Inflammatory profile in LRRK2-associated prodromal and clinical PD
Identifieur interne : 001F86 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001F85; suivant : 001F87Inflammatory profile in LRRK2-associated prodromal and clinical PD
Auteurs : Kathrin Brockmann [Allemagne] ; Anja Apel [Allemagne] ; Claudia Schulte [Allemagne] ; Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra [Allemagne] ; Claustre Pont-Sunyer [Espagne] ; Dolores Vilas [Espagne] ; Javier Ruiz-Martinez ; Markus Langkamp [Allemagne] ; Jean-Christophe Corvol [France] ; Florence Cormier [France] ; Thomas Knorpp [Allemagne] ; Thomas O. Joos [Allemagne] ; Thomas Gasser [Allemagne] ; Birgitt Schüle [États-Unis] ; Jan O. Aasly [Norvège] ; Tatiana Foroud [États-Unis] ; Jose Felix Marti-Masso ; Alexis Brice [France] ; Eduardo Tolosa [Espagne] ; Connie Marras [Canada] ; Daniela Berg [Allemagne] ; Walter Maetzler [Allemagne]Source :
- Journal of Neuroinflammation [ 1742-2094 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
There is evidence for a relevant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in the
We assessed serum profiles of 23 immune-associated markers and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 534 individuals from the MJFF
A large proportion of inflammatory markers were gender-dependent. Both PD-affected cohorts showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory marker fatty-acid-binding protein. Additionally, idiopathic PD but not
Concomitant inflammation seems to be associated with idiopathic and
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0588-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0588-5
PubMed: 27220776
PubMed Central: 4879729
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PMC:4879729Le document en format XML
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Inflammatory profile in <italic>LRRK2</italic>
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<author><name sortKey="Schulte, Claudia" sort="Schulte, Claudia" uniqKey="Schulte C" first="Claudia" last="Schulte">Claudia Schulte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneiderhan Marra, Nicole" sort="Schneiderhan Marra, Nicole" uniqKey="Schneiderhan Marra N" first="Nicole" last="Schneiderhan-Marra">Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" sort="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" uniqKey="Pont Sunyer C" first="Claustre" last="Pont-Sunyer">Claustre Pont-Sunyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vilas, Dolores" sort="Vilas, Dolores" uniqKey="Vilas D" first="Dolores" last="Vilas">Dolores Vilas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" sort="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" uniqKey="Ruiz Martinez J" first="Javier" last="Ruiz-Martinez">Javier Ruiz-Martinez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Spain</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Guipuzcoa Spain</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langkamp, Markus" sort="Langkamp, Markus" uniqKey="Langkamp M" first="Markus" last="Langkamp">Markus Langkamp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corvol, Jean Christophe" sort="Corvol, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Corvol J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Corvol">Jean-Christophe Corvol</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cormier, Florence" sort="Cormier, Florence" uniqKey="Cormier F" first="Florence" last="Cormier">Florence Cormier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knorpp, Thomas" sort="Knorpp, Thomas" uniqKey="Knorpp T" first="Thomas" last="Knorpp">Thomas Knorpp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joos, Thomas O" sort="Joos, Thomas O" uniqKey="Joos T" first="Thomas O." last="Joos">Thomas O. Joos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gasser, Thomas" sort="Gasser, Thomas" uniqKey="Gasser T" first="Thomas" last="Gasser">Thomas Gasser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schule, Birgitt" sort="Schule, Birgitt" uniqKey="Schule B" first="Birgitt" last="Schüle">Birgitt Schüle</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aasly, Jan O" sort="Aasly, Jan O" uniqKey="Aasly J" first="Jan O." last="Aasly">Jan O. Aasly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foroud, Tatiana" sort="Foroud, Tatiana" uniqKey="Foroud T" first="Tatiana" last="Foroud">Tatiana Foroud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" sort="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" uniqKey="Marti Masso J" first="Jose Felix" last="Marti-Masso">Jose Felix Marti-Masso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Spain</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Guipuzcoa Spain</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brice, Alexis" sort="Brice, Alexis" uniqKey="Brice A" first="Alexis" last="Brice">Alexis Brice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolosa, Eduardo" sort="Tolosa, Eduardo" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="Eduardo" last="Tolosa">Eduardo Tolosa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marras, Connie" sort="Marras, Connie" uniqKey="Marras C" first="Connie" last="Marras">Connie Marras</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson’s disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson’s disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Daniela" sort="Berg, Daniela" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Daniela" last="Berg">Daniela Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maetzler, Walter" sort="Maetzler, Walter" uniqKey="Maetzler W" first="Walter" last="Maetzler">Walter Maetzler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Neuroinflammation</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1742-2094</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>There is evidence for a relevant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in the <italic>LRRK2</italic>
gene represent the most frequent genetic cause for autosomal dominant PD. LRRK2 is highly expressed in macrophages and microglia suggesting an involvement in inflammatory pathways. The objectives are to test (1) whether idiopathic PD and <italic>LRRK2</italic>
