Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography
Identifieur interne : 000083 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000082; suivant : 000084Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography
Auteurs : Joan O. Grimalt ; Jürgen Rullkötter ; Marie-Alexandrine Sicre ; Roger Summons ; John Farrington ; H. Rodger Harvey ; Miguel Go I ; Ken SawadaSource :
- Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems [ 1525-2027 ] ; 2000-11.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acta, Algal, Algal cultures, Alkenoate, Alkenoate composition, Alkenoates, Alkenone, Alkenone composition, Alkenone concentration, Alkenone concentrations, Alkenone diagenesis, Alkenone distributions, Alkenone fluxes, Alkenone mixtures, Alkenone production, Alkenones, Alkyl alkenoates, Anoxic, Anoxic conditions, Anoxic environments, Anoxic sediments, Atlantic ocean, Biomarker, Biomarker reconstruction, Brassell, Cariaco basin, Copepod temora longicornis, Core tops, Cosmochim, Degradation, Degradation experiments, Determinaqu tions, Diagenesis, Discrepant results, Double bonds, Early diagenesis, Early stages, Eglinton, Equatorial atlantic, Farrington, Fatty acids, First stages, Further evaluation, Further investigation, Further studies, General agreement, Geochem, Geochemistry, Geochemistry geophysics geosystems, Geochim, Geophysics, Geosystems, Gong, Good correlations, Grimalt, High latitudes, Higher abundance, Hoefs, Hollander, Indian ocean, Isochrysis galbana, Isotopic compositions, Isotopic signal, Lateral transport, Lipid, Long timescales, Longchain alkenones, Madeira abyssal, Marine environment, Microbial degradation, Microbial degradation experiments, Nonoxidized, Nonsolvent extractable, Nordic seas, Northeast atlantic, Northwestern african, Northwestern mediterranean, Nutrient availability, Organic carbon, Organic geochemistry, Organic matter, Other lipids, Oxic, Oxidized, Oxidized nonoxidized, Oxidized samples, Oxidizedunoxidized temperature difference, Pacific ocean, Paleoceanographic, Paleoceanographic conditions, Paleoceanographic significance, Paleoceanographic studies, Paleoceanography, Paleoproductivity, Paleoproductivity indicators, Paleotemperature, Paleotemperature estimation, Paleotemperature studies, Paper number, Past years, Personal communication, Pleistocene sediments, Positive correlations, Possible implications, Postdepositional, Prahl, Present report, Redox conditions, Relative composition, Relative proportion, Same authors, Santa monica basin, Sawada, Sediment, Sediment records, Sediment sections, Sediment trap, Sediment trap data, Sediment trap measurements, Sediment trap particles, Sediment traps, Sediment traps water depth, Sediment water depth, Sedimentary, Sedimentary conditions, Selective degradation, Several depths, Sicre, Significant amounts, Significant changes, Significant decrease, Sikes, Similar results, Sinninghe damste, Southern ocean, Subsequent study, Surface sediments, Surface temperature, Surface temperature estimates, Surface temperatures, Surface waters, Temperature differences, Temperature measurements, Ternois, Unsaturated ketones, Upwelling areas, Villanueva, Volkman, Wakeham, Water column, Water column depth, Water column particles, Water columns, Water depth, Water particles, Woods hole.
