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Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography

Identifieur interne : 000083 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000082; suivant : 000084

Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography

Auteurs : Joan O. Grimalt ; Jürgen Rullkötter ; Marie-Alexandrine Sicre ; Roger Summons ; John Farrington ; H. Rodger Harvey ; Miguel Go I ; Ken Sawada

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:043D3A5E4FF17CEFC0A2810F2C85BCD97C0200CB

English descriptors

Abstract

The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.

Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2000GC000053

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:043D3A5E4FF17CEFC0A2810F2C85BCD97C0200CB

Le document en format XML

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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18 08034‐Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Go I, Miguel" sort="Go I, Miguel" uniqKey="Go I M" first="Miguel" last="Go I">Miguel Go I</name>
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<name sortKey="Sawada, Ken" sort="Sawada, Ken" uniqKey="Sawada K" first="Ken" last="Sawada">Ken Sawada</name>
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<mods:affiliation>E-mail: J.Rullkoetter@icbm.de</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation>E-mail: jfarrington@whoi.edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation>E-mail: harvey@cbl.umces.edu</mods:affiliation>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation>E-mail: harvey@cbl.umces.edu</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Go I, Miguel" sort="Go I, Miguel" uniqKey="Go I M" first="Miguel" last="Go I">Miguel Go I</name>
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<mods:affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</mods:affiliation>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</mods:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Sawada, Ken" sort="Sawada, Ken" uniqKey="Sawada K" first="Ken" last="Sawada">Ken Sawada</name>
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<mods:affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</mods:affiliation>
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<affiliation>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, 305‐8571, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</mods:affiliation>
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<keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acta</term>
<term>Algal</term>
<term>Algal cultures</term>
<term>Alkenoate</term>
<term>Alkenoate composition</term>
<term>Alkenoates</term>
<term>Alkenone</term>
<term>Alkenone composition</term>
<term>Alkenone concentration</term>
<term>Alkenone concentrations</term>
<term>Alkenone diagenesis</term>
<term>Alkenone distributions</term>
<term>Alkenone fluxes</term>
<term>Alkenone mixtures</term>
<term>Alkenone production</term>
<term>Alkenones</term>
<term>Alkyl alkenoates</term>
<term>Anoxic</term>
<term>Anoxic conditions</term>
<term>Anoxic environments</term>
<term>Anoxic sediments</term>
<term>Atlantic ocean</term>
<term>Biomarker</term>
<term>Biomarker reconstruction</term>
<term>Brassell</term>
<term>Cariaco basin</term>
<term>Copepod temora longicornis</term>
<term>Core tops</term>
<term>Cosmochim</term>
<term>Degradation</term>
<term>Degradation experiments</term>
<term>Determinaqu tions</term>
<term>Diagenesis</term>
<term>Discrepant results</term>
<term>Double bonds</term>
<term>Early diagenesis</term>
<term>Early stages</term>
<term>Eglinton</term>
<term>Equatorial atlantic</term>
<term>Farrington</term>
<term>Fatty acids</term>
<term>First stages</term>
<term>Further evaluation</term>
<term>Further investigation</term>
<term>Further studies</term>
<term>General agreement</term>
<term>Geochem</term>
<term>Geochemistry</term>
<term>Geochemistry geophysics geosystems</term>
<term>Geochim</term>
<term>Geophysics</term>
<term>Geosystems</term>
<term>Gong</term>
<term>Good correlations</term>
<term>Grimalt</term>
<term>High latitudes</term>
<term>Higher abundance</term>
<term>Hoefs</term>
<term>Hollander</term>
<term>Indian ocean</term>
<term>Isochrysis galbana</term>
<term>Isotopic compositions</term>
<term>Isotopic signal</term>
<term>Lateral transport</term>
<term>Lipid</term>
<term>Long timescales</term>
<term>Longchain alkenones</term>
<term>Madeira abyssal</term>
<term>Marine environment</term>
<term>Microbial degradation</term>
<term>Microbial degradation experiments</term>
<term>Nonoxidized</term>
<term>Nonsolvent extractable</term>
<term>Nordic seas</term>
<term>Northeast atlantic</term>
<term>Northwestern african</term>
<term>Northwestern mediterranean</term>
<term>Nutrient availability</term>
<term>Organic carbon</term>
<term>Organic geochemistry</term>
<term>Organic matter</term>
<term>Other lipids</term>
<term>Oxic</term>
<term>Oxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized nonoxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized samples</term>
<term>Oxidizedunoxidized temperature difference</term>
