Serveur d'exploration sur la paléopathologie

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Network Science in Egyptology

Identifieur interne : 000C24 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000C23; suivant : 000C25

Network Science in Egyptology

Auteurs : Patrick Coulombe [États-Unis] ; Clifford Qualls [États-Unis] ; Robert Kruszynski [Royaume-Uni] ; Andreas Nerlich [Allemagne] ; Raffaella Bianucci [Italie, États-Unis] ; Richard Harris [États-Unis] ; Christine Mermier [États-Unis] ; Otto Appenzeller [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:3503959

Abstract

Egyptology relies on traditional descriptive methods. Here we show that modern, Internet-based science and statistical methods can be applied to Egyptology. Two four-thousand-year-old sarcophagi in one tomb, one within the other, with skeletal remains of a woman, gave us the opportunity to diagnose a congenital nervous system disorder in the absence of a living nervous system. The sarcophagi were discovered near Thebes, Egypt. They were well preserved and meticulously restored. The skeletal remains suggested that the woman, aged between 50 and 60 years, was Black, possibly of Nubian descent and suffered from syringobulbia, a congenital cyst in the brain stem and upper spinal cord. We employed crowd sourcing, the anonymous responses of 204 Facebook users who performed a matching task of living persons' iris color with iris color of the Udjat eyes, a decoration found on Egyptian sarcophagi, to confirm the ethnicities of the sarcophagus occupants. We used modern fMRI techniques to illustrate the putative extent of her lesion in the brain stem and upper spinal cord deduced from her skeletal remains. We compared, statistically, the right/left ratios, a non-dimensional number, of the orbit height, orbit width, malar height and the infraorbital foramena with the same measures obtained from 32 ancient skulls excavated from the Fayum, North of Thebes. We found that these ratios were significantly different in this skull indicating atrophy of cranial bones on the left. In this instance, Internet science and the use of modern neurologic research tools showed that ancient sarcophagus makers shaped and decorated their wares to fit the ethnicity of the prospective occupants of the sarcophagi. We also showed that, occasionally, human nervous system disease may be recognizable in the absence of a living nervous system.


Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050382
PubMed: 23185613
PubMed Central: 3503959

