Effects of 20 Selected Fruits on Ethanol Metabolism: Potential Health Benefits and Harmful Impacts
Identifieur interne : 000339 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000338; suivant : 000340Effects of 20 Selected Fruits on Ethanol Metabolism: Potential Health Benefits and Harmful Impacts
Auteurs : Yu-Jie Zhang ; Fang Wang ; Yue Zhou ; Ya Li ; Tong Zhou ; Jie Zheng ; Jiao-Jiao Zhang ; Sha Li ; Dong-Ping Xu ; Hua-Bin Li [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The consumption of alcohol is often accompanied by other foods, such as fruits and vegetables. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of 20 selected fruits on ethanol metabolism to find out their potential health benefits and harmful impacts. The effects of the fruits on ethanol metabolism were characterized by the concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in blood, as well as activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in liver of mice. Furthermore, potential health benefits and harmful impacts of the fruits were evaluated by biochemical parameters including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase. Generally, effects of these fruits on ethanol metabolism were very different. Some fruits (such as
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DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040399
PubMed: 27043608
PubMed Central: 4847061
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effects of 20 Selected Fruits on Ethanol Metabolism: Potential Health Benefits and Harmful Impacts</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yu Jie" sort="Zhang, Yu Jie" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yu-Jie" last="Zhang">Yu-Jie Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Fang" sort="Wang, Fang" uniqKey="Wang F" first="Fang" last="Wang">Fang Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yue" sort="Zhou, Yue" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yue" last="Zhou">Yue Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ya" sort="Li, Ya" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Ya" last="Li">Ya Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Tong" sort="Zhou, Tong" uniqKey="Zhou T" first="Tong" last="Zhou">Tong Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Jie" sort="Zheng, Jie" uniqKey="Zheng J" first="Jie" last="Zheng">Jie Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jiao Jiao" sort="Zhang, Jiao Jiao" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jiao-Jiao" last="Zhang">Jiao-Jiao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Sha" sort="Li, Sha" uniqKey="Li S" first="Sha" last="Li">Sha Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00399">School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;<email>lishasl0308@163.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Dong Ping" sort="Xu, Dong Ping" uniqKey="Xu D" first="Dong-Ping" last="Xu">Dong-Ping Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Hua Bin" sort="Li, Hua Bin" uniqKey="Li H" first="Hua-Bin" last="Li">Hua-Bin Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00399">South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27043608</idno><idno type="pmc">4847061</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4847061</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4847061</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph13040399</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000340</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000339</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of 20 Selected Fruits on Ethanol Metabolism: Potential Health Benefits and Harmful Impacts</title><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Yu Jie" sort="Zhang, Yu Jie" uniqKey="Zhang Y" first="Yu-Jie" last="Zhang">Yu-Jie Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Fang" sort="Wang, Fang" uniqKey="Wang F" first="Fang" last="Wang">Fang Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Yue" sort="Zhou, Yue" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="Yue" last="Zhou">Yue Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ya" sort="Li, Ya" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Ya" last="Li">Ya Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Tong" sort="Zhou, Tong" uniqKey="Zhou T" first="Tong" last="Zhou">Tong Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Jie" sort="Zheng, Jie" uniqKey="Zheng J" first="Jie" last="Zheng">Jie Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Jiao Jiao" sort="Zhang, Jiao Jiao" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Jiao-Jiao" last="Zhang">Jiao-Jiao Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Sha" sort="Li, Sha" uniqKey="Li S" first="Sha" last="Li">Sha Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00399">School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;<email>lishasl0308@163.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Dong Ping" sort="Xu, Dong Ping" uniqKey="Xu D" first="Dong-Ping" last="Xu">Dong-Ping Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Hua Bin" sort="Li, Hua Bin" uniqKey="Li H" first="Hua-Bin" last="Li">Hua-Bin Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399">Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00399">South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The consumption of alcohol is often accompanied by other foods, such as fruits and vegetables. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of 20 selected fruits on ethanol metabolism to find out their potential health benefits and harmful impacts. The effects of the fruits on ethanol metabolism were characterized by the concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in blood, as well as activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in liver of mice. Furthermore, potential health benefits and harmful impacts of the fruits were evaluated by biochemical parameters including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase. Generally, effects of these fruits on ethanol metabolism were very different. Some fruits (such as <italic>Citrus limon</italic> (yellow), <italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic>, <italic>Pyrus</italic> spp., and <italic>Syzygium samarangense</italic>) could decrease the concentration of ethanol in blood. In addition, several fruits (such as <italic>Cucumis melo</italic>) showed hepatoprotective effects by significantly decreasing AST or ALT level in blood, while some fruits (such as <italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic>) showed adverse effects. The results suggested that the consumption of alcohol should not be accompanied by some fruits, and several fruits could be developed as functional foods for the prevention and treatment of hangover and alcohol use disorder.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sung, C" uniqKey="Sung C">C. Sung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, C" uniqKey="Oh C">C. Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, S" uniqKey="Yang S">S. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, B" uniqKey="Han B">B. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mo, E" uniqKey="Mo E">E. