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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Predict Incident Depression in Well-Functioning Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study</title>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Julie A" sort="Williams, Julie A" uniqKey="Williams J" first="Julie A." last="Williams">Julie A. Williams</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sink, Kaycee M" sort="Sink, Kaycee M" uniqKey="Sink K" first="Kaycee M." last="Sink">Kaycee M. Sink</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tooze, Janet A" sort="Tooze, Janet A" uniqKey="Tooze J" first="Janet A." last="Tooze">Janet A. Tooze</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atkinson, Hal H" sort="Atkinson, Hal H" uniqKey="Atkinson H" first="Hal H." last="Atkinson">Hal H. Atkinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cauley, Jane A" sort="Cauley, Jane A" uniqKey="Cauley J" first="Jane A." last="Cauley">Jane A. Cauley</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0003"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh</institution>
,<addr-line>Pennsylvania</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yaffe, Kristine" sort="Yaffe, Kristine" uniqKey="Yaffe K" first="Kristine" last="Yaffe">Kristine Yaffe</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0004"><institution>Department of Psychiatry, University of California</institution>
,<addr-line>San Francisco</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tylavsky, Frances A" sort="Tylavsky, Frances A" uniqKey="Tylavsky F" first="Frances A." last="Tylavsky">Frances A. Tylavsky</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0005"><institution>Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences</institution>
,<addr-line>Memphis</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rubin, Susan M" sort="Rubin, Susan M" uniqKey="Rubin S" first="Susan M." last="Rubin">Susan M. Rubin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0006"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simonsick, Eleanor M" sort="Simonsick, Eleanor M" uniqKey="Simonsick E" first="Eleanor M." last="Simonsick">Eleanor M. Simonsick</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0007"><institution>National Institute of Aging</institution>
,<addr-line>Baltimore, Maryland</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" sort="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" uniqKey="Kritchevsky S" first="Stephen B." last="Kritchevsky">Stephen B. Kritchevsky</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Houston, Denise K" sort="Houston, Denise K" uniqKey="Houston D" first="Denise K." last="Houston">Denise K. Houston</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">25326643</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4447802</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4447802</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4447802</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1093/gerona/glu184</idno>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000100</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000100</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Predict Incident Depression in Well-Functioning Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study</title>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, Julie A" sort="Williams, Julie A" uniqKey="Williams J" first="Julie A." last="Williams">Julie A. Williams</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sink, Kaycee M" sort="Sink, Kaycee M" uniqKey="Sink K" first="Kaycee M." last="Sink">Kaycee M. Sink</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tooze, Janet A" sort="Tooze, Janet A" uniqKey="Tooze J" first="Janet A." last="Tooze">Janet A. Tooze</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atkinson, Hal H" sort="Atkinson, Hal H" uniqKey="Atkinson H" first="Hal H." last="Atkinson">Hal H. Atkinson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cauley, Jane A" sort="Cauley, Jane A" uniqKey="Cauley J" first="Jane A." last="Cauley">Jane A. Cauley</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0003"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh</institution>
,<addr-line>Pennsylvania</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yaffe, Kristine" sort="Yaffe, Kristine" uniqKey="Yaffe K" first="Kristine" last="Yaffe">Kristine Yaffe</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0004"><institution>Department of Psychiatry, University of California</institution>
,<addr-line>San Francisco</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tylavsky, Frances A" sort="Tylavsky, Frances A" uniqKey="Tylavsky F" first="Frances A." last="Tylavsky">Frances A. Tylavsky</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0005"><institution>Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences</institution>
,<addr-line>Memphis</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rubin, Susan M" sort="Rubin, Susan M" uniqKey="Rubin S" first="Susan M." last="Rubin">Susan M. Rubin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0006"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simonsick, Eleanor M" sort="Simonsick, Eleanor M" uniqKey="Simonsick E" first="Eleanor M." last="Simonsick">Eleanor M. Simonsick</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0007"><institution>National Institute of Aging</institution>
,<addr-line>Baltimore, Maryland</addr-line>
.</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" sort="Kritchevsky, Stephen B" uniqKey="Kritchevsky S" first="Stephen B." last="Kritchevsky">Stephen B. Kritchevsky</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Houston, Denise K" sort="Houston, Denise K" uniqKey="Houston D" first="Denise K." last="Houston">Denise K. Houston</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="AF0001"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1079-5006</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1758-535X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background.</title>
<p>Cross-sectional studies suggest that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) may be a risk factor for depression; however, there are few prospective studies. We examined the association between 25(OH)D and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling persons aged 70–79 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study (<italic>n</italic>
= 2598).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods.</title>
