Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models
Identifieur interne : 002961 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002960; suivant : 002962Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models
Auteurs : D. Stammer ; R. D. Ray ; O. B. Andersen ; B. K. Arbic ; W. Bosch ; L. Carrère ; Y. Cheng ; D. S. Chinn ; B. D. Dushaw ; G. D. Egbert ; S. Y. Erofeeva ; H. S. Fok ; J. A. M. Green ; S. Griffiths ; M. A. King ; V. Lapin ; F. G. Lemoine ; S. B. Luthcke ; F. Lyard ; J. Morison ; M. Müller ; L. Padman ; J. G. Richman ; J. F. Shriver ; C. K. Shum ; E. Taguchi ; Y. YiSource :
- Reviews of Geophysics [ 8755-1209 ] ; 2014-09.
Abstract
The accuracy of state‐of‐the‐art global barotropic tide models is assessed using bottom pressure data, coastal tide gauges, satellite altimetry, various geodetic data on Antarctic ice shelves, and independent tracked satellite orbit perturbations. Tide models under review include empirical, purely hydrodynamic (“forward”), and assimilative dynamical, i.e., constrained by observations. Ten dominant tidal constituents in the diurnal, semidiurnal, and quarter‐diurnal bands are considered. Since the last major model comparison project in 1997, models have improved markedly, especially in shallow‐water regions and also in the deep ocean. The root‐sum‐square differences between tide observations and the best models for eight major constituents are approximately 0.9, 5.0, and 6.5 cm for pelagic, shelf, and coastal conditions, respectively. Large intermodel discrepancies occur in high latitudes, but testing in those regions is impeded by the paucity of high‐quality in situ tide records. Long‐wavelength components of models tested by analyzing satellite laser ranging measurements suggest that several models are comparably accurate for use in precise orbit determination, but analyses of GRACE intersatellite ranging data show that all models are still imperfect on basin and subbasin scales, especially near Antarctica. For the M2 constituent, errors in purely hydrodynamic models are now almost comparable to the 1980‐era Schwiderski empirical solution, indicating marked advancement in dynamical modeling. Assessing model accuracy using tidal currents remains problematic owing to uncertainties in in situ current meter estimates and the inability to isolate the barotropic mode. Velocity tests against both acoustic tomography and current meters do confirm that assimilative models perform better than purely hydrodynamic models.
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DOI: 10.1002/2014RG000450
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King</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Surveying and Spatial Sciences Group, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lapin, V" sort="Lapin, V" uniqKey="Lapin V" first="V." last="Lapin">V. Lapin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemoine, F G" sort="Lemoine, F G" uniqKey="Lemoine F" first="F. G." last="Lemoine">F. G. Lemoine</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luthcke, S B" sort="Luthcke, S B" uniqKey="Luthcke S" first="S. B." last="Luthcke">S. B. Luthcke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyard, F" sort="Lyard, F" uniqKey="Lyard F" first="F." last="Lyard">F. Lyard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>LEGOS, UMR 5566, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morison, J" sort="Morison, J" uniqKey="Morison J" first="J." last="Morison">J. Morison</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, M" sort="Muller, M" uniqKey="Muller M" first="M." last="Müller">M. Müller</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padman, L" sort="Padman, L" uniqKey="Padman L" first="L." last="Padman">L. Padman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Earth and Space Research, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richman, J G" sort="Richman, J G" uniqKey="Richman J" first="J. G." last="Richman">J. G. Richman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shriver, J F" sort="Shriver, J F" uniqKey="Shriver J" first="J. F." last="Shriver">J. F. Shriver</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shum, C K" sort="Shum, C K" uniqKey="Shum C" first="C. K." last="Shum">C. K. Shum</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taguchi, E" sort="Taguchi, E" uniqKey="Taguchi E" first="E." last="Taguchi">E. Taguchi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yi, Y" sort="Yi, Y" uniqKey="Yi Y" first="Y." last="Yi">Y. Yi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C</idno><date when="2014" year="2014">2014</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/2014RG000450</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">002961</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">002961</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</title><author><name sortKey="Stammer, D" sort="Stammer, D" uniqKey="Stammer D" first="D." last="Stammer">D. Stammer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Correspondence to: D. Stammer,</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: detlef.stammer@zmaw.de</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, R D" sort="Ray, R D" uniqKey="Ray R" first="R. D." last="Ray">R. D. Ray</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, O B" sort="Andersen, O B" uniqKey="Andersen O" first="O. B." last="Andersen">O. B. Andersen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arbic, B K" sort="Arbic, B K" uniqKey="Arbic B" first="B. K." last="Arbic">B. K. Arbic</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, W" sort="Bosch, W" uniqKey="Bosch W" first="W." last="Bosch">W. Bosch</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Munich, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrere, L" sort="Carrere, L" uniqKey="Carrere L" first="L." last="Carrère">L. Carrère</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>LEGOS, UMR 5566, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Y" sort="Cheng, Y" uniqKey="Cheng Y" first="Y." last="Cheng">Y. Cheng</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chinn, D S" sort="Chinn, D S" uniqKey="Chinn D" first="D. S." last="Chinn">D. S. Chinn</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>SGT Inc., NASA/GSFC, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dushaw, B D" sort="Dushaw, B D" uniqKey="Dushaw B" first="B. D." last="Dushaw">B. D. Dushaw</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Egbert, G D" sort="Egbert, G D" uniqKey="Egbert G" first="G. D." last="Egbert">G. D. Egbert</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erofeeva, S Y" sort="Erofeeva, S Y" uniqKey="Erofeeva S" first="S. Y." last="Erofeeva">S. Y. Erofeeva</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fok, H S" sort="Fok, H S" uniqKey="Fok H" first="H. S." last="Fok">H. S. Fok</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Now