</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bournemouth</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haynes, Wayne" sort="Haynes, Wayne" uniqKey="Haynes W" first="Wayne" last="Haynes">Wayne Haynes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Canberra University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Canberra University, Canberra</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Canberra</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Telford, Richard" sort="Telford, Richard" uniqKey="Telford R" first="Richard" last="Telford">Richard Telford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Australian National University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Australian National University, Canberra</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Canberra</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isableu, Brice" sort="Isableu, Brice" uniqKey="Isableu B" first="Brice" last="Isableu">Brice Isableu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>University of Paris-Sud. UR CIAMS EA 4532–Motor Control and Perception Team, Orsay, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Paris-Sud. UR CIAMS EA 4532–Motor Control and Perception Team, Orsay</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Orsay</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">23724139</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3664583</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664583</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3664583</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0065321</idno>
<date when="2013">2013</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002A86</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002A86</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002936</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002936</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001C14</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001C14</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001287</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001287</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001287</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">004913</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">004797</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study</title>
<author><name sortKey="Bagust, Jeff" sort="Bagust, Jeff" uniqKey="Bagust J" first="Jeff" last="Bagust">Jeff Bagust</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Visiting Researcher, School of Health and Social Care, Bournemouth University, Boumemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Visiting Researcher, School of Health and Social Care, Bournemouth University, Boumemouth</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Boumemouth</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Docherty, Sharon" sort="Docherty, Sharon" uniqKey="Docherty S" first="Sharon" last="Docherty">Sharon Docherty</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, Bournemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, Bournemouth</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bournemouth</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Haynes, Wayne" sort="Haynes, Wayne" uniqKey="Haynes W" first="Wayne" last="Haynes">Wayne Haynes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Canberra University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Canberra University, Canberra</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Canberra</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Telford, Richard" sort="Telford, Richard" uniqKey="Telford R" first="Richard" last="Telford">Richard Telford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Australian National University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Australian National University, Canberra</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Canberra</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isableu, Brice" sort="Isableu, Brice" uniqKey="Isableu B" first="Brice" last="Isableu">Brice Isableu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>University of Paris-Sud. UR CIAMS EA 4532–Motor Control and Perception Team, Orsay, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Paris-Sud. UR CIAMS EA 4532–Motor Control and Perception Team, Orsay</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Orsay</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2013">2013</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The Rod and Frame Test has been used to assess the degree to which subjects rely on the visual frame of reference to perceive vertical (visual field dependence- independence perceptual style). Early investigations found children exhibited a wide range of alignment errors, which reduced as they matured. These studies used a mechanical Rod and Frame system, and presented only mean values of grouped data. The current study also considered changes in individual performance. Changes in rod alignment accuracy in 419 school children were measured using a computer-based Rod and Frame test. Each child was tested at school Grade 2 and retested in Grades 4 and 6. The results confirmed that children displayed a wide range of alignment errors, which decreased with age but did not reach the expected adult values. Although most children showed a decrease in frame dependency over the 4 years of the study, almost 20% had increased alignment errors suggesting that they were becoming more frame-dependent. Plots of individual variation (SD) against mean error allowed the sample to be divided into 4 groups; the majority with small errors and SDs; a group with small SDs, but alignments clustering around the frame angle of 18°; a group showing large errors in the opposite direction to the frame tilt; and a small number with large SDs whose alignment appeared to be random. The errors in the last 3 groups could largely be explained by alignment of the rod to different aspects of the frame. At corresponding ages females exhibited larger alignment errors than males although this did not reach statistical significance. This study confirms that children rely more heavily on the visual frame of reference for processing spatial orientation cues. Most become less frame-dependent as they mature, but there are considerable individual differences.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Witkin, Ha" uniqKey="Witkin H">HA Witkin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goodenough, Da" uniqKey="Goodenough D">DA Goodenough</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Karp, Sa" uniqKey="Karp S">SA Karp</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saarini, C" uniqKey="Saarini C">C Saarini</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kojima, H" uniqKey="Kojima H">H Kojima</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haywood, K" uniqKey="Haywood K">K Haywood</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Teeple, J" uniqKey="Teeple J">J Teeple</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Givens, M" uniqKey="Givens M">M Givens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patterson, J" uniqKey="Patterson J">J Patterson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saracho, On" uniqKey="Saracho O">ON Saracho</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goodenough, Dr" uniqKey="Goodenough D">DR Goodenough</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oltman, K" uniqKey="Oltman K">K Oltman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cox, Pw" uniqKey="Cox P">PW Cox</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Cm" uniqKey="Macleod C">CM MacLeod</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jackson, Ra" uniqKey="Jackson R">RA Jackson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palmer, J" uniqKey="Palmer J">J Palmer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nyborg, H" uniqKey="Nyborg H">H Nyborg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Telford, Rd" uniqKey="Telford R">RD Telford</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bass, Sl" uniqKey="Bass S">SL Bass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Budge, Mm" uniqKey="Budge M">MM Budge</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Byrne, Dg" uniqKey="Byrne D">DG Byrne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carlson, Js" uniqKey="Carlson J">JS Carlson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Telford, Rd" uniqKey="Telford R">RD Telford</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cunningham, Rb" uniqKey="Cunningham R">RB Cunningham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Telford, Rm" uniqKey="Telford R">RM Telford</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abharatna, Wp" uniqKey="Abharatna W">WP Abharatna</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagust, J" uniqKey="Bagust J">J Bagust</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rix, G" uniqKey="Rix G">G Rix</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hurst, H" uniqKey="Hurst H">H Hurst</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nyborg, H" uniqKey="Nyborg H">H Nyborg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zoccolotti, P" uniqKey="Zoccolotti P">P Zoccolotti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Antonucci, G" uniqKey="Antonucci G">G Antonucci</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spinelli, D" uniqKey="Spinelli D">D Spinelli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Isableu, B" uniqKey="Isableu B">B Isableu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gueguen, M" uniqKey="Gueguen M">M Gueguen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fourre, B" uniqKey="Fourre B">B Fourré</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giraudet, G" uniqKey="Giraudet G">G Giraudet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amorim, Ma" uniqKey="Amorim M">MA Amorim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bray, A" uniqKey="Bray A">A Bray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Subanandan, A" uniqKey="Subanandan A">A Subanandan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isableu, B" uniqKey="Isableu B">B Isableu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ohlmann, T" uniqKey="Ohlmann T">T Ohlmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Golding, J" uniqKey="Golding J">J Golding</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Docherty, S" uniqKey="Docherty S">S Docherty</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scharer, R" uniqKey="Scharer R">R Scharer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bagust, J" uniqKey="Bagust J">J Bagust</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Humphreys, Bk" uniqKey="Humphreys B">BK Humphreys</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khattab, A" uniqKey="Khattab A">A Khattab</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Docherty, S" uniqKey="Docherty S">S Docherty</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bagust, J" uniqKey="Bagust J">J Bagust</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Willington, R" uniqKey="Willington R">R Willington</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomas, P" uniqKey="Thomas P">P Thomas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cuisinier, R" uniqKey="Cuisinier R">R Cuisinier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olivier, I" uniqKey="Olivier I">I Olivier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vaugoyeau, M" uniqKey="Vaugoyeau M">M Vaugoyeau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nougier, V" uniqKey="Nougier V">V Nougier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Assaiante, C" uniqKey="Assaiante C">C Assaiante</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Main/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 004797 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 004797 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Asie |area= AustralieFrV1 |flux= Main |étape= Curation |type= RBID |clé= PMC:3664583 |texte= Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:23724139" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Curation/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. | ![]() |