<p>Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) at baseline and 2-, 3- and 4-year follow-up. Serum 25(OH)D was measured at 1-year follow-up and categorized as <20, 20–<30, and ≥30 ng/mL. Mixed models were used to examine change in CES-D scores according to 25(OH)D categories. The association between 25(OH)D categories and incident depression (CES-D short score ≥10 or antidepressant medication use) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics, season, and chronic conditions.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results.</title>
<p>Thirty-three percent of participants had 25(OH)D <20ng/mL. Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with CES-D scores at baseline (<italic>p</italic>
= .51); however, CES-D scores increased over time and were significantly associated with 25(OH)D at 2-year (<italic>p</italic>
= .003) and 4-year follow-up (<italic>p</italic>
< .001). Among 2,156 participants free of depression at the 1-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of depression was 26.9%. Participants with 25(OH)D <20ng/mL were at greater risk of developing depression (HR [95% CI]: 1.65 [1.23–2.22]) over 4 years of follow-up compared with those with 25(OH)D ≥30ng/mL.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion.</title>
<p>Low 25(OH)D was independently associated with a greater increase in depressive symptom scores and incident depression in community-dwelling older adults.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">gerona</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gerona</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1079-5006</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1758-535X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>US</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25326643</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4447802</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/gerona/glu184</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Predict Incident Depression in Well-Functioning Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>Julie A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sink</surname>
<given-names>Kaycee M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tooze</surname>
<given-names>Janet A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Atkinson</surname>
<given-names>Hal H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cauley</surname>
<given-names>Jane A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yaffe</surname>
<given-names>Kristine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tylavsky</surname>
<given-names>Frances A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rubin</surname>
<given-names>Susan M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simonsick</surname>
<given-names>Eleanor M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kritchevsky</surname>
<given-names>Stephen B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Houston</surname>
<given-names>Denise K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="AF0001"><sup>1</sup>
<institution>Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine</institution>
and</aff>
<aff id="AF0002"><sup>2</sup>
<institution>Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>Winston-Salem, North Carolina</addr-line>
.</aff>
<aff id="AF0003"><sup>3</sup>
<institution>Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh</institution>
,<addr-line>Pennsylvania</addr-line>
.</aff>
<aff id="AF0004"><sup>4</sup>
<institution>Department of Psychiatry, University of California</institution>
,<addr-line>San Francisco</addr-line>
.</aff>
<aff id="AF0005"><sup>5</sup>
<institution>Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences</institution>
,<addr-line>Memphis</addr-line>
.</aff>
<aff id="AF0006"><sup>6</sup>
<institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="AF0007"><sup>7</sup>
<institution>National Institute of Aging</institution>
,<addr-line>Baltimore, Maryland</addr-line>
.</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1">Address correspondence to Julie A. Williams, MD, Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine—Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. Email: <email>juwillia@wakehealth.edu</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn01"><p><bold>Decision Editor:</bold>
James Goodwin, PhD</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>757</fpage>
<lpage>763</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract><sec><title>Background.</title>
<p>Cross-sectional studies suggest that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) may be a risk factor for depression; however, there are few prospective studies. We examined the association between 25(OH)D and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling persons aged 70–79 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study (<italic>n</italic>
= 2598).</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods.</title>
<p>Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) at baseline and 2-, 3- and 4-year follow-up. Serum 25(OH)D was measured at 1-year follow-up and categorized as <20, 20–<30, and ≥30 ng/mL. Mixed models were used to examine change in CES-D scores according to 25(OH)D categories. The association between 25(OH)D categories and incident depression (CES-D short score ≥10 or antidepressant medication use) were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics, season, and chronic conditions.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results.</title>
<p>Thirty-three percent of participants had 25(OH)D <20ng/mL. Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with CES-D scores at baseline (<italic>p</italic>
= .51); however, CES-D scores increased over time and were significantly associated with 25(OH)D at 2-year (<italic>p</italic>
= .003) and 4-year follow-up (<italic>p</italic>
< .001). Among 2,156 participants free of depression at the 1-year follow-up, the cumulative incidence of depression was 26.9%. Participants with 25(OH)D <20ng/mL were at greater risk of developing depression (HR [95% CI]: 1.65 [1.23–2.22]) over 4 years of follow-up compared with those with 25(OH)D ≥30ng/mL.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion.</title>
<p>Low 25(OH)D was independently associated with a greater increase in depressive symptom scores and incident depression in community-dwelling older adults.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><title>Key Words:</title>
<kwd>Depression</kwd>
<kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
<kwd>Nutrition.</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts><page-count count="7"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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