Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study
Identifieur interne : 001287 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001286; suivant : 001288Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study
Auteurs : Jeff Bagust [Royaume-Uni] ; Sharon Docherty [Royaume-Uni] ; Wayne Haynes [Australie] ; Richard Telford [Australie] ; Brice Isableu [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The Rod and Frame Test has been used to assess the degree to which subjects rely on the visual frame of reference to perceive vertical (visual field dependence- independence perceptual style). Early investigations found children exhibited a wide range of alignment errors, which reduced as they matured. These studies used a mechanical Rod and Frame system, and presented only mean values of grouped data. The current study also considered changes in individual performance. Changes in rod alignment accuracy in 419 school children were measured using a computer-based Rod and Frame test. Each child was tested at school Grade 2 and retested in Grades 4 and 6. The results confirmed that children displayed a wide range of alignment errors, which decreased with age but did not reach the expected adult values. Although most children showed a decrease in frame dependency over the 4 years of the study, almost 20% had increased alignment errors suggesting that they were becoming more frame-dependent. Plots of individual variation (SD) against mean error allowed the sample to be divided into 4 groups; the majority with small errors and SDs; a group with small SDs, but alignments clustering around the frame angle of 18°; a group showing large errors in the opposite direction to the frame tilt; and a small number with large SDs whose alignment appeared to be random. The errors in the last 3 groups could largely be explained by alignment of the rod to different aspects of the frame. At corresponding ages females exhibited larger alignment errors than males although this did not reach statistical significance. This study confirms that children rely more heavily on the visual frame of reference for processing spatial orientation cues. Most become less frame-dependent as they mature, but there are considerable individual differences.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065321
PubMed: 23724139
PubMed Central: 3664583
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The Rod and Frame Test has been used to assess the degree to which subjects rely on the visual frame of reference to perceive vertical (visual field dependence- independence perceptual style). Early investigations found children exhibited a wide range of alignment errors, which reduced as they matured. These studies used a mechanical Rod and Frame system, and presented only mean values of grouped data. The current study also considered changes in individual performance. Changes in rod alignment accuracy in 419 school children were measured using a computer-based Rod and Frame test. Each child was tested at school Grade 2 and retested in Grades 4 and 6. The results confirmed that children displayed a wide range of alignment errors, which decreased with age but did not reach the expected adult values. Although most children showed a decrease in frame dependency over the 4 years of the study, almost 20% had increased alignment errors suggesting that they were becoming more frame-dependent. Plots of individual variation (SD) against mean error allowed the sample to be divided into 4 groups; the majority with small errors and SDs; a group with small SDs, but alignments clustering around the frame angle of 18°; a group showing large errors in the opposite direction to the frame tilt; and a small number with large SDs whose alignment appeared to be random. The errors in the last 3 groups could largely be explained by alignment of the rod to different aspects of the frame. At corresponding ages females exhibited larger alignment errors than males although this did not reach statistical significance. This study confirms that children rely more heavily on the visual frame of reference for processing spatial orientation cues. Most become less frame-dependent as they mature, but there are considerable individual differences.</p>
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<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0065321</article-id>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Neuroscience</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Cognitive Neuroscience</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Consciousness</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Sensory Systems</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Visual System</subject>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Learning and Memory</subject>
<subject>Neuropsychology</subject>
<subject>Sensory Perception</subject>
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</subj-group>
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<subj-group><subject>Anatomy and Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Integrative Physiology</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group><subject>Pediatrics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Child Development</subject>
<subject>Developmental and Pediatric Neurology</subject>
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</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Social and Behavioral Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Psychology</subject>
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<subject>Developmental Psychology</subject>
<subject>Sensory Perception</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Changes in Rod and Frame Test Scores Recorded in Schoolchildren during Development – A Longitudinal Study</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Rod and Frame Test Scores in Schoolchildren</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bagust</surname>
<given-names>Jeff</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Docherty</surname>
<given-names>Sharon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haynes</surname>
<given-names>Wayne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Telford</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Isableu</surname>
<given-names>Brice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Visiting Researcher, School of Health and Social Care, Bournemouth University, Boumemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Anglo-European College of Chiropractic, Bournemouth, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Canberra University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Australian National University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>University of Paris-Sud. UR CIAMS EA 4532–Motor Control and Perception Team, Orsay, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Kun</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Lincoln, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>jbagust@aecc.ac.uk</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: JB WH RT BI. Performed the experiments: WH. Analyzed the data: JB SD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JB WH. Wrote the paper: JB SD WH RT BI.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>e65321</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Bagust et al</copyright-holder>
<license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>The Rod and Frame Test has been used to assess the degree to which subjects rely on the visual frame of reference to perceive vertical (visual field dependence- independence perceptual style). Early investigations found children exhibited a wide range of alignment errors, which reduced as they matured. These studies used a mechanical Rod and Frame system, and presented only mean values of grouped data. The current study also considered changes in individual performance. Changes in rod alignment accuracy in 419 school children were measured using a computer-based Rod and Frame test. Each child was tested at school Grade 2 and retested in Grades 4 and 6. The results confirmed that children displayed a wide range of alignment errors, which decreased with age but did not reach the expected adult values. Although most children showed a decrease in frame dependency over the 4 years of the study, almost 20% had increased alignment errors suggesting that they were becoming more frame-dependent. Plots of individual variation (SD) against mean error allowed the sample to be divided into 4 groups; the majority with small errors and SDs; a group with small SDs, but alignments clustering around the frame angle of 18°; a group showing large errors in the opposite direction to the frame tilt; and a small number with large SDs whose alignment appeared to be random. The errors in the last 3 groups could largely be explained by alignment of the rod to different aspects of the frame. At corresponding ages females exhibited larger alignment errors than males although this did not reach statistical significance. This study confirms that children rely more heavily on the visual frame of reference for processing spatial orientation cues. Most become less frame-dependent as they mature, but there are considerable individual differences.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>This research received financial support from the Commonwealth Education Trust (London, UK). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><page-count count="10"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
<settlement><li>Orsay</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bagust, Jeff" sort="Bagust, Jeff" uniqKey="Bagust J" first="Jeff" last="Bagust">Jeff Bagust</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Docherty, Sharon" sort="Docherty, Sharon" uniqKey="Docherty S" first="Sharon" last="Docherty">Sharon Docherty</name>
</country>
<country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Haynes, Wayne" sort="Haynes, Wayne" uniqKey="Haynes W" first="Wayne" last="Haynes">Wayne Haynes</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Telford, Richard" sort="Telford, Richard" uniqKey="Telford R" first="Richard" last="Telford">Richard Telford</name>
</country>
<country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Isableu, Brice" sort="Isableu, Brice" uniqKey="Isableu B" first="Brice" last="Isableu">Brice Isableu</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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