at School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Green, J A M" sort="Green, J A M" uniqKey="Green J" first="J. A. M." last="Green">J. A. M. Green</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffiths, S" sort="Griffiths, S" uniqKey="Griffiths S" first="S." last="Griffiths">S. Griffiths</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="King, M A" sort="King, M A" uniqKey="King M" first="M. A." last="King">M. A. King</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Surveying and Spatial Sciences Group, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lapin, V" sort="Lapin, V" uniqKey="Lapin V" first="V." last="Lapin">V. Lapin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemoine, F G" sort="Lemoine, F G" uniqKey="Lemoine F" first="F. G." last="Lemoine">F. G. Lemoine</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luthcke, S B" sort="Luthcke, S B" uniqKey="Luthcke S" first="S. B." last="Luthcke">S. B. Luthcke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyard, F" sort="Lyard, F" uniqKey="Lyard F" first="F." last="Lyard">F. Lyard</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>LEGOS, UMR 5566, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morison, J" sort="Morison, J" uniqKey="Morison J" first="J." last="Morison">J. Morison</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, M" sort="Muller, M" uniqKey="Muller M" first="M." last="Müller">M. Müller</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padman, L" sort="Padman, L" uniqKey="Padman L" first="L." last="Padman">L. Padman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Earth and Space Research, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richman, J G" sort="Richman, J G" uniqKey="Richman J" first="J. G." last="Richman">J. G. Richman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shriver, J F" sort="Shriver, J F" uniqKey="Shriver J" first="J. F." last="Shriver">J. F. Shriver</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shum, C K" sort="Shum, C K" uniqKey="Shum C" first="C. K." last="Shum">C. K. Shum</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taguchi, E" sort="Taguchi, E" uniqKey="Taguchi E" first="E." last="Taguchi">E. Taguchi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yi, Y" sort="Yi, Y" uniqKey="Yi Y" first="Y." last="Yi">Y. Yi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Reviews of Geophysics</title><title level="j" type="alt">REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS</title><idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno><idno type="eISSN">1944-9208</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">52</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="243">243</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="282">282</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">40</biblScope><date type="published" when="2014-09">2014-09</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The accuracy of state‐of‐the‐art global barotropic tide models is assessed using bottom pressure data, coastal tide gauges, satellite altimetry, various geodetic data on Antarctic ice shelves, and independent tracked satellite orbit perturbations. Tide models under review include empirical, purely hydrodynamic (“forward”), and assimilative dynamical, i.e., constrained by observations. Ten dominant tidal constituents in the diurnal, semidiurnal, and quarter‐diurnal bands are considered. Since the last major model comparison project in 1997, models have improved markedly, especially in shallow‐water regions and also in the deep ocean. The root‐sum‐square differences between tide observations and the best models for eight major constituents are approximately 0.9, 5.0, and 6.5 cm for pelagic, shelf, and coastal conditions, respectively. Large intermodel discrepancies occur in high latitudes, but testing in those regions is impeded by the paucity of high‐quality in situ tide records. Long‐wavelength components of models tested by analyzing satellite laser ranging measurements suggest that several models are comparably accurate for use in precise orbit determination, but analyses of GRACE intersatellite ranging data show that all models are still imperfect on basin and subbasin scales, especially near Antarctica. For the M2 constituent, errors in purely hydrodynamic models are now almost comparable to the 1980‐era Schwiderski empirical solution, indicating marked advancement in dynamical modeling. Assessing model accuracy using tidal currents remains problematic owing to uncertainties in in situ current meter estimates and the inability to isolate the barotropic mode. Velocity tests against both acoustic tomography and current meters do confirm that assimilative models perform better than purely hydrodynamic models.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>D. Stammer</name><affiliations><json:string>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</json:string><json:string>Correspondence to: D. Stammer,</json:string><json:string>E-mail: detlef.stammer@zmaw.de</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R. D. Ray</name><affiliations><json:string>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>O. B. Andersen</name><affiliations><json:string>DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B. K. Arbic</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>W. Bosch</name><affiliations><json:string>Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Munich, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>L. Carrère</name><affiliations><json:string>LEGOS, UMR 5566, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Y. Cheng</name><affiliations><json:string>DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark</json:string><json:string>School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D. S. Chinn</name><affiliations><json:string>SGT Inc., NASA/GSFC, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B. D. Dushaw</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. D. Egbert</name><affiliations><json:string>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. Y. Erofeeva</name><affiliations><json:string>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>H. S. Fok</name><affiliations><json:string>Now at School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China</json:string><json:string>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. A. M. Green</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. Griffiths</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. A. King</name><affiliations><json:string>Surveying and Spatial Sciences Group, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>V. Lapin</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F. G. Lemoine</name><affiliations><json:string>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. B. Luthcke</name><affiliations><json:string>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F. Lyard</name><affiliations><json:string>LEGOS, UMR 