<term>Pacific ocean</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic conditions</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic significance</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic studies</term>
<term>Paleoceanography</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity indicators</term>
<term>Paleotemperature</term>
<term>Paleotemperature estimation</term>
<term>Paleotemperature studies</term>
<term>Paper number</term>
<term>Past years</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Pleistocene sediments</term>
<term>Positive correlations</term>
<term>Possible implications</term>
<term>Postdepositional</term>
<term>Prahl</term>
<term>Present report</term>
<term>Redox conditions</term>
<term>Relative composition</term>
<term>Relative proportion</term>
<term>Same authors</term>
<term>Santa monica basin</term>
<term>Sawada</term>
<term>Sediment</term>
<term>Sediment records</term>
<term>Sediment sections</term>
<term>Sediment trap</term>
<term>Sediment trap data</term>
<term>Sediment trap measurements</term>
<term>Sediment trap particles</term>
<term>Sediment traps</term>
<term>Sediment traps water depth</term>
<term>Sediment water depth</term>
<term>Sedimentary</term>
<term>Sedimentary conditions</term>
<term>Selective degradation</term>
<term>Several depths</term>
<term>Sicre</term>
<term>Significant amounts</term>
<term>Significant changes</term>
<term>Significant decrease</term>
<term>Sikes</term>
<term>Similar results</term>
<term>Sinninghe damste</term>
<term>Southern ocean</term>
<term>Subsequent study</term>
<term>Surface sediments</term>
<term>Surface temperature</term>
<term>Surface temperature estimates</term>
<term>Surface temperatures</term>
<term>Surface waters</term>
<term>Temperature differences</term>
<term>Temperature measurements</term>
<term>Ternois</term>
<term>Unsaturated ketones</term>
<term>Upwelling areas</term>
<term>Villanueva</term>
<term>Volkman</term>
<term>Wakeham</term>
<term>Water column</term>
<term>Water column depth</term>
<term>Water column particles</term>
<term>Water columns</term>
<term>Water depth</term>
<term>Water particles</term>
<term>Woods hole</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>Acta</term>
<term>Algal</term>
<term>Algal cultures</term>
<term>Alkenoate</term>
<term>Alkenoate composition</term>
<term>Alkenoates</term>
<term>Alkenone</term>
<term>Alkenone composition</term>
<term>Alkenone concentration</term>
<term>Alkenone concentrations</term>
<term>Alkenone diagenesis</term>
<term>Alkenone distributions</term>
<term>Alkenone fluxes</term>
<term>Alkenone mixtures</term>
<term>Alkenone production</term>
<term>Alkenones</term>
<term>Alkyl alkenoates</term>
<term>Anoxic</term>
<term>Anoxic conditions</term>
<term>Anoxic environments</term>
<term>Anoxic sediments</term>
<term>Atlantic ocean</term>
<term>Biomarker</term>
<term>Biomarker reconstruction</term>
<term>Brassell</term>
<term>Cariaco basin</term>
<term>Copepod temora longicornis</term>
<term>Core tops</term>
<term>Cosmochim</term>
<term>Degradation</term>
<term>Degradation experiments</term>
<term>Determinaqu tions</term>
<term>Diagenesis</term>
<term>Discrepant results</term>
<term>Double bonds</term>
<term>Early diagenesis</term>
<term>Early stages</term>
<term>Eglinton</term>
<term>Equatorial atlantic</term>
<term>Farrington</term>
<term>Fatty acids</term>
<term>First stages</term>
<term>Further evaluation</term>
<term>Further investigation</term>
<term>Further studies</term>
<term>General agreement</term>
<term>Geochem</term>
<term>Geochemistry</term>
<term>Geochemistry geophysics geosystems</term>
<term>Geochim</term>
<term>Geophysics</term>
<term>Geosystems</term>
<term>Gong</term>
<term>Good correlations</term>
<term>Grimalt</term>
<term>High latitudes</term>
<term>Higher abundance</term>
<term>Hoefs</term>
<term>Hollander</term>
<term>Indian ocean</term>
<term>Isochrysis galbana</term>
<term>Isotopic compositions</term>
<term>Isotopic signal</term>
<term>Lateral transport</term>
<term>Lipid</term>
<term>Long timescales</term>
<term>Longchain alkenones</term>
<term>Madeira abyssal</term>
<term>Marine environment</term>
<term>Microbial degradation</term>
<term>Microbial degradation experiments</term>
<term>Nonoxidized</term>
<term>Nonsolvent extractable</term>
<term>Nordic seas</term>
<term>Northeast atlantic</term>
<term>Northwestern african</term>
<term>Northwestern mediterranean</term>
<term>Nutrient availability</term>
<term>Organic carbon</term>
<term>Organic geochemistry</term>
<term>Organic matter</term>
<term>Other lipids</term>
<term>Oxic</term>
<term>Oxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized nonoxidized</term>
<term>Oxidized samples</term>
<term>Oxidizedunoxidized temperature difference</term>
<term>Pacific ocean</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic conditions</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic significance</term>
<term>Paleoceanographic studies</term>
<term>Paleoceanography</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity</term>
<term>Paleoproductivity indicators</term>