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Environ Res Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1661-7827</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1660-4601</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27043608</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4847061</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph13040399</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijerph-13-00399</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of 20 Selected Fruits on Ethanol Metabolism: Potential Health Benefits and Harmful Impacts</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Yu-Jie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Fang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Yue</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Ya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Tong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Jie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Jiao-Jiao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Sha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijerph-13-00399">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Dong-Ping</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Hua-Bin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijerph-13-00399">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijerph-13-00399">3</xref><xref rid="c1-ijerph-13-00399" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hayley</surname><given-names>Amie</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Verster</surname><given-names>Joris Cornelis</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijerph-13-00399"><label>1</label>Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China;<email>zhyujie3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.-J.Z.);<email>missingfeng@yeah.net</email> (F.W.);<email>zhouyue3@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (Y.Z.);<email>saferide@126.com</email> (Y.L.);<email>zt740359815@163.com</email> (T.Z.);<email>ziyuzile_0215@163.com</email> (J.Z.);<email>zhangjj46@mail2.sysu.edu.cn</email> (J.-J.Z.)<email>dongpxu@163.com</email> (D.-P.X.)</aff><aff id="af2-ijerph-13-00399"><label>2</label>School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;<email>lishasl0308@163.com</email></aff><aff id="af3-ijerph-13-00399"><label>3</label>South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijerph-13-00399"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>lihuabin@mail.sysu.edu.cn</email>; Tel.: +86-20-8733-2391; Fax: +86-20-8733-0446</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>399</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The consumption of alcohol is often accompanied by other foods, such as fruits and vegetables. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of 20 selected fruits on ethanol metabolism to find out their potential health benefits and harmful impacts. The effects of the fruits on ethanol metabolism were characterized by the concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in blood, as well as activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in liver of mice. Furthermore, potential health benefits and harmful impacts of the fruits were evaluated by biochemical parameters including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase. Generally, effects of these fruits on ethanol metabolism were very different. Some fruits (such as <italic>Citrus limon</italic> (yellow), <italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic>, <italic>Pyrus</italic> spp., and <italic>Syzygium samarangense</italic>) could decrease the concentration of ethanol in blood. In addition, several fruits (such as <italic>Cucumis melo</italic>) showed hepatoprotective effects by significantly decreasing AST or ALT level in blood, while some fruits (such as <italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic>) showed adverse effects. The results suggested that the consumption of alcohol should not be accompanied by some fruits, and several fruits could be developed as functional foods for the prevention and treatment of hangover and alcohol use disorder.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>alcohol</kwd><kwd>metabolism</kwd><kwd>fruit</kwd><kwd>hepatoprotection</kwd><kwd>harmful impact</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="ijerph-13-00399-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The relationship between the activity of ADH/ALDH and the concentration of ethanol/acetaldehyde in blood influenced by 20 fruits: (<bold>a</bold>) ADH and concentration of ethanol, (<bold>b</bold>) ADH and concentration of acetaldehyde, (<bold>c</bold>) ALDH and concentration of ethanol, and (<bold>d</bold>) ALDH and concentration of acetaldehyde.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00399-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="ijerph-13-00399-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>The relationship between the concentration of ethanol/acetaldehyde in blood and the level of AST/ALT influenced by 20 fruits: (<bold>a</bold>) concentration of ethanol and level of AST, (<bold>b</bold>) concentration of ethanol and level of ALT; (<bold>c</bold>) concentration of acetaldehyde and level of AST; and (<bold>d</bold>) concentration of acetaldehyde and level of ALT.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijerph-13-00399-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00399-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00399-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in blood in different groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alcohol Concentration (mg/L)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acetaldehyde Concentration (mg/L)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1901.17 ± 296.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.17 ± 5.33</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Actinidia chinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1653.83 ± 136.57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.99 ± 5.12</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1450.91 ± 264.36 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.59 ± 5.54 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chaenomeles sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2312.84 ± 366.21 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.73 ± 5.10</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1917.44 ± 206.95</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.81 ± 7.59</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (green)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1708.20 ± 273.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.51 ± 8.67</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (yellow)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1444.19 ± 293.45 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.94 ± 7.27 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1661.93 ± 354.28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.15 ± 4.66</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cucumis melo</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1835.23 ± 174.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.90 ± 4.40</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Durio zibethinus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2080.69 ± 156.26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.63 ± 10.66</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Garcinia mangostana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1870.44 ± 239.