-associated PD share common inflammatory pathways or present distinct profiles and (2) whether non-manifesting <italic>LRRK2</italic>
mutation carriers present with similar aspects of inflammatory profiles as seen in PD-affected patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>We assessed serum profiles of 23 immune-associated markers and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 534 individuals from the MJFF <italic>LRRK2</italic>
consortium.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>A large proportion of inflammatory markers were gender-dependent. Both PD-affected cohorts showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory marker fatty-acid-binding protein. Additionally, idiopathic PD but not <italic>LRRK2</italic>
-associated PD patients showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory marker interleukin-12-p40 as well as the anti-inflammatory species interleukin-10, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and stem cell factor. Non-manifesting <italic>LRRK2</italic>
mutation carriers including those with prodromal characteristics of PD presented with control-like inflammatory profiles.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Concomitant inflammation seems to be associated with idiopathic and <italic>LRRK2</italic>
-associated PD. Identifying PD patients in whom inflammatory processes play a major role in their pathophysiology might offer a new therapeutic window at least for a subgroup of patients. Since non-manifesting <italic>LRRK2</italic>
mutation carriers with symptoms of the prodromal phase of PD did not show inflammatory profiles, activation of the immune system seems not an early event in the disease cascade.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0588-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" sort="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" uniqKey="Pont Sunyer C" first="Claustre" last="Pont-Sunyer">Claustre Pont-Sunyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vilas, Dolores" sort="Vilas, Dolores" uniqKey="Vilas D" first="Dolores" last="Vilas">Dolores Vilas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" sort="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" uniqKey="Ruiz Martinez J" first="Javier" last="Ruiz-Martinez">Javier Ruiz-Martinez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Spain</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Guipuzcoa Spain</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langkamp, Markus" sort="Langkamp, Markus" uniqKey="Langkamp M" first="Markus" last="Langkamp">Markus Langkamp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corvol, Jean Christophe" sort="Corvol, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Corvol J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Corvol">Jean-Christophe Corvol</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cormier, Florence" sort="Cormier, Florence" uniqKey="Cormier F" first="Florence" last="Cormier">Florence Cormier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knorpp, Thomas" sort="Knorpp, Thomas" uniqKey="Knorpp T" first="Thomas" last="Knorpp">Thomas Knorpp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joos, Thomas O" sort="Joos, Thomas O" uniqKey="Joos T" first="Thomas O." last="Joos">Thomas O. Joos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gasser, Thomas" sort="Gasser, Thomas" uniqKey="Gasser T" first="Thomas" last="Gasser">Thomas Gasser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schule, Birgitt" sort="Schule, Birgitt" uniqKey="Schule B" first="Birgitt" last="Schüle">Birgitt Schüle</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aasly, Jan O" sort="Aasly, Jan O" uniqKey="Aasly J" first="Jan O." last="Aasly">Jan O. Aasly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foroud, Tatiana" sort="Foroud, Tatiana" uniqKey="Foroud T" first="Tatiana" last="Foroud">Tatiana Foroud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" sort="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" uniqKey="Marti Masso J" first="Jose Felix" last="Marti-Masso">Jose Felix Marti-Masso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Spain</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Guipuzcoa Spain</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brice, Alexis" sort="Brice, Alexis" uniqKey="Brice A" first="Alexis" last="Brice">Alexis Brice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolosa, Eduardo" sort="Tolosa, Eduardo" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="Eduardo" last="Tolosa">Eduardo Tolosa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marras, Connie" sort="Marras, Connie" uniqKey="Marras C" first="Connie" last="Marras">Connie Marras</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson’s disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson’s disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Daniela" sort="Berg, Daniela" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Daniela" last="Berg">Daniela Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maetzler, Walter" sort="Maetzler, Walter" uniqKey="Maetzler W" first="Walter" last="Maetzler">Walter Maetzler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
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<idno type="pmid">27220776</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4879729</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Inflammatory profile in <italic>LRRK2</italic>
-associated prodromal and clinical PD</title>