5566, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Morison</name><affiliations><json:string>Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Müller</name><affiliations><json:string>Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>L. Padman</name><affiliations><json:string>Earth and Space Research, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. G. Richman</name><affiliations><json:string>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. F. Shriver</name><affiliations><json:string>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>C. K. Shum</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA</json:string><json:string>Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>E. Taguchi</name><affiliations><json:string>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Y. Yi</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>ROG20044</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-K9PGWSXB-5</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The accuracy of state‐of‐the‐art global barotropic tide models is assessed using bottom pressure data, coastal tide gauges, satellite altimetry, various geodetic data on Antarctic ice shelves, and independent tracked satellite orbit perturbations. Tide models under review include empirical, purely hydrodynamic (“forward”), and assimilative dynamical, i.e., constrained by observations. Ten dominant tidal constituents in the diurnal, semidiurnal, and quarter‐diurnal bands are considered. Since the last major model comparison project in 1997, models have improved markedly, especially in shallow‐water regions and also in the deep ocean. The root‐sum‐square differences between tide observations and the best models for eight major constituents are approximately 0.9, 5.0, and 6.5 cm for pelagic, shelf, and coastal conditions, respectively. Large intermodel discrepancies occur in high latitudes, but testing in those regions is impeded by the paucity of high‐quality in situ tide records. Long‐wavelength components of models tested by analyzing satellite laser ranging measurements suggest that several models are comparably accurate for use in precise orbit determination, but analyses of GRACE intersatellite ranging data show that all models are still imperfect on basin and subbasin scales, especially near Antarctica. For the M2 constituent, errors in purely hydrodynamic models are now almost comparable to the 1980‐era Schwiderski empirical solution, indicating marked advancement in dynamical modeling. Assessing model accuracy using tidal currents remains problematic owing to uncertainties in in situ current meter estimates and the inability to isolate the barotropic mode. Velocity tests against both acoustic tomography and current meters do confirm that assimilative models perform better than purely hydrodynamic models.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>23078</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>138984</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>40</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>251</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1841</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>0</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Reviews of Geophysics</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>8755-1209</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1944-9208</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>ROG</json:string></publisherId><volume>52</volume><issue>3</issue><pages><first>243</first><last>282</last><total>40</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>GEODESY AND GRAVITY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global change from geodesy</value></json:item><json:item><value>Mass balance</value></json:item><json:item><value>GLOBAL CHANGE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sea level change</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Surface waves and tides</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sea level: variations and mean</value></json:item><json:item><value>Instruments and techniques</value></json:item><json:item><value>General circulation</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>General or miscellaneous</value></json:item><json:item><value>Review Article</value></json:item></subject></host><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-K9PGWSXB-5</json:string></ark><publicationDate>2014</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2014</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/2014RG000450</json:string></doi><id>DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Wiley Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><licence>©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2014-09"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">D.</forename><surname>Stammer</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit</orgName><orgName>Universität Hamburg</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hamburg</settlement><country key="DE">Germany</country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence to: D. Stammer, detlef.stammer@zmaw.de</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">R. D.</forename><surname>Ray</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Greenbelt</settlement><region>Maryland</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">O. B.</forename><surname>Andersen</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>DTU Space</orgName><orgName>Technical University of Denmark</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Copenhagen</settlement><country key="DK">Denmark</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">B. K.</forename><surname>Arbic</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Earth and Environmental Science</orgName><orgName>University of Michigan</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Ann Arbor</settlement><region>Michigan</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">W.</forename><surname>Bosch</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement><country key="DE">Germany</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">L.</forename><surname>Carrère</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>LEGOS, UMR 5566</orgName><orgName>Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><country key="FR">France</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Cheng</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>DTU Space</orgName><orgName>Technical University of Denmark</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Copenhagen</settlement><country key="DK">Denmark</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>School of Marine Sciences</orgName><orgName>Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Nanjing</settlement><country key="CN">China</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">D. S.