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.52 ± 8.58</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hylocereus undulatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1836.58 ± 92.34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.51 ± 6.20</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lycopersivon esculentum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2361.98 ± 368.36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.34 ± 10.31</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1928.60 ± 115.76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.32 ± 3.51</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa nana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1826.99 ± 260.28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.31 ± 3.34</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passionfora edulis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1804.23 ± 335.73</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.44 ± 20.31</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2161.10 ± 363.66</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.19 ± 5.55</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psidium guajava</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1900.77 ± 496.96</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.86 ± 12.72</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1334.19 ± 281.30 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.22 ± 7.86</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ribes nigrum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2037.17 ± 300.63</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.59 ± 4.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium samarangense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1699.99 ± 71.89 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.93 ± 5.31 <bold>*</bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>*</bold> Means the levels of the parameters in the group were significantly different (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) from that of the control.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00399-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00399-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Effects of the 20 fruit juices on ADH and ALDH activities.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ADH (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALDH (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">control</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Actinidia chinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.65 ± 0.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.01 ± 0.50</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.57 ± 0.28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−61.95 ± 14.80 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chaenomeles sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.63 ± 0.34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−41.54 ± 9.88 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−8.00 ± 1.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.45 ± 0.65</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (green)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.94 ± 0.92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−9.89 ± 2.62</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (yellow)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.89 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.24 ± 7.91</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.93 ± 0.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.81 ± 2.32</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cucumis melo</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.79 ± 0.11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53 ± 0.17</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Durio zibethinus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.84 ± 0.26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.42 ± 0.85</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Garcinia mangostana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−36.97 ± 16.79</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hylocereus undulatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.37 ± 0.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.09 ± 1.20</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lycopersivon esculentum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.39 ± 0.79</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−46.14 ± 7.03 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.85 ± 0.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−12.33 ± 3.23</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa nana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.50 ± 0.99 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−22.75 ± 7.17</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passionfora edulis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−8.16 ± 0.81</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−34.30 ± 12.92</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15.62 ± 1.24 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.63 ± 1.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psidium guajava</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.46 ± 0.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.98 ± 0.44</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−13.27 ± 1.30</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−27.71 ± 7.72</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ribes nigrum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.94 ± 0.96</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−46.76 ± 19.30 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium samarangense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−5.38 ± 1.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−40.54 ± 9.56 <bold>*</bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>*</bold> Means the levels of the parameters in the group were significantly different (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) from that of the control.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00399-t003" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00399-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Effect of fruit juices on serum levels of ALT and AST in alcohol-treated mice.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AST (U/L)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALT (U/L)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blank control</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.65 ± 10.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.38 ± 16.72</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.28 ± 11.23 <bold>**</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.88 ± 11.04 <bold>**</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Actinidia chinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.90 ± 54.89</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.02 ± 10.76</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.37 ± 14.35 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.22 ± 9.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chaenomeles sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.93 ± 10.21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.40 ± 10.16</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.42 ± 27.10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.40 ± 14.97</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (green)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.00 ± 12.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.84 ± 7.