Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of New Coumarin Derivative, 7-Hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, against Aspergillus spp.
Identifieur interne : 000052 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000051; suivant : 000053Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of New Coumarin Derivative, 7-Hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, against Aspergillus spp.
Auteurs : Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra [Brésil] ; Rodrigo Santos Aquino De Araújo [Brésil] ; Janiere Pereira De Sousa [Brésil] ; Fillipe De Oliveira Pereira [Brésil] ; Francisco J. B. Mendonça-Junior [Brésil] ; José M. Barbosa-Filho [Brésil] ; Edeltrudes De Oliveira Lima [Brésil]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/925096
PubMed: 26175794
PubMed Central: 4484559
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of New Coumarin Derivative, 7-Hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.</title><author><name sortKey="Guerra, Felipe Queiroga Sarmento" sort="Guerra, Felipe Queiroga Sarmento" uniqKey="Guerra F" first="Felipe Queiroga Sarmento" last="Guerra">Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Araujo, Rodrigo Santos Aquino" sort="De Araujo, Rodrigo Santos Aquino" uniqKey="De Araujo R" first="Rodrigo Santos Aquino" last="De Araújo">Rodrigo Santos Aquino De Araújo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Sousa, Janiere Pereira" sort="De Sousa, Janiere Pereira" uniqKey="De Sousa J" first="Janiere Pereira" last="De Sousa">Janiere Pereira De Sousa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Fillipe De Oliveira" sort="Pereira, Fillipe De Oliveira" uniqKey="Pereira F" first="Fillipe De Oliveira" last="Pereira">Fillipe De Oliveira Pereira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Center of Education and Heath, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58175-000 Cuité, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Education and Heath, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58175-000 Cuité, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendonca Junior, Francisco J B" sort="Mendonca Junior, Francisco J B" uniqKey="Mendonca Junior F" first="Francisco J. B." last="Mendonça-Junior">Francisco J. B. Mendonça-Junior</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbosa Filho, Jose M" sort="Barbosa Filho, Jose M" uniqKey="Barbosa Filho J" first="José M." last="Barbosa-Filho">José M. Barbosa-Filho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes" sort="De Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes" uniqKey="De Oliveira Lima E" first="Edeltrudes" last="De Oliveira Lima">Edeltrudes De Oliveira Lima</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26175794</idno><idno type="pmc">4484559</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484559</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4484559</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/925096</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000052</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000052</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of New Coumarin Derivative, 7-Hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.</title><author><name sortKey="Guerra, Felipe Queiroga Sarmento" sort="Guerra, Felipe Queiroga Sarmento" uniqKey="Guerra F" first="Felipe Queiroga Sarmento" last="Guerra">Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Araujo, Rodrigo Santos Aquino" sort="De Araujo, Rodrigo Santos Aquino" uniqKey="De Araujo R" first="Rodrigo Santos Aquino" last="De Araújo">Rodrigo Santos Aquino De Araújo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Sousa, Janiere Pereira" sort="De Sousa, Janiere Pereira" uniqKey="De Sousa J" first="Janiere Pereira" last="De Sousa">Janiere Pereira De Sousa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Fillipe De Oliveira" sort="Pereira, Fillipe De Oliveira" uniqKey="Pereira F" first="Fillipe De Oliveira" last="Pereira">Fillipe De Oliveira Pereira</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Center of Education and Heath, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58175-000 Cuité, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Education and Heath, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58175-000 Cuité, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendonca Junior, Francisco J B" sort="Mendonca Junior, Francisco J B" uniqKey="Mendonca Junior F" first="Francisco J. B." last="Mendonça-Junior">Francisco J. B. Mendonça-Junior</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbosa Filho, Jose M" sort="Barbosa Filho, Jose M" uniqKey="Barbosa Filho J" first="José M." last="Barbosa-Filho">José M. Barbosa-Filho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes" sort="De Oliveira Lima, Edeltrudes" uniqKey="De Oliveira Lima E" first="Edeltrudes" last="De Oliveira Lima">Edeltrudes De Oliveira Lima</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. produce a wide variety of diseases. For the treatment of such infections, the azoles and Amphotericin B are used in various formulations. The treatment of fungal diseases is often ineffective, because of increases in azole resistance and their several associated adverse effects. To overcome these problems, natural products and their derivatives are interesting alternatives. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of coumarin derivative, 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Cou-NO<sub>2</sub>), both alone and with antifungal drugs. Its mode of action against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> was tested to evaluate its effects on mycelia growth and germination of fungal conidia of <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. We also investigated possible Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> action on cell walls (0.8 M sorbitol) and on Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> to ergosterol binding in the cell membrane. The study shows that Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> is capable of inhibiting both the mycelia growth and germination of conidia for the species tested, and that its action affects the structure of the fungal cell wall. At subinhibitory concentration, Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> enhanced the <italic>in vitro</italic> effects of azoles. Moreover, in combination with azoles (voriconazole and itraconazole) Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> displays an additive effect. Thus, our study supports the use of coumarin derivative 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one as an antifungal agent against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> species.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Richardson, M D" uniqKey="Richardson M">M. D. Richardson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Espinel Ingroff, A" uniqKey="Espinel Ingroff A">A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26175794</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4484559</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/925096</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of New Coumarin Derivative, 7-Hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guerra</surname><given-names>Felipe Queiroga Sarmento</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Araújo</surname><given-names>Rodrigo Santos Aquino</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Sousa</surname><given-names>Janiere Pereira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Fillipe de Oliveira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mendonça-Junior</surname><given-names>Francisco J. B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barbosa-Filho</surname><given-names>José M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Oliveira Lima</surname><given-names>Edeltrudes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Biological Science Department, State University of Paraíba, 58020-540 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Center of Education and Heath, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58175-000 Cuité, PB, Brazil</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra: <email>felipeqsguerra@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Filippo Maggi</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>14</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>925096</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Felipe Queiroga Sarmento Guerra et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. produce a wide variety of diseases. For the treatment of such infections, the azoles and Amphotericin B are used in various formulations. The treatment of fungal diseases is often ineffective, because of increases in azole resistance and their several associated adverse effects. To overcome these problems, natural products and their derivatives are interesting alternatives. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of coumarin derivative, 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Cou-NO<sub>2</sub>), both alone and with antifungal drugs. Its mode of action against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> was tested to evaluate its effects on mycelia growth and germination of fungal conidia of <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp. We also investigated possible Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> action on cell walls (0.8 M sorbitol) and on Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> to ergosterol binding in the cell membrane. The study shows that Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> is capable of inhibiting both the mycelia growth and germination of conidia for the species tested, and that its action affects the structure of the fungal cell wall. At subinhibitory concentration, Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> enhanced the <italic>in vitro</italic> effects of azoles. Moreover, in combination with azoles (voriconazole and itraconazole) Cou-NO<sub>2</sub> displays an additive effect. Thus, our study supports the use of coumarin derivative 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one as an antifungal agent against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> species.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Chemical structure for 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Cou-NO<sub>2</sub>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-925096.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Percentage of dry mycelia weight produced by<italic> A. fumigatus</italic> (ATCC 46913) (a) and<italic> A. flavus</italic> (ATCC 16013) (b) in the absence (control) and presence of 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (MIC: 16 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; MIC × 2: 32 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL) and Amphotericin B (MIC: 2 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; MIC × 2: 4 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL). Control produced 100% of dry mycelia weight. A: <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 compared to control. B: <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 compared to Amphotericin B with respective concentration.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-925096.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Percentage of conidial germination of<italic> A. fumigatus</italic> (ATCC 46913) (a) and<italic> A. flavus</italic> (ATCC 16013) (b) in the absence (control) and presence of 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (MIC: 16 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; MIC × 2: 32 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL) and Amphotericin B (MIC: 2 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; MIC × 2: 4 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL). A: <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 compared to control. B: <italic>P</italic> < 0.05 compared to Amphotericin B with respective concentration.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-925096.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>MIC values (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL) of 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one against clinical strains of <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Microorganisms</th><th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1">MIC values (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus </italic></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(LM 121)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(LM 135)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(LM 743)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(LM 35)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(LM 36)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(LM 23)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Viability control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>Note</italic>. Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>: 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>MIC values (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL) of drugs in the absence and presence of sorbitol (0.8 M) and ergosterol (400 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL) against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Microorganisms</th><th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1">MIC values (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 46913</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 16013</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 46913</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 16013</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 46913</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 16013</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drugs</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">−Sterols</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">+Sorbitol</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">+Ergosterol</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">512</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">512</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">512</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">512</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>Note</italic>. Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>: 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>MIC values of antifungals in the absence and presence of coumarin derivative, 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, MIC/8, against <italic>Aspergillus</italic> spp.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Drugs</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">MIC alone</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Combined MIC (Cou-NO<sub>2</sub>)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 46913</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 16013</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 46913</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic> <break></break>ATCC 16013</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Itraconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Voriconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>MIC of Antifungal drugs and effect of combination with coumarin derivative, 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>), against <italic>A</italic>. <italic>flavus</italic>, ATCC 16013.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Antifungal + Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIC index </th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>μ</italic>g/mL)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Type of interaction)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Itraconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Voriconazole </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (Indifferent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Fluconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (Indifferent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Itraconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,75 (Additivity)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Voriconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,75 (Additivity)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>Note</italic>. Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>: 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one. FIC: fractional inhibitory concentration. MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>MIC of antifungal drugs and effect of combination with coumarin derivative, 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Cou-1), against <italic>A</italic>. <italic>fumigatus</italic>, ATCC 46913.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Antifungal + Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FIC index </th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>μ</italic>g/mL)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(Type of interaction)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flucanozole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Itraconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Voriconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (indifferent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Flucanozole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/256</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (indifferent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Itraconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,75 (additivity)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>/Voriconazole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/0,5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,5 (additivity)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>Note</italic>. Cou-UNO<sub>2</sub>: 7-hydroxy-6-nitro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one. FIC: fractional inhibitory concentration. MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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