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PMC:3503959

Le document en format XML

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<p>Egyptology relies on traditional descriptive methods. Here we show that modern, Internet-based science and statistical methods can be applied to Egyptology. Two four-thousand-year-old sarcophagi in one tomb, one within the other, with skeletal remains of a woman, gave us the opportunity to diagnose a congenital nervous system disorder in the absence of a living nervous system. The sarcophagi were discovered near Thebes, Egypt. They were well preserved and meticulously restored. The skeletal remains suggested that the woman, aged between 50 and 60 years, was Black, possibly of Nubian descent and suffered from syringobulbia, a congenital cyst in the brain stem and upper spinal cord. We employed crowd sourcing, the anonymous responses of 204 Facebook users who performed a matching task of living persons' iris color with iris color of the Udjat eyes, a decoration found on Egyptian sarcophagi, to confirm the ethnicities of the sarcophagus occupants. We used modern fMRI techniques to illustrate the putative extent of her lesion in the brain stem and upper spinal cord deduced from her skeletal remains. We compared, statistically, the right/left ratios, a non-dimensional number, of the orbit height, orbit width, malar height and the infraorbital foramena with the same measures obtained from 32 ancient skulls excavated from the Fayum, North of Thebes. We found that these ratios were significantly different in this skull indicating atrophy of cranial bones on the left. In this instance, Internet science and the use of modern neurologic research tools showed that ancient sarcophagus makers shaped and decorated their wares to fit the ethnicity of the prospective occupants of the sarcophagi. We also showed that, occasionally, human nervous system disease may be recognizable in the absence of a living nervous system.</p>
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<name>
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<given-names>Patrick</given-names>
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<sup>1</sup>
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<given-names>Clifford</given-names>
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<name>
<surname>Kruszynski</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
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<name>
<surname>Nerlich</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
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<name>
<surname>Bianucci</surname>
<given-names>Raffaella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
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<name>
<surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mermier</surname>
<given-names>Christine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
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<name>
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<given-names>Otto</given-names>
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<sup>7</sup>
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<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Pathology, Section Paleopathology, Klinikum Műnchen-Bogenhausen, Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Criminalistic Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Legal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon Clinics Research Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name>
<surname>Dickey</surname>
<given-names>Chad A.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">
<addr-line>University of South Florida Alzheimer's Institute, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail:
<email>OttoArun12@aol.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>
<bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con">
<p>Conceived and designed the experiments: PC CQ OA. Performed the experiments: PA CQ OA RK RH RB CM. Analyzed the data: PC CQ OA RH AN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PC OA CQ AN RB. Wrote the paper: OA. Conceived internet methods: PC CQ RH. Designed the software used in analysis: PC CQ.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<elocation-id>e50382</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>6</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>18</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Coulombe et al</copyright-holder>
<license>
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Egyptology relies on traditional descriptive methods. Here we show that modern, Internet-based science and statistical methods can be applied to Egyptology. Two four-thousand-year-old sarcophagi in one tomb, one within the other, with skeletal remains of a woman, gave us the opportunity to diagnose a congenital nervous system disorder in the absence of a living nervous system. The sarcophagi were discovered near Thebes, Egypt. They were well preserved and meticulously restored. The skeletal remains suggested that the woman, aged between 50 and 60 years, was Black, possibly of Nubian descent and suffered from syringobulbia, a congenital cyst in the brain stem and upper spinal cord. We employed crowd sourcing, the anonymous responses of 204 Facebook users who performed a matching task of living persons' iris color with iris color of the Udjat eyes, a decoration found on Egyptian sarcophagi, to confirm the ethnicities of the sarcophagus occupants. We used modern fMRI techniques to illustrate the putative extent of her lesion in the brain stem and upper spinal cord deduced from her skeletal remains. We compared, statistically, the right/left ratios, a non-dimensional number, of the orbit height, orbit width, malar height and the infraorbital foramena with the same measures obtained from 32 ancient skulls excavated from the Fayum, North of Thebes. We found that these ratios were significantly different in this skull indicating atrophy of cranial bones on the left. In this instance, Internet science and the use of modern neurologic research tools showed that ancient sarcophagus makers shaped and decorated their wares to fit the ethnicity of the prospective occupants of the sarcophagi. We also showed that, occasionally, human nervous system disease may be recognizable in the absence of a living nervous system.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement>The authors have no support or funding to report.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<page-count count="8"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Bavière</li>
<li>District de Haute-Bavière</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
<li>Nouveau-Mexique</li>
<li>Piémont</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Londres</li>
<li>Munich</li>
<li>Turin</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="États-Unis">
<region name="Nouveau-Mexique">
<name sortKey="Coulombe, Patrick" sort="Coulombe, Patrick" uniqKey="Coulombe P" first="Patrick" last="Coulombe">Patrick Coulombe</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Appenzeller, Otto" sort="Appenzeller, Otto" uniqKey="Appenzeller O" first="Otto" last="Appenzeller">Otto Appenzeller</name>
<name sortKey="Bianucci, Raffaella" sort="Bianucci, Raffaella" uniqKey="Bianucci R" first="Raffaella" last="Bianucci">Raffaella Bianucci</name>
<name sortKey="Harris, Richard" sort="Harris, Richard" uniqKey="Harris R" first="Richard" last="Harris">Richard Harris</name>
<name sortKey="Mermier, Christine" sort="Mermier, Christine" uniqKey="Mermier C" first="Christine" last="Mermier">Christine Mermier</name>
<name sortKey="Qualls, Clifford" sort="Qualls, Clifford" uniqKey="Qualls C" first="Clifford" last="Qualls">Clifford Qualls</name>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni">
<region name="Angleterre">
<name sortKey="Kruszynski, Robert" sort="Kruszynski, Robert" uniqKey="Kruszynski R" first="Robert" last="Kruszynski">Robert Kruszynski</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Allemagne">
<region name="Bavière">
<name sortKey="Nerlich, Andreas" sort="Nerlich, Andreas" uniqKey="Nerlich A" first="Andreas" last="Nerlich">Andreas Nerlich</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Italie">
<region name="Piémont">
<name sortKey="Bianucci, Raffaella" sort="Bianucci, Raffaella" uniqKey="Bianucci R" first="Raffaella" last="Bianucci">Raffaella Bianucci</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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