- Teeft :
- Acta, Algal, Algal cultures, Alkenoate, Alkenoate composition, Alkenoates, Alkenone, Alkenone composition, Alkenone concentration, Alkenone concentrations, Alkenone diagenesis, Alkenone distributions, Alkenone fluxes, Alkenone mixtures, Alkenone production, Alkenones, Alkyl alkenoates, Anoxic, Anoxic conditions, Anoxic environments, Anoxic sediments, Atlantic ocean, Biomarker, Biomarker reconstruction, Brassell, Cariaco basin, Copepod temora longicornis, Core tops, Cosmochim, Degradation, Degradation experiments, Determinaqu tions, Diagenesis, Discrepant results, Double bonds, Early diagenesis, Early stages, Eglinton, Equatorial atlantic, Farrington, Fatty acids, First stages, Further evaluation, Further investigation, Further studies, General agreement, Geochem, Geochemistry, Geochemistry geophysics geosystems, Geochim, Geophysics, Geosystems, Gong, Good correlations, Grimalt, High latitudes, Higher abundance, Hoefs, Hollander, Indian ocean, Isochrysis galbana, Isotopic compositions, Isotopic signal, Lateral transport, Lipid, Long timescales, Longchain alkenones, Madeira abyssal, Marine environment, Microbial degradation, Microbial degradation experiments, Nonoxidized, Nonsolvent extractable, Nordic seas, Northeast atlantic, Northwestern african, Northwestern mediterranean, Nutrient availability, Organic carbon, Organic geochemistry, Organic matter, Other lipids, Oxic, Oxidized, Oxidized nonoxidized, Oxidized samples, Oxidizedunoxidized temperature difference, Pacific ocean, Paleoceanographic, Paleoceanographic conditions, Paleoceanographic significance, Paleoceanographic studies, Paleoceanography, Paleoproductivity, Paleoproductivity indicators, Paleotemperature, Paleotemperature estimation, Paleotemperature studies, Paper number, Past years, Personal communication, Pleistocene sediments, Positive correlations, Possible implications, Postdepositional, Prahl, Present report, Redox conditions, Relative composition, Relative proportion, Same authors, Santa monica basin, Sawada, Sediment, Sediment records, Sediment sections, Sediment trap, Sediment trap data, Sediment trap measurements, Sediment trap particles, Sediment traps, Sediment traps water depth, Sediment water depth, Sedimentary, Sedimentary conditions, Selective degradation, Several depths, Sicre, Significant amounts, Significant changes, Significant decrease, Sikes, Similar results, Sinninghe damste, Southern ocean, Subsequent study, Surface sediments, Surface temperature, Surface temperature estimates, Surface temperatures, Surface waters, Temperature differences, Temperature measurements, Ternois, Unsaturated ketones, Upwelling areas, Villanueva, Volkman, Wakeham, Water column, Water column depth, Water column particles, Water columns, Water depth, Water particles, Woods hole.
Abstract
The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2000GC000053
Links to Exploration step
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<author><name sortKey="Grimalt, Joan O" sort="Grimalt, Joan O" uniqKey="Grimalt J" first="Joan O." last="Grimalt">Joan O. Grimalt</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rullkotter, Jurgen" sort="Rullkotter, Jurgen" uniqKey="Rullkotter J" first="Jürgen" last="Rullkötter">Jürgen Rullkötter</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Sicre, Marie Lexandrine" sort="Sicre, Marie Lexandrine" uniqKey="Sicre M" first="Marie-Alexandrine" last="Sicre">Marie-Alexandrine Sicre</name>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment, Domaine, CNRS, Avénue de la Terrasse,, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Summons, Roger" sort="Summons, Roger" uniqKey="Summons R" first="Roger" last="Summons">Roger Summons</name>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Australian Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378,, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Farrington, John" sort="Farrington, John" uniqKey="Farrington J" first="John" last="Farrington">John Farrington</name>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Harvey, H Rodger" sort="Harvey, H Rodger" uniqKey="Harvey H" first="H. Rodger" last="Harvey">H. Rodger Harvey</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Go I, Miguel" sort="Go I, Miguel" uniqKey="Go I M" first="Miguel" last="Go I">Miguel Go I</name>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Sawada, Ken" sort="Sawada, Ken" uniqKey="Sawada K" first="Ken" last="Sawada">Ken Sawada</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, 305‐8571, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</mods:affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Modifications of the C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography</title>
<author><name sortKey="Grimalt, Joan O" sort="Grimalt, Joan O" uniqKey="Grimalt J" first="Joan O." last="Grimalt">Joan O. Grimalt</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jgoqam@cid.csic.es</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18 08034‐Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jgoqam@cid.csic.es</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rullkotter, Jurgen" sort="Rullkotter, Jurgen" uniqKey="Rullkotter J" first="Jürgen" last="Rullkötter">Jürgen Rullkötter</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: J.Rullkoetter@icbm.de</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universitaet Oldenburg, Postfach 2503,, D‐26111, Oldenburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: J.Rullkoetter@icbm.de</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sicre, Marie Lexandrine" sort="Sicre, Marie Lexandrine" uniqKey="Sicre M" first="Marie-Alexandrine" last="Sicre">Marie-Alexandrine Sicre</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: Marie-Alexandrine.Sicre@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment, Domaine, CNRS, Avénue de la Terrasse,, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: Marie-Alexandrine.Sicre@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Summons, Roger" sort="Summons, Roger" uniqKey="Summons R" first="Roger" last="Summons">Roger Summons</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: rsummons@whoi.