</forename><surname>Chinn</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>SGT Inc.</orgName><orgName>NASA/GSFC</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Greenbelt</settlement><region>Maryland</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">B. D.</forename><surname>Dushaw</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Earth and Environmental Science</orgName><orgName>University of Michigan</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Ann Arbor</settlement><region>Michigan</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">G. D.</forename><surname>Egbert</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences</orgName><orgName>Oregon State University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Corvallis</settlement><region>Oregon</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0010"><persName><forename type="first">S. Y.</forename><surname>Erofeeva</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences</orgName><orgName>Oregon State University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Corvallis</settlement><region>Oregon</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0011"><persName><forename type="first">H. S.</forename><surname>Fok</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Now at School of Geodesy and Geomatics</orgName><orgName>Wuhan University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement><country key="CN">China</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences</orgName><orgName>Ohio State University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Columbus</settlement><region>Ohio</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0012"><persName><forename type="first">J. A. M.</forename><surname>Green</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>School of Ocean Sciences</orgName><orgName>Bangor University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Menai Bridge</settlement><country key="GB">UK</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0013"><persName><forename type="first">S.</forename><surname>Griffiths</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Applied Mathematics</orgName><orgName>University of Leeds</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Leeds</settlement><country key="GB">UK</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0014"><persName><forename type="first">M. A.</forename><surname>King</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Surveying and Spatial Sciences Group, School of Land and Food</orgName><orgName>University of Tasmania</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hobart</settlement><region>Tasmania</region><country key="AU">Australia</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0015"><persName><forename type="first">V.</forename><surname>Lapin</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Applied Mathematics</orgName><orgName>University of Leeds</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Leeds</settlement><country key="GB">UK</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0016"><persName><forename type="first">F. G.</forename><surname>Lemoine</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Greenbelt</settlement><region>Maryland</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0017"><persName><forename type="first">S. B.</forename><surname>Luthcke</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Greenbelt</settlement><region>Maryland</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0018"><persName><forename type="first">F.</forename><surname>Lyard</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>LEGOS, UMR 5566</orgName><orgName>Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><country key="FR">France</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0019"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Morison</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory</orgName><orgName>University of Washington</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement><region>Washington</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0020"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Müller</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Norwegian Meteorological Institute</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Oslo</settlement><country key="NO">Norway</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0021"><persName><forename type="first">L.</forename><surname>Padman</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Earth and Space Research</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Corvallis</settlement><region>Oregon</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0022"><persName><forename type="first">J. G.</forename><surname>Richman</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory</orgName><orgName>Stennis Space Center</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hancock County</settlement><region>Mississippi</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0023"><persName><forename type="first">J. F.</forename><surname>Shriver</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory</orgName><orgName>Stennis Space Center</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hancock County</settlement><region>Mississippi</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0024"><persName><forename type="first">C. K.</forename><surname>Shum</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences</orgName><orgName>Ohio State University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Columbus</settlement><region>Ohio</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics</orgName><orgName>Chinese Academy of Sciences</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement><country key="CN">China</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0025"><persName><forename type="first">E.</forename><surname>Taguchi</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit</orgName><orgName>Universität Hamburg</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hamburg</settlement><country key="DE">Germany</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0026"><persName><forename type="first">Y.</forename><surname>Yi</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences</orgName><orgName>Ohio State University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Columbus</settlement><region>Ohio</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-K9PGWSXB-5</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/2014RG000450</idno><idno type="unit">ROG20044</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file://ROG.ROG20044.