<term>Paleotemperature</term>
<term>Paleotemperature estimation</term>
<term>Paleotemperature studies</term>
<term>Paper number</term>
<term>Past years</term>
<term>Personal communication</term>
<term>Pleistocene sediments</term>
<term>Positive correlations</term>
<term>Possible implications</term>
<term>Postdepositional</term>
<term>Prahl</term>
<term>Present report</term>
<term>Redox conditions</term>
<term>Relative composition</term>
<term>Relative proportion</term>
<term>Same authors</term>
<term>Santa monica basin</term>
<term>Sawada</term>
<term>Sediment</term>
<term>Sediment records</term>
<term>Sediment sections</term>
<term>Sediment trap</term>
<term>Sediment trap data</term>
<term>Sediment trap measurements</term>
<term>Sediment trap particles</term>
<term>Sediment traps</term>
<term>Sediment traps water depth</term>
<term>Sediment water depth</term>
<term>Sedimentary</term>
<term>Sedimentary conditions</term>
<term>Selective degradation</term>
<term>Several depths</term>
<term>Sicre</term>
<term>Significant amounts</term>
<term>Significant changes</term>
<term>Significant decrease</term>
<term>Sikes</term>
<term>Similar results</term>
<term>Sinninghe damste</term>
<term>Southern ocean</term>
<term>Subsequent study</term>
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<div type="abstract">The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</div>
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<abstract>The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</abstract>
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<json:string>Sikes and Volkman, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Navarro et al., 1991</json:string>
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<json:string>Thomsen et al., 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Ternois et al.</json:string>
<json:string>Brassell et al., 1986a</json:string>
<json:string>Teece et al., 1995, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>Kennedy and Brassell, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>[18]</json:string>
<json:string>Teece et al. [1998]</json:string>
<json:string>Rosell-Mele et al., 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Sikes et al. [1997]</json:string>
<json:string>Prahl et al., 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Villanueva and Grimalt, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>Pelejero and Grimalt, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>[1992]</json:string>
<json:string>Farrington et al., 1988</json:string>
<json:string>[66]</json:string>
<json:string>Sikes and Keigwin, 1994, 1996</json:string>
<json:string>personal communication, 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Sikes and Keigwin, 1994</json:string>
<json:string>Prahl and Wakeham, 1987</json:string>
<json:string>Jasper and Gagosian, 1993</json:string>
<json:string>Thomsen et al. [1998]</json:string>
<json:string>Prahl et al. [1989]</json:string>
<json:string>[1985]</json:string>
<json:string>Sikes et al., 1997</json:string>
<json:string>[1]</json:string>
<json:string>Freeman and Wakeham, 1992</json:string>
<json:string>Prahl et al.</json:string>
<json:string>McCaffrey et al. [1990]</json:string>
<json:string>[54]</json:string>
<json:string>Schulz et al., 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Madureira et al. [1995]</json:string>
<json:string>Villanueva et al., 1997, 1998</json:string>
<json:string>[1989]</json:string>
<json:string>Sikes et al., 1991</json:string>
<json:string>Rechka and Maxwell, 1988</json:string>
<json:string>Grice et al. [1998]</json:string>
<json:string>Werne et al., 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Rosell-Mele and Koc, 1997</json:string>
<json:string>D. M. Hartz et al.</json:string>
<json:string>Gong and Hollander, 1999</json:string>
<json:string>[42]</json:string>
<json:string>Sicre et al., 2000</json:string>
<json:string>Hoefs et al. [1998]</json:string>
<json:string>Madureira et al., 1995</json:string>
<json:string>Damste et al., 1989</json:string>
<json:string>Sun and Wakeham, 1994</json:string>
<json:string>Hoefs et al., 1998</json:string>
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<p xml:id="ggge44-para-0001">The literature pertaining to C
<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone and C
<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
and C
<hi rend="subscript">38</hi>
alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C
<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their
<hi rend="italic">δ</hi>
<hi rend="superscript">13</hi>
C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C
<hi rend="subscript">37:2</hi>
and C
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alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C
<hi rend="subscript">37:2</hi>
/(C
<hi rend="subscript">37:2</hi>
+ C
<hi rend="subscript">37:3</hi>
) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C
<hi rend="subscript">37:4</hi>
alkenone. C
<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C
<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenones. No changes in