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Australian Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378,, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: rsummons@whoi.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Farrington, John" sort="Farrington, John" uniqKey="Farrington J" first="John" last="Farrington">John Farrington</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jfarrington@whoi.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jfarrington@whoi.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Harvey, H Rodger" sort="Harvey, H Rodger" uniqKey="Harvey H" first="H. Rodger" last="Harvey">H. Rodger Harvey</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: harvey@cbl.umces.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: harvey@cbl.umces.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Go I, Miguel" sort="Go I, Miguel" uniqKey="Go I M" first="Miguel" last="Go I">Miguel Go I</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sawada, Ken" sort="Sawada, Ken" uniqKey="Sawada K" first="Ken" last="Sawada">Ken Sawada</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, 305‐8571, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acta</term>
<term>Algal</term>
<term>Algal cultures</term>
<term>Alkenoate</term>
<term>Alkenoate composition</term>
<term>Alkenoates</term>
<term>Alkenone</term>
<term>Alkenone composition</term>
<term>Alkenone concentration</term>
<term>Alkenone concentrations</term>
<term>Alkenone diagenesis</term>
<term>Alkenone distributions</term>
<term>Alkenone fluxes</term>
<term>Alkenone mixtures</term>
<term>Alkenone production</term>
<term>Alkenones</term>
<term>Alkyl alkenoates</term>
<term>Anoxic</term>
<term>Anoxic conditions</term>
<term>Anoxic environments</term>
<term>Anoxic sediments</term>
<term>Atlantic ocean</term>
<term>Biomarker</term>
<term>Biomarker reconstruction</term>
<term>Brassell</term>
<term>Cariaco basin</term>
<term>Copepod temora longicornis</term>
<term>Core tops</term>
<term>Cosmochim</term>
<term>Degradation</term>
<term>Degradation experiments</term>
<term>Determinaqu tions</term>
<term>Diagenesis</term>
<term>Discrepant results</term>
<term>Double bonds</term>
<term>Early diagenesis</term>
<term>Early stages</term>
<term>Eglinton</term>
<term>Equatorial atlantic</term>
<term>Farrington</term>
<term>Fatty acids</term>
<term>First stages</term>
<term>Further evaluation</term>
<term>Further investigation</term>
<term>Further studies</term>
<term>General agreement</term>
<term>Geochem</term>
<term>Geochemistry</term>
<term>Geochemistry geophysics geosystems</term>
<term>Geochim</term>
<term>Geophysics</term>
<term>Geosystems</term>
<term>Gong</term>
<term>Good correlations</term>
<term>Grimalt</term>
<term>High latitudes</term>
<term>Higher abundance</term>
<term>Hoefs</term>
<term>Hollander</term>
<term>Indian ocean</term>
<term>Isochrysis galbana</term>
<term>Isotopic compositions</term>
<term>Isotopic signal</term>
<term>Lateral transport</term>
<term>Lipid</term>
<term>Long timescales</term>
<term>Longchain alkenones</term>
<term>Madeira abyssal</term>
<term>Marine environment</term>
<term>Microbial degradation</term>
<term>Microbial degradation experiments</term>
<term>Nonoxidized</term>
<term>Nonsolvent extractable</term>
<term>Nordic seas</term>
<term>Northeast atlantic</term>
<term>Northwestern african</term>
<term>Northwestern mediterranean</term>
<term>Nutrient availability</term>
<term>Organic carbon</term>
<term>Organic geochemistry</term>
<term>Organic matter</term>
<term>Other lipids</term>
<term>Oxic</term>
<term>Oxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized nonoxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized samples</term>
<term>Oxidizedunoxidized temperature difference</term>
<term>Pacific ocean</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic conditions</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic significance</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic studies</term>
<term>Paleoceanography</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity indicators</term>
<term>Paleotemperature</term>
<term>Paleotemperature estimation</term>
<term>Paleotemperature studies</term>
<term>Paper number</term>
<term>Past years</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Pleistocene sediments</term>
<term>Positive correlations</term>
<term>Possible implications</term>
<term>Postdepositional</term>
<term>Prahl</term>
<term>Present report</term>
<term>Redox conditions</term>
<term>Relative composition</term>
<term>Relative proportion</term>
<term>Same authors</term>
<term>Santa monica basin</term>
<term>Sawada</term>
<term>Sediment</term>
<term>Sediment records</term>
<term>Sediment sections</term>
<term>Sediment trap</term>
<term>Sediment trap data</term>
<term>Sediment trap measurements</term>
<term>Sediment trap particles</term>
<term>Sediment traps</term>
<term>Sediment traps water depth</term>
<term>Sediment water depth</term>
<term>Sedimentary</term>
<term>Sedimentary conditions</term>
<term>Selective degradation</term>
<term>Several depths</term>
<term>Sicre</term>
<term>Significant amounts</term>
<term>Significant changes</term>
<term>Significant decrease</term>
<term>Sikes</term>
<term>Similar results</term>
<term>Sinninghe damste</term>
<term>Southern ocean</term>
<term>Subsequent study</term>
<term>Surface sediments</term>
<term>Surface temperature</term>
<term>Surface temperature estimates</term>
<term>Surface temperatures</term>
<term>Surface waters</term>
<term>Temperature differences</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Ternois</term>
<term>Unsaturated ketones</term>
<term>Upwelling areas</term>
<term>Villanueva</term>
<term>Volkman</term>
<term>Wakeham</term>
<term>Water column</term>
<term>Water column depth</term>
<term>Water column particles</term>
<term>Water columns</term>
<term>Water depth</term>
<term>Water particles</term>
<term>Woods hole</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Acta</term>