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Reviews of Geophysics</title><title level="j" type="alt">REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS</title><idno type="pISSN">8755-1209</idno><idno type="eISSN">1944-9208</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/rog.v52.3</idno><idno type="product">ROG</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">52</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="243">243</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="282">282</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">40</biblScope><date type="published" when="2014-09"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main" xml:id="rog20044-abs-0001"><head>Abstract</head><p xml:id="rog20044-para-0001">The accuracy of state‐of‐the‐art global barotropic tide models is assessed using bottom pressure data, coastal tide gauges, satellite altimetry, various geodetic data on Antarctic ice shelves, and independent tracked satellite orbit perturbations. Tide models under review include empirical, purely hydrodynamic (“forward”), and assimilative dynamical, i.e., constrained by observations. Ten dominant tidal constituents in the diurnal, semidiurnal, and quarter‐diurnal bands are considered. Since the last major model comparison project in 1997, models have improved markedly, especially in shallow‐water regions and also in the deep ocean. The root‐sum‐square differences between tide observations and the best models for eight major constituents are approximately 0.9, 5.0, and 6.5 cm for pelagic, shelf, and coastal conditions, respectively. Large intermodel discrepancies occur in high latitudes, but testing in those regions is impeded by the paucity of high‐quality in situ tide records. Long‐wavelength components of models tested by analyzing satellite laser ranging measurements suggest that several models are comparably accurate for use in precise orbit determination, but analyses of GRACE intersatellite ranging data show that all models are still imperfect on basin and subbasin scales, especially near Antarctica. For the M<hi rend="subscript">2</hi> constituent, errors in purely hydrodynamic models are now almost comparable to the 1980‐era Schwiderski empirical solution, indicating marked advancement in dynamical modeling. Assessing model accuracy using tidal currents remains problematic owing to uncertainties in in situ current meter estimates and the inability to isolate the barotropic mode. Velocity tests against both acoustic tomography and current meters do confirm that assimilative models perform better than purely hydrodynamic models.</p></abstract><abstract style="short"><head>Key Points</head><p><list style="bulleted"><item>Tide model accuracy assessment</item><item>Improved accuracies</item><item>Tidal current estimates</item></list></p></abstract><textClass><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4800">OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</classCode><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Review Article</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Review Articles</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="rog20044"><header xml:id="rog20044-hdr-0001"><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</doi><issn type="print">8755-1209</issn><issn type="electronic">1944-9208</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="ROG"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS">Reviews of Geophysics</title><title type="short">Rev. Geophys.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="30"><doi>10.1002/rog.v52.3</doi><copyright>©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="52">52</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">3</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2014-09">September 2014</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="40" type="article" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1002/2014RG000450</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="ROG20044"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="40"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Review Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">Review Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2014-02-24"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2014-06-30"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2014-07-13"></event><event type="xmlCreated" agent="SPi Global" date="2013-03"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2014-07-18"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2014-08-07"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2014-10-13"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2014-08-07"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-07"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">243</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">282</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>
<lineatedText><line>Correspondence to: D. Stammer,</line><line><email>detlef.stammer@zmaw.de</email></line></lineatedText></correspondenceTo><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1222">Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1225">Global change from geodesy</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1218">Mass balance</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1641">Sea level change</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4560">Surface waves and tides</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4556">Sea level: variations and mean</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4594">Instruments and techniques</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4532">General circulation</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4800">OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4899">General or miscellaneous</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation type="self" xml:id="rog20044-cit-0125"><author><familyName>Stammer</familyName>,