<hi rend="italic">δ</hi>
<hi rend="superscript">13</hi>
C C
<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C
<hi rend="subscript">37</hi>
alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</p>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation countryCode="AU" type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0004">
<orgName>Australian Geological Survey Organisation</orgName>
<address>
<street>GPO Box 378,</street>
<city>Canberra</city>
<postCode>ACT 2601</postCode>
<country>Australia</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0005">
<unparsedAffiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0006">
<unparsedAffiliation>Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0007">
<unparsedAffiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</unparsedAffiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation countryCode="JP" type="organization" xml:id="ggge44-aff-0008">
<orgDiv>Department of Chemistry</orgDiv>
<orgName>University of Tsukuba</orgName>
<address>
<city>Tsukuba, Ibaraki</city>
<postCode>305‐8571</postCode>
<country>Japan</country>
</address>
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<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0001">C
<sub>37</sub>
alkenones</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0002">sea surface temperatures</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0003">degradation</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0004">paleoproductivity</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0005">bound alkenones</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="ggge44-kwd-0006">alkenoates</keyword>
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<mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:15252027:media:ggge44:ggge44-sup-0001-tab01"></mediaResource>
<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption>
</supportingInfoItem>
<supportingInfoItem>
<mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:15252027:media:ggge44:ggge44-sup-0002-tab02"></mediaResource>
<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 2.</caption>
</supportingInfoItem>
<supportingInfoItem>
<mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:15252027:media:ggge44:ggge44-sup-0003-tab03"></mediaResource>
<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 3.</caption>
</supportingInfoItem>
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<abstract type="main">
<p xml:id="ggge44-para-0001" label="1">The literature pertaining to C
<sub>37</sub>
alkenone and C
<sub>37</sub>
and C
<sub>38</sub>
alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C
<sub>37</sub>
alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their
<i>δ</i>
<sup>13</sup>
C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C
<sub>37:2</sub>
and C
<sub>37:3</sub>
alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C
<sub>37:2</sub>
/(C
<sub>37:2</sub>
+ C
<sub>37:3</sub>
) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C
<sub>37:4</sub>
alkenone. C
<sub>37</sub>
alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C
<sub>37</sub>
alkenones. No changes in
<i>δ</i>
<sup>13</sup>
C C
<sub>37</sub>
alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C
<sub>37</sub>
alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</p>
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<title>Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography</title>
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<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Joan O.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Grimalt</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: jgoqam@cid.csic.es</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18 08034‐Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: jgoqam@cid.csic.es</affiliation>
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<affiliation>Institut fuer Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, Universitaet Oldenburg, Postfach 2503,, D‐26111, Oldenburg, Germany</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: J.Rullkoetter@icbm.de</affiliation>
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<affiliation>E-mail: Marie-Alexandrine.Sicre@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr</affiliation>
<affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment, Domaine, CNRS, Avénue de la Terrasse,, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: Marie-Alexandrine.Sicre@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr</affiliation>
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<affiliation>E-mail: rsummons@whoi.edu</affiliation>
<affiliation>Australian Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378,, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: rsummons@whoi.edu</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
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<affiliation>Fye Laboratory, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543‐1543</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: jfarrington@whoi.edu</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