<term>Algal</term>
<term>Algal cultures</term>
<term>Alkenoate</term>
<term>Alkenoate composition</term>
<term>Alkenoates</term>
<term>Alkenone</term>
<term>Alkenone composition</term>
<term>Alkenone concentration</term>
<term>Alkenone concentrations</term>
<term>Alkenone diagenesis</term>
<term>Alkenone distributions</term>
<term>Alkenone fluxes</term>
<term>Alkenone mixtures</term>
<term>Alkenone production</term>
<term>Alkenones</term>
<term>Alkyl alkenoates</term>
<term>Anoxic</term>
<term>Anoxic conditions</term>
<term>Anoxic environments</term>
<term>Anoxic sediments</term>
<term>Atlantic ocean</term>
<term>Biomarker</term>
<term>Biomarker reconstruction</term>
<term>Brassell</term>
<term>Cariaco basin</term>
<term>Copepod temora longicornis</term>
<term>Core tops</term>
<term>Cosmochim</term>
<term>Degradation</term>
<term>Degradation experiments</term>
<term>Determinaqu tions</term>
<term>Diagenesis</term>
<term>Discrepant results</term>
<term>Double bonds</term>
<term>Early diagenesis</term>
<term>Early stages</term>
<term>Eglinton</term>
<term>Equatorial atlantic</term>
<term>Farrington</term>
<term>Fatty acids</term>
<term>First stages</term>
<term>Further evaluation</term>
<term>Further investigation</term>
<term>Further studies</term>
<term>General agreement</term>
<term>Geochem</term>
<term>Geochemistry</term>
<term>Geochemistry geophysics geosystems</term>
<term>Geochim</term>
<term>Geophysics</term>
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<term>Gong</term>
<term>Good correlations</term>
<term>Grimalt</term>
<term>High latitudes</term>
<term>Higher abundance</term>
<term>Hoefs</term>
<term>Hollander</term>
<term>Indian ocean</term>
<term>Isochrysis galbana</term>
<term>Isotopic compositions</term>
<term>Isotopic signal</term>
<term>Lateral transport</term>
<term>Lipid</term>
<term>Long timescales</term>
<term>Longchain alkenones</term>
<term>Madeira abyssal</term>
<term>Marine environment</term>
<term>Microbial degradation</term>
<term>Microbial degradation experiments</term>
<term>Nonoxidized</term>
<term>Nonsolvent extractable</term>
<term>Nordic seas</term>
<term>Northeast atlantic</term>
<term>Northwestern african</term>
<term>Northwestern mediterranean</term>
<term>Nutrient availability</term>
<term>Organic carbon</term>
<term>Organic geochemistry</term>
<term>Organic matter</term>
<term>Other lipids</term>
<term>Oxic</term>
<term>Oxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized nonoxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized samples</term>
<term>Oxidizedunoxidized temperature difference</term>
<term>Pacific ocean</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic conditions</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic significance</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic studies</term>
<term>Paleoceanography</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity indicators</term>
<term>Paleotemperature</term>
<term>Paleotemperature estimation</term>
<term>Paleotemperature studies</term>
<term>Paper number</term>
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<term>Personal communication</term>
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<term>Possible implications</term>
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<term>Present report</term>
<term>Redox conditions</term>
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<term>Relative proportion</term>
<term>Same authors</term>
<term>Santa monica basin</term>
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<term>Sediment</term>
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<term>Sedimentary conditions</term>
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<term>Significant amounts</term>
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<term>Similar results</term>
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<term>Surface temperatures</term>
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<term>Water column depth</term>
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<front><div type="abstract">The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</div>
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<abstract>The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</abstract>
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<title>Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography</title>
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<subject><json:item><value>Alkenone‐Based Paleoceanographic Indicators: Reviews and Commentaries</value>
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<json:item><value>BIOGEOSCIENCES</value>
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<json:item><value>Paleoclimatology and paleoceanography</value>
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<json:item><value>GLOBAL CHANGE</value>
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<json:string>Sicre et al. [1999]</json:string>
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<json:string>Sikes and Volkman, 1993</json:string>
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<json:string>Prahl et al., 1989a</json:string>
<json:string>Thomsen et al., 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Ternois et al.</json:string>
<json:string>Brassell et al., 1986a</json:string>
<json:string>Teece et al., 1995, 1998</json:string>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Modifications of the C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography</title>
<author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Joan O.</forename>
<surname>Grimalt</surname>
</persName>
<email>jgoqam@cid.csic.es</email>
<affiliation><orgName>Department of Environmental Chemistry</orgName>
<orgName>Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (CSIC)</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Jordi Girona, 18 08034‐Barcelona, Catalonia</settlement>
<country key="ES">Spain</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Jürgen</forename>
<surname>Rullkötter</surname>