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (yellow)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.42 ± 8.25 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.75 ± 5.61 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.37 ± 13.14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.76 ± 12.69</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cucumis melo</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.19 ± 2.49</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.91 ± 3.70 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Durio zibethinus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.34 ± 13.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.38 ± 8.48</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Garcinia mangostana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.82 ± 10.78</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.50 ± 13.08</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hylocereus undulatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.37 ± 11.39</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.98 ± 14.59 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lycopersivon esculentum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.82 ± 6.44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.67 ± 1.70</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.78 ± 16.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.01 ± 4.77</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa nana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.35 ± 3.70 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.99 ± 12.91</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passionfora edulis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.38 ± 13.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.02 ± 8.53</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.30 ± 37.38</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.07 ± 16.42</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psidium guajava</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.36 ± 7.75</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.48 ± 14.90</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.80 ± 7.74</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.45 ± 15.09</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ribes nigrum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.38 ± 36.33 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.68 ± 12.12</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium samarangense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.65 ± 21.65</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.24 ± 4.66</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>*</bold> Means the levels of the parameters in the group were significantly different (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) from that of the model; <bold>**</bold> Means the levels of the parameters in the model were significantly different (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) from that of the blank control.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="ijerph-13-00399-t004" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">ijerph-13-00399-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Effects of fruit juices on levels of MDA and SOD in alcohol-treated mice.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDA (nmol/mg·prot)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SOD (U/mL)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blank control</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75 ± 0.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.49 ± 3.60</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Model</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 ± 0.16 <bold>**</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.83 ± 7.62</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Actinidia chinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 ± 0.27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.62 ± 9.99</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Averrhoa carambola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 ± 0.07 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.00 ± 3.02</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chaenomeles sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 ± 0.45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.93 ± 6.17</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 ± 0.07 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.57 ± 3.07</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (green)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 ± 0.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.90 ± 6.36</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic> (yellow)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19 ± 0.11 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.62 ± 4.29</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 ± 0.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.33 ± 3.37</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cucumis melo</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 ± 0.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.71 ± 2.81</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Durio zibethinus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59 ± 0.07 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.60 ± 3.23</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Garcinia mangostana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 ± 0.06 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.98 ± 3.96</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hylocereus undulatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 ± 0.25</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.01 ± 7.61</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lycopersivon esculentum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.11 ± 6.99</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81 ± 0.16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.22 ± 4.96</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa nana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85 ± 0.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.32 ± 2.74 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passionfora edulis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33 ± 0.21 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.08 ± 6.43</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus salicina</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 ± 0.13 <bold>*</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.56 ± 3.28 <bold>*</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psidium guajava</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 ± 0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.98 ± 1.05</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.65 ± 5.63</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ribes nigrum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 ± 0.36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.25 ± 3.35</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium samarangense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 ± 0.18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.28 ± 4.26 <bold>*</bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>*</bold> Means the levels of the parameters in the group were significantly different (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) from that of the model; <bold>**</bold> Means the levels of the parameters in the model were significantly different (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) from that of the blank control.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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