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<affiliation>E-mail: harvey@cbl.umces.edu</affiliation>
<affiliation>Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Maryland, 20688</affiliation>
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<affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Geological Sciences, Marine Science Program, Earth and Water Sciences Building, 302, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: goni@geol.sc.edu</affiliation>
<role>
<roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
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<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Ken</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Sawada</namePart>
<affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, 305‐8571, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp</affiliation>
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<edition>Grimalt, J. O., J. Rullkötter, M. Sicre, R. Summons, J. Farrington, H. R. Harvey, M. Goñi, and K. Sawada (2000), Modifications of the C37 alkenone and alkenoate composition in the water column and sediment: Possible implications for sea surface temperature estimates in paleoceanography, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1, 1031, doi:10.1029/2000GC000053.</edition>
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<abstract>The literature pertaining to C37 alkenone and C37 and C38 alkenoate production and diagenesis has been reviewed and evaluated for issues that might jeopardize their usefulness in paleotemperature estimation. We also examined the use of the C37 alkenones as paleoproductivity indicators, the stability of their δ13C isotopic compositions, and their incorporation into the nonsolvent extractable organic matter fraction. Biological transformation of organic matter by bacteria and zooplankton does not appear to cause significant changes to the ratio of C37:2 and C37:3 alkenones, but there are major alterations in the relative composition of alkenoates. Studies of water column processes and postdepositional sedimentary changes indicate overall stability in the C37:2/(C37:2 + C37:3) ratio, leading to effective preservation of the paleotemperature signal. This is not the case for alkenoates, and there also appear to be some doubts about the dependence between sea surface temperature and the sedimentary abundance of the C37:4 alkenone. C37 alkenones may provide useful qualitative estimates of marine paleoproductivity. Although these compounds are apparently only derived from Haptophycea, changes in their quantitative composition might reflect changes in nutrient availability that on sedimentary timescales should also be generally significant of other algal species. One caveat is that in highly productive upwelling systems, productivity may be expressed mostly in diatom growth and thus not measurable by the C37 alkenones. No changes in δ13C C37 alkenone composition are observed upon zooplankton ingestion. Although this is expected from a theoretical perspective, further studies are encouraged in order to fully assess the stability of the isotopic signal during C37 alkenone diagenesis. Finally, alkenones bound in the nonextractable fraction of sedimentary organics have not been adequately studied and further work is required to clarify any possible correspondence with a temperature signal.</abstract>
<note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.Tab‐delimited Table 3.</note>
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<topic>C37 alkenones</topic>
<topic>sea surface temperatures</topic>
<topic>degradation</topic>
<topic>paleoproductivity</topic>
<topic>bound alkenones</topic>
<topic>alkenoates</topic>
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<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0473">Paleoclimatology and paleoceanography</topic>
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<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1635">Oceans</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1616">Climate variability</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3344">Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology</topic>
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<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</topic>
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<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4513">Decadal ocean variability</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">Paleoceanography</topic>
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<identifier type="ISSN">1525-2027</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1525-2027</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1525-2027</identifier>
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<part>
<date>2000</date>
<detail type="volume">
<caption>vol.</caption>
<number>1</number>
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<detail type="issue">
<caption>no.</caption>
<number>11</number>
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