</persName>
<email>J.Rullkoetter@icbm.de</email>
<affiliation><orgName>Institut fuer Chemie und Biologie des Meeres</orgName>
<orgName>Universitaet Oldenburg</orgName>
<address><street>Postfach 2503,</street>
<settlement type="city">Oldenburg</settlement>
<postCode>D‐26111</postCode>
<country key="DE">Germany</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Marie‐Alexandrine</forename>
<surname>Sicre</surname>
</persName>
<email>Marie-Alexandrine.Sicre@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr</email>
<affiliation><orgName>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment</orgName>
<orgName>Domaine, CNRS</orgName>
<address><street>Avénue de la Terrasse,</street>
<settlement type="city">Gif sur Yvette Cedex</settlement>
<postCode>91191</postCode>
<country key="FR">France</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Roger</forename>
<surname>Summons</surname>
</persName>
<email>rsummons@whoi.edu</email>
<affiliation><orgName>Australian Geological Survey Organisation</orgName>
<address><street>GPO Box 378,</street>
<settlement type="city">Canberra</settlement>
<postCode>ACT 2601</postCode>
<country key="AU">Australia</country>
</address>
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<author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">John</forename>
<surname>Farrington</surname>
</persName>
<email>jfarrington@whoi.edu</email>
<affiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">H. Rodger</forename>
<surname>Harvey</surname>
</persName>
<email>harvey@cbl.umces.edu</email>
<affiliation>Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688</affiliation>
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<author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Miguel</forename>
<surname>Goñi</surname>
</persName>
<email>goni@geol.sc.edu</email>
<affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">Ken</forename>
<surname>Sawada</surname>
</persName>
<email>sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</email>
<affiliation><orgName>Department of Chemistry</orgName>
<orgName>University of Tsukuba</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Tsukuba, Ibaraki</settlement>
<postCode>305‐8571</postCode>
<country key="JP">Japan</country>
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<profileDesc><abstract style="main"><p xml:id="ggge44-para-0001">The literature pertaining to C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone and C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
and C<hi rend="subscript">38</hi>
alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their <hi rend="italic">δ</hi>
<hi rend="superscript">13</hi>
C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C<hi rend="subscript">37:2</hi>
and C<hi rend="subscript">37:3</hi>
alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C<hi rend="subscript">37:2</hi>
/(C<hi rend="subscript">37:2</hi>
+ C<hi rend="subscript">37:3</hi>
) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C<hi rend="subscript">37:4</hi>
alkenone. C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenones. No changes in <hi rend="italic">δ</hi>
<hi rend="superscript">13</hi>
C C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</p>
</abstract>
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alkenones</term>
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<term xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0003">degradation</term>
<term xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0004">paleoproductivity</term>
<term xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0005">bound alkenones</term>
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<contactDetails><email normalForm="sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp">sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</email>
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<affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="ES" type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Department of Environmental Chemistry</orgDiv>
<orgName>Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (CSIC)</orgName>
<address><city>Jordi Girona, 18 08034‐Barcelona, Catalonia</city>
<country>Spain</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation countryCode="DE" type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Institut fuer Chemie und Biologie des Meeres</orgDiv>
<orgName>Universitaet Oldenburg</orgName>
<address><street>Postfach 2503,</street>
<postCode>D‐26111</postCode>
<city>Oldenburg</city>
<country>Germany</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation countryCode="FR" type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment</orgDiv>
<orgName>Domaine, CNRS</orgName>
<address><street>Avénue de la Terrasse,</street>
<postCode>91191</postCode>
<city>Gif sur Yvette Cedex</city>
<country>France</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation countryCode="AU" type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0004"><orgName>Australian Geological Survey Organisation</orgName>
<address><street>GPO Box 378,</street>
<city>Canberra</city>
<postCode>ACT 2601</postCode>
<country>Australia</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0005"><unparsedAffiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0006"><unparsedAffiliation>Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0007"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation countryCode="JP" type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0008"><orgDiv>Department of Chemistry</orgDiv>
<orgName>University of Tsukuba</orgName>
<address><city>Tsukuba, Ibaraki</city>
<postCode>305‐8571</postCode>
<country>Japan</country>
</address>
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<keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0001">C<sub>37</sub>
alkenones</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0002">sea surface temperatures</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0003">degradation</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0004">paleoproductivity</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0005">bound alkenones</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0006">alkenoates</keyword>