<givenNames>D.</givenNames></author>, et al. (<pubYear year="2014">2014</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>Rev. Geophys.</journalTitle>, <vol>52</vol>, <pageFirst>243</pageFirst>–<pageLast>282</pageLast>, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1002/2014RG000450">10.1002/2014RG000450</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file://ROG.ROG20044.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="17"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="15"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="16823"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</title><title type="shortAuthors">STAMMER ET AL.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="rog20044-cr-0001" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#rog20044-aff-0001" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>D.</givenNames><familyName>Stammer</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="rog20044-cr-0002" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#rog20044-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>R. 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xml:id="rog20044-aff-0007" countryCode="CN" type="organization"><orgDiv>School of Marine Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology</orgName><address><city>Nanjing</city><country>China</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-0008" countryCode="US" type="organization"><orgDiv>SGT Inc.</orgDiv><orgName>NASA/GSFC</orgName><address><city>Greenbelt</city><countryPart>Maryland</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-0009" countryCode="US" type="organization"><orgDiv>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Oregon State University</orgName><address><city>Corvallis</city><countryPart>Oregon</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00010" countryCode="CN" type="organization"><orgDiv>Now at School of Geodesy and Geomatics</orgDiv><orgName>Wuhan University</orgName><address><city>Wuhan</city><country>China</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00011" countryCode="US" type="organization"><orgDiv>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Ohio State University</orgName><address><city>Columbus</city><countryPart>Ohio</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00012" countryCode="GB" type="organization"><orgDiv>School of Ocean Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Bangor University</orgName><address><city>Menai Bridge</city><country>UK</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00013" countryCode="GB" type="organization"><orgDiv>Department of Applied Mathematics</orgDiv><orgName>University of Leeds</orgName><address><city>Leeds</city><country>UK</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00014" countryCode="AU" type="organization"><orgDiv>Surveying and Spatial Sciences Group, School of Land and Food</orgDiv><orgName>University of Tasmania</orgName><address><city>Hobart</city><countryPart>Tasmania</countryPart><country>Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00015" countryCode="US" type="organization"><orgDiv>Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory</orgDiv><orgName>University of Washington</orgName><address><city>Seattle</city><countryPart>Washington</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00016" countryCode="NO" type="organization"><orgName>Norwegian Meteorological Institute</orgName><address><city>Oslo</city><country>Norway</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00017" countryCode="US" type="organization"><orgName>Earth and Space Research</orgName><address><city>Corvallis</city><countryPart>Oregon</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00018" countryCode="US" type="organization"><orgDiv>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory</orgDiv><orgName>Stennis Space Center</orgName><address><city>Hancock County</city><countryPart>Mississippi</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="rog20044-aff-00019" countryCode="CN" type="organization"><orgDiv>Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics</orgDiv><orgName>Chinese Academy of Sciences</orgName><address><city>Wuhan</city><country>China</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:id="rog20044-abs-0001"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p xml:id="rog20044-para-0001">The accuracy of state‐of‐the‐art global barotropic tide models is assessed using bottom pressure data, coastal tide gauges, satellite altimetry, various geodetic data on Antarctic ice shelves, and independent tracked satellite orbit perturbations. Tide models under review include empirical, purely hydrodynamic (“forward”), and assimilative dynamical, i.e., constrained by observations. Ten dominant tidal constituents in the diurnal, semidiurnal, and quarter‐diurnal bands are considered. Since the last major model comparison project in 1997, models have improved markedly, especially in shallow‐water regions and also in the deep ocean. The root‐sum‐square differences between tide observations and the best models for eight major constituents are approximately 0.9, 5.0, and 6.5 cm for pelagic, shelf, and coastal conditions, respectively. Large intermodel discrepancies occur in high latitudes, but testing in those regions is impeded by the paucity of high‐quality in situ tide records. Long‐wavelength components of models tested by analyzing satellite laser ranging measurements suggest that several models are comparably accurate for use in precise orbit determination, but analyses of GRACE intersatellite ranging data show that all models are still imperfect on basin and subbasin scales, especially near Antarctica. For the M<sub>2</sub> constituent, errors in purely hydrodynamic models are now almost comparable to the 1980‐era Schwiderski empirical solution, indicating marked advancement in dynamical modeling. Assessing model accuracy using tidal currents remains problematic owing to uncertainties in in situ current meter estimates and the inability to isolate the barotropic mode. Velocity tests against both acoustic tomography and current meters do confirm that assimilative models perform better than purely hydrodynamic models.</p></abstract><abstract type="short"><title type="main">Key Points</title><p><list style="bulleted"><listItem xml:id="rog20044-li-0001">Tide model accuracy assessment</listItem><listItem xml:id="rog20044-li-0002">Improved accuracies</listItem><listItem xml:id="rog20044-li-0003">Tidal current estimates</listItem></list></p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Stammer</namePart><affiliation>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence to: D. Stammer,</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: detlef.stammer@zmaw.de</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R. D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Ray</namePart><affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">O. B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Andersen</namePart><affiliation>DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B. K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Arbic</namePart><affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bosch</namePart><affiliation>Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Munich, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Carrère</namePart><affiliation>LEGOS, UMR 5566, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Cheng</namePart><affiliation>DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark</affiliation><affiliation>School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D. S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Chinn</namePart><affiliation>SGT Inc., NASA/GSFC, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B. D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Dushaw</namePart><affiliation>Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G. D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Egbert</namePart><affiliation>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S. Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Erofeeva</namePart><affiliation>College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H. S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Fok</namePart><affiliation>Now at School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China</affiliation><affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. A. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Green</namePart><affiliation>School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Griffiths</namePart><affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M. A.</namePart><namePart type="family">King</namePart><affiliation>Surveying and Spatial Sciences Group, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lapin</namePart><affiliation>Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F. G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lemoine</namePart><affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S. B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Luthcke</namePart><affiliation>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, Greenbelt, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lyard</namePart><affiliation>LEGOS, UMR 5566, Observatoire Midi‐Pyrénées, Toulouse, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Morison</namePart><affiliation>Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Washington, Seattle, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Müller</namePart><affiliation>Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Padman</namePart><affiliation>Earth and Space Research, Oregon, Corvallis, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Richman</namePart><affiliation>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. F.</namePart><namePart type="family">Shriver</namePart><affiliation>Oceanography Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, Hancock County, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C. K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Shum</namePart><affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Taguchi</namePart><affiliation>Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart><namePart type="family">Yi</namePart><affiliation>Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2014-09</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2013-03</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2014-02-24</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2014-07-13</dateValid><edition>Stammer, D., et al. (2014), Accuracy assessment of global barotropic ocean tide models, Rev. Geophys., 52, 243–282, doi:10.1002/2014RG000450.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2014</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">17</extent><extent unit="tables">15</extent><extent unit="words">16823</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The accuracy of state‐of‐the‐art global barotropic tide models is assessed using bottom pressure data, coastal tide gauges, satellite altimetry, various geodetic data on Antarctic ice shelves, and independent tracked satellite orbit perturbations. Tide models under review include empirical, purely hydrodynamic (“forward”), and assimilative dynamical, i.e., constrained by observations. Ten dominant tidal constituents in the diurnal, semidiurnal, and quarter‐diurnal bands are considered. Since the last major model comparison project in 1997, models have improved markedly, especially in shallow‐water regions and also in the deep ocean. The root‐sum‐square differences between tide observations and the best models for eight major constituents are approximately 0.9, 5.0, and 6.5 cm for pelagic, shelf, and coastal conditions, respectively. Large intermodel discrepancies occur in high latitudes, but testing in those regions is impeded by the paucity of high‐quality in situ tide records. Long‐wavelength components of models tested by analyzing satellite laser ranging measurements suggest that several models are comparably accurate for use in precise orbit determination, but analyses of GRACE intersatellite ranging data show that all models are still imperfect on basin and subbasin scales, especially near Antarctica. For the M2 constituent, errors in purely hydrodynamic models are now almost comparable to the 1980‐era Schwiderski empirical solution, indicating marked advancement in dynamical modeling. Assessing model accuracy using tidal currents remains problematic owing to uncertainties in in situ current meter estimates and the inability to isolate the barotropic mode. Velocity tests against both acoustic tomography and current meters do confirm that assimilative models perform better than purely hydrodynamic models.</abstract><abstract type="short">Tide model accuracy assessmentImproved accuraciesTidal current estimates</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Reviews of Geophysics</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Rev. Geophys.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1222">Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1225">Global change from geodesy</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1218">Mass balance</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1641">Sea level change</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4560">Surface waves and tides</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4556">Sea level: variations and mean</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4594">Instruments and techniques</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4532">General circulation</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4800">OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4899">General or miscellaneous</topic></subject><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Review Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">8755-1209</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1944-9208</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ROG</identifier><part><date>2014</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>52</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>243</start><end>282</end><total>40</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">DE7CCB0AB63FD78F041655FA697D266914EC304C</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-K9PGWSXB-5</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/2014RG000450</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">ROG20044</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2014. 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