<author><name sortKey="Brockmann, Kathrin" sort="Brockmann, Kathrin" uniqKey="Brockmann K" first="Kathrin" last="Brockmann">Kathrin Brockmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Apel, Anja" sort="Apel, Anja" uniqKey="Apel A" first="Anja" last="Apel">Anja Apel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schulte, Claudia" sort="Schulte, Claudia" uniqKey="Schulte C" first="Claudia" last="Schulte">Claudia Schulte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneiderhan Marra, Nicole" sort="Schneiderhan Marra, Nicole" uniqKey="Schneiderhan Marra N" first="Nicole" last="Schneiderhan-Marra">Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" sort="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" uniqKey="Pont Sunyer C" first="Claustre" last="Pont-Sunyer">Claustre Pont-Sunyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vilas, Dolores" sort="Vilas, Dolores" uniqKey="Vilas D" first="Dolores" last="Vilas">Dolores Vilas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" sort="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" uniqKey="Ruiz Martinez J" first="Javier" last="Ruiz-Martinez">Javier Ruiz-Martinez</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Spain</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Guipuzcoa Spain</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langkamp, Markus" sort="Langkamp, Markus" uniqKey="Langkamp M" first="Markus" last="Langkamp">Markus Langkamp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corvol, Jean Christophe" sort="Corvol, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Corvol J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Corvol">Jean-Christophe Corvol</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cormier, Florence" sort="Cormier, Florence" uniqKey="Cormier F" first="Florence" last="Cormier">Florence Cormier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knorpp, Thomas" sort="Knorpp, Thomas" uniqKey="Knorpp T" first="Thomas" last="Knorpp">Thomas Knorpp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joos, Thomas O" sort="Joos, Thomas O" uniqKey="Joos T" first="Thomas O." last="Joos">Thomas O. Joos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gasser, Thomas" sort="Gasser, Thomas" uniqKey="Gasser T" first="Thomas" last="Gasser">Thomas Gasser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schule, Birgitt" sort="Schule, Birgitt" uniqKey="Schule B" first="Birgitt" last="Schüle">Birgitt Schüle</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale, CA USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aasly, Jan O" sort="Aasly, Jan O" uniqKey="Aasly J" first="Jan O." last="Aasly">Jan O. Aasly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foroud, Tatiana" sort="Foroud, Tatiana" uniqKey="Foroud T" first="Tatiana" last="Foroud">Tatiana Foroud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" sort="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" uniqKey="Marti Masso J" first="Jose Felix" last="Marti-Masso">Jose Felix Marti-Masso</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Spain</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Guipuzcoa Spain</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brice, Alexis" sort="Brice, Alexis" uniqKey="Brice A" first="Alexis" last="Brice">Alexis Brice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolosa, Eduardo" sort="Tolosa, Eduardo" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="Eduardo" last="Tolosa">Eduardo Tolosa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marras, Connie" sort="Marras, Connie" uniqKey="Marras C" first="Connie" last="Marras">Connie Marras</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson’s disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson’s disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Daniela" sort="Berg, Daniela" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Daniela" last="Berg">Daniela Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maetzler, Walter" sort="Maetzler, Walter" uniqKey="Maetzler W" first="Walter" last="Maetzler">Walter Maetzler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of Neuroinflammation</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1742-2094</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>There is evidence for a relevant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in the <italic>LRRK2</italic>
gene represent the most frequent genetic cause for autosomal dominant PD. LRRK2 is highly expressed in macrophages and microglia suggesting an involvement in inflammatory pathways. The objectives are to test (1) whether idiopathic PD and <italic>LRRK2</italic>
-associated PD share common inflammatory pathways or present distinct profiles and (2) whether non-manifesting <italic>LRRK2</italic>
mutation carriers present with similar aspects of inflammatory profiles as seen in PD-affected patients.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>We assessed serum profiles of 23 immune-associated markers and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 534 individuals from the MJFF <italic>LRRK2</italic>
consortium.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>A large proportion of inflammatory markers were gender-dependent. Both PD-affected cohorts showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory marker fatty-acid-binding protein. Additionally, idiopathic PD but not <italic>LRRK2</italic>
-associated PD patients showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory marker interleukin-12-p40 as well as the anti-inflammatory species interleukin-10, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and stem cell factor. Non-manifesting <italic>LRRK2</italic>
mutation carriers including those with prodromal characteristics of PD presented with control-like inflammatory profiles.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Concomitant inflammation seems to be associated with idiopathic and <italic>LRRK2</italic>
-associated PD. Identifying PD patients in whom inflammatory processes play a major role in their pathophysiology might offer a new therapeutic window at least for a subgroup of patients. Since non-manifesting <italic>LRRK2</italic>
mutation carriers with symptoms of the prodromal phase of PD did not show inflammatory profiles, activation of the immune system seems not an early event in the disease cascade.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0588-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Gasser, Thomas" sort="Gasser, Thomas" uniqKey="Gasser T" first="Thomas" last="Gasser">Thomas Gasser</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