</keywordGroup>
<supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:15252027:media:ggge44:ggge44-sup-0001-tab01"></mediaResource>
<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption>
</supportingInfoItem>
<supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:15252027:media:ggge44:ggge44-sup-0002-tab02"></mediaResource>
<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 2.</caption>
</supportingInfoItem>
<supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:15252027:media:ggge44:ggge44-sup-0003-tab03"></mediaResource>
<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 3.</caption>
</supportingInfoItem>
</supportingInformation>
<abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="ggge44-para-0001" label="1">The literature pertaining to C<sub>37</sub>
alkenone and C<sub>37</sub>
and C<sub>38</sub>
alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C<sub>37</sub>
alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their <i>δ</i>
<sup>13</sup>
C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C<sub>37:2</sub>
and C<sub>37:3</sub>
alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C<sub>37:2</sub>
/(C<sub>37:2</sub>
+ C<sub>37:3</sub>
) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C<sub>37:4</sub>
alkenone. C<sub>37</sub>
alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C<sub>37</sub>
alkenones. No changes in <i>δ</i>
<sup>13</sup>
C C<sub>37</sub>
alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C<sub>37</sub>
alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</p>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Joan O.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Grimalt</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: jgoqam@cid.csic.es</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18 08034‐Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: jgoqam@cid.csic.es</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jürgen</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Rullkötter</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: J.Rullkoetter@icbm.de</affiliation>
<affiliation>Institut fuer Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universitaet Oldenburg, Postfach 2503,, D‐26111, Oldenburg, Germany</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: J.Rullkoetter@icbm.de</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Marie‐Alexandrine</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Sicre</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: Marie-Alexandrine.Sicre@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr</affiliation>
<affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment, Domaine, CNRS, Avénue de la Terrasse,, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: Marie-Alexandrine.Sicre@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Roger</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Summons</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: rsummons@whoi.edu</affiliation>
<affiliation>Australian Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378,, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: rsummons@whoi.edu</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Farrington</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: jfarrington@whoi.edu</affiliation>
<affiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: jfarrington@whoi.edu</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">H. Rodger</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Harvey</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: harvey@cbl.umces.edu</affiliation>
<affiliation>Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: harvey@cbl.umces.edu</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Miguel</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Goñi</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ken</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Sawada</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, 305‐8571, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</affiliation>
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<edition>Grimalt, J. O., J. Rullkötter, M. Sicre, R. Summons, J. Farrington, H. R. Harvey, M. Goñi, and K. Sawada (2000), Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1, 1031, doi:10.1029/2000GC000053.</edition>
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<abstract>The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</abstract>
<note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.Tab‐delimited Table 3.</note>
<subject><genre>keywords</genre>
<topic>C37 alkenones</topic>
<topic>sea surface temperatures</topic>
<topic>degradation</topic>
<topic>paleoproductivity</topic>
<topic>bound alkenones</topic>
<topic>alkenoates</topic>
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<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0473">Paleoclimatology and paleoceanography</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1635">Oceans</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1616">Climate variability</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3344">Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3305">Climate change and variability</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3344">Paleoclimatology</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4215">Climate and interannual variability</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4513">Decadal ocean variability</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">Paleoceanography</topic>
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<identifier type="ISSN">1525-2027</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1525-2027</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1525-2027</identifier>
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<part><date>2000</date>
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