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<region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foroud, Tatiana" sort="Foroud, Tatiana" uniqKey="Foroud T" first="Tatiana" last="Foroud">Tatiana Foroud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" sort="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" uniqKey="Marti Masso J" first="Jose Felix" last="Marti-Masso">Jose Felix Marti-Masso</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Guipuzcoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brice, Alexis" sort="Brice, Alexis" uniqKey="Brice A" first="Alexis" last="Brice">Alexis Brice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolosa, Eduardo" sort="Tolosa, Eduardo" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="Eduardo" last="Tolosa">Eduardo Tolosa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marras, Connie" sort="Marras, Connie" uniqKey="Marras C" first="Connie" last="Marras">Connie Marras</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Daniela" sort="Berg, Daniela" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Daniela" last="Berg">Daniela Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maetzler, Walter" sort="Maetzler, Walter" uniqKey="Maetzler W" first="Walter" last="Maetzler">Walter Maetzler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Inflammatory profile in LRRK2-associated prodromal and clinical PD.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Brockmann, Kathrin" sort="Brockmann, Kathrin" uniqKey="Brockmann K" first="Kathrin" last="Brockmann">Kathrin Brockmann</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. Kathrin.Brockmann@uni-tuebingen.de.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Apel, Anja" sort="Apel, Anja" uniqKey="Apel A" first="Anja" last="Apel">Anja Apel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schulte, Claudia" sort="Schulte, Claudia" uniqKey="Schulte C" first="Claudia" last="Schulte">Claudia Schulte</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneiderhan Marra, Nicole" sort="Schneiderhan Marra, Nicole" uniqKey="Schneiderhan Marra N" first="Nicole" last="Schneiderhan-Marra">Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" sort="Pont Sunyer, Claustre" uniqKey="Pont Sunyer C" first="Claustre" last="Pont-Sunyer">Claustre Pont-Sunyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vilas, Dolores" sort="Vilas, Dolores" uniqKey="Vilas D" first="Dolores" last="Vilas">Dolores Vilas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" sort="Ruiz Martinez, Javier" uniqKey="Ruiz Martinez J" first="Javier" last="Ruiz-Martinez">Javier Ruiz-Martinez</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Guipuzcoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langkamp, Markus" sort="Langkamp, Markus" uniqKey="Langkamp M" first="Markus" last="Langkamp">Markus Langkamp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mediagnost GmbH, Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corvol, Jean Christophe" sort="Corvol, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Corvol J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Corvol">Jean-Christophe Corvol</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cormier, Florence" sort="Cormier, Florence" uniqKey="Cormier F" first="Florence" last="Cormier">Florence Cormier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Knorpp, Thomas" sort="Knorpp, Thomas" uniqKey="Knorpp T" first="Thomas" last="Knorpp">Thomas Knorpp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joos, Thomas O" sort="Joos, Thomas O" uniqKey="Joos T" first="Thomas O" last="Joos">Thomas O. Joos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Reutlingen</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gasser, Thomas" sort="Gasser, Thomas" uniqKey="Gasser T" first="Thomas" last="Gasser">Thomas Gasser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schule, Birgitt" sort="Schule, Birgitt" uniqKey="Schule B" first="Birgitt" last="Schüle">Birgitt Schüle</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aasly, Jan O" sort="Aasly, Jan O" uniqKey="Aasly J" first="Jan O" last="Aasly">Jan O. Aasly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Trondheim</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Trøndelag</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foroud, Tatiana" sort="Foroud, Tatiana" uniqKey="Foroud T" first="Tatiana" last="Foroud">Tatiana Foroud</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Indiana</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" sort="Marti Masso, Jose Felix" uniqKey="Marti Masso J" first="Jose Felix" last="Marti-Masso">Jose Felix Marti-Masso</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Guipuzcoa</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brice, Alexis" sort="Brice, Alexis" uniqKey="Brice A" first="Alexis" last="Brice">Alexis Brice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tolosa, Eduardo" sort="Tolosa, Eduardo" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="Eduardo" last="Tolosa">Eduardo Tolosa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region>
<settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Barcelone</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marras, Connie" sort="Marras, Connie" uniqKey="Marras C" first="Connie" last="Marras">Connie Marras</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement>
<region type="state">Ontario</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berg, Daniela" sort="Berg, Daniela" uniqKey="Berg D" first="Daniela" last="Berg">Daniela Berg</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maetzler, Walter" sort="Maetzler, Walter" uniqKey="Maetzler W" first="Walter" last="Maetzler">Walter Maetzler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Tübingen</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of neuroinflammation</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1742-2094</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">There is evidence for a relevant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in the LRRK2 gene represent the most frequent genetic cause for autosomal dominant PD. LRRK2 is highly expressed in macrophages and microglia suggesting an involvement in inflammatory pathways. The objectives are to test (1) whether idiopathic PD and LRRK2-associated PD share common inflammatory pathways or present distinct profiles and (2) whether non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers present with similar aspects of inflammatory profiles as seen in PD-affected patients.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pubmed>
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