South American Spider Mites: New Hosts and Localities
Identifieur interne : 001053 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001052; suivant : 001054South American Spider Mites: New Hosts and Localities
Auteurs : Renata S. Mendonça ; Denise Navia ; Ivone R. Diniz ; Carlos Hw FlechtmannSource :
- Journal of Insect Science [ 1536-2442 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
In order to contribute to taxonomic information on Tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in South America, surveys were conducted in Brazil (15 States and the Federal District) and Uruguay (one Department); 550 samples of 120 plant species were collected. Tetranychid mite infestations were confirmed in 204 samples, and 22 species belonging to seven genera of the Bryobiinae and Tetranychinae subfamilies were identified on 58 different host plants. Thirty-six new plant hosts were found in Brazil, South America, and worldwide for the following species:
Url:
DOI: 10.1673/031.011.12101
PubMed: 22224405
PubMed Central: 3281375
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3281375Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">South American Spider Mites: New Hosts and Localities</title><author><name sortKey="Mendonca, Renata S" sort="Mendonca, Renata S" uniqKey="Mendonca R" first="Renata S" last="Mendonça">Renata S. Mendonça</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navia, Denise" sort="Navia, Denise" uniqKey="Navia D" first="Denise" last="Navia">Denise Navia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diniz, Ivone R" sort="Diniz, Ivone R" uniqKey="Diniz I" first="Ivone R" last="Diniz">Ivone R. Diniz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flechtmann, Carlos Hw" sort="Flechtmann, Carlos Hw" uniqKey="Flechtmann C" first="Carlos Hw" last="Flechtmann">Carlos Hw Flechtmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22224405</idno><idno type="pmc">3281375</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3281375</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3281375</idno><idno type="doi">10.1673/031.011.12101</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001053</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">South American Spider Mites: New Hosts and Localities</title><author><name sortKey="Mendonca, Renata S" sort="Mendonca, Renata S" uniqKey="Mendonca R" first="Renata S" last="Mendonça">Renata S. Mendonça</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navia, Denise" sort="Navia, Denise" uniqKey="Navia D" first="Denise" last="Navia">Denise Navia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diniz, Ivone R" sort="Diniz, Ivone R" uniqKey="Diniz I" first="Ivone R" last="Diniz">Ivone R. Diniz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flechtmann, Carlos Hw" sort="Flechtmann, Carlos Hw" uniqKey="Flechtmann C" first="Carlos Hw" last="Flechtmann">Carlos Hw Flechtmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Insect Science</title><idno type="eISSN">1536-2442</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In order to contribute to taxonomic information on Tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in South America, surveys were conducted in Brazil (15 States and the Federal District) and Uruguay (one Department); 550 samples of 120 plant species were collected. Tetranychid mite infestations were confirmed in 204 samples, and 22 species belonging to seven genera of the Bryobiinae and Tetranychinae subfamilies were identified on 58 different host plants. Thirty-six new plant hosts were found in Brazil, South America, and worldwide for the following species: <italic>Eutetranychus banksi</italic> (McGregor); <italic>Mononychellus tanajoa</italic> (Bondar); <italic>Oligonychus anonae</italic> Paschoal; <italic>O. mangiferus</italic> (Rahman and Sapra); <italic>Tetranychus bastosi</italic> Tuttle, Baker and Sales; <italic>T. desertorum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr08">Banks, 1900</xref>, <italic>T. evansi</italic> Baker and Pritchard; <italic>T. ludeni</italic> Zacher; <italic>T. mexicanus</italic> (McGregor); <italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic> André; and <italic>T. urticae</italic> Koch. Four new localities in Brazil were reported for <italic>Eotetranychus tremae</italic> De Leon; <italic>O. anonae</italic>; <italic>Panonychus ulmi</italic> (Koch); and <italic>T. gloveri</italic> Baker and Pritchard.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andre, M" uniqKey="Andre M">M Andre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andrews, Kl" uniqKey="Andrews K">KL Andrews</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poe, Sl" uniqKey="Poe S">SL Poe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Artofer, R" uniqKey="Artofer R">R Artofer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Ew" uniqKey="Baker E">EW Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pritchard, Ae" uniqKey="Pritchard A">AE Pritchard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Ew" uniqKey="Baker E">EW Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pritchard, Ae" uniqKey="Pritchard A">AE Pritchard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Ew" uniqKey="Baker E">EW Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuttle, Dm" uniqKey="Tuttle D">DM Tuttle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Ew" uniqKey="Baker E">EW Baker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Banks, N" uniqKey="Banks N">N Banks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bleicher, E" uniqKey="Bleicher E">E Bleicher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bolland, Hr" uniqKey="Bolland H">HR Bolland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guterrez, J" uniqKey="Guterrez J">J Guterrez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flechtmann, Chw" uniqKey="Flechtmann C">CHW Flechtmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bondar, G" uniqKey="Bondar G">G Bondar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bondar, G" uniqKey="Bondar G">G. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Insect Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Insect Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">insc</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Insect Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1536-2442</issn><publisher><publisher-name>University of Wisconsin Library</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22224405</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3281375</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1673/031.011.12101</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>South American Spider Mites: New Hosts and Localities</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mendonça</surname><given-names>Renata S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr1"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr5"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navia</surname><given-names>Denise</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr2"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Diniz</surname><given-names>Ivone R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr3"><sup>c</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Flechtmann</surname><given-names>Carlos HW</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corr4"><sup>d</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label><sup>1</sup></label>Universidade de Brasília, UNB, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, ICC Sul, Sala AT-159, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil; Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France</aff><aff id="aff2"><label><sup>2</sup></label>Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Quarentena Vegetal, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte Final, Caixa Postal 02372, 70.770-900 Brasília-DF, Brazil</aff><aff id="aff3"><label><sup>3</sup></label>CNPq Researcher, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Cx. Postal 09, 13.418-900, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="corr1"><label><sup>a</sup></label><email>renatasm@cenargen.embrapa.br</email></corresp><corresp id="corr2"><label><sup>b</sup></label><email>navia@cenargen.embrapa.br</email></corresp><corresp id="corr3"><label><sup>c</sup></label><email>irdiniz@unb.br</email></corresp><corresp id="corr4"><label><sup>d</sup></label><email>chwflech@esalq.usp.br</email></corresp><corresp id="corr5"><label><sup>*</sup></label>Corresponding author</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>9</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><elocation-id>121</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>9</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2010</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>In order to contribute to taxonomic information on Tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in South America, surveys were conducted in Brazil (15 States and the Federal District) and Uruguay (one Department); 550 samples of 120 plant species were collected. Tetranychid mite infestations were confirmed in 204 samples, and 22 species belonging to seven genera of the Bryobiinae and Tetranychinae subfamilies were identified on 58 different host plants. Thirty-six new plant hosts were found in Brazil, South America, and worldwide for the following species: <italic>Eutetranychus banksi</italic> (McGregor); <italic>Mononychellus tanajoa</italic> (Bondar); <italic>Oligonychus anonae</italic> Paschoal; <italic>O. mangiferus</italic> (Rahman and Sapra); <italic>Tetranychus bastosi</italic> Tuttle, Baker and Sales; <italic>T. desertorum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr08">Banks, 1900</xref>, <italic>T. evansi</italic> Baker and Pritchard; <italic>T. ludeni</italic> Zacher; <italic>T. mexicanus</italic> (McGregor); <italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic> André; and <italic>T. urticae</italic> Koch. Four new localities in Brazil were reported for <italic>Eotetranychus tremae</italic> De Leon; <italic>O. anonae</italic>; <italic>Panonychus ulmi</italic> (Koch); and <italic>T. gloveri</italic> Baker and Pritchard.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Eurytetranychini</kwd><kwd>Hystrichonychini</kwd><kwd>neotropical region</kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd><kwd>Tetranychini</kwd></kwd-group><counts><page-count count="18"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><title>Introduction</title><p>The Tetranychidae Donnadieu family includes a large number of strictly phytophagous mites; a few species are significant agricultural crop pests worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr56">Jeppson et al. 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr54">Helle and Sabelis 1985</xref>).</p><p>The number of described tetranychids remained stable for 75 years and then increased when their economic incidence for agriculture became more significant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr10">Bolland et al. 1998</xref>). In 1950, McGregor initially listed 102 species in 15 genera. Five years later, this number increased to 204 species in 18 genera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr77">Pritchard and Baker 1955</xref>). In 1998 there were 1189 species in 71 genera registered in the World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr10">Bolland et al. 1998</xref>), and currently there are approximately 1257 species in 76 genera listed on the Spider Mite Web, which is a comprehensive database on the Tetranychidae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr67">Migeon and Dorkeld 2006</xref>).</p><p>In Brazil, taxonomic studies on the Tetranychidae were initially conducted between 1920 and 1930. Among the early findings was the report of <italic>Tetranychus gloveri</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr08">Banks 1900</xref> and the description of <italic>Mononychellus tanajoa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr12">Bondar 1938</xref>) based on specimens collected in Brazil by G Bondar, a Russian researcher living in the state of Bahia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr11">Bondar 1930</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr12">1938</xref>). In the 1960s numerous contributions were made by pioneers in agricultural mite studies in Brazil, such as CHW Flechtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr33">Flechtmann 1967</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr34">1967a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr35">1967b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr36">1972</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr41">1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr37">1976</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr40">Flechtmann and Baker 1970</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr41">1975</xref>) and AD Paschoal (Paschoal 1970, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr75">1970a</xref>), followed by RJF Feres in subsequent decades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr28">Feres 1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr29">1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr22">Feres and Flechtmann 1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr27">1986a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr23">1988</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr24">1995</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr25">1995a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr26">1995b</xref>). From that time forward these and other researchers have conducted major studies on tetranychids in several fields such as taxonomy, ecology, biology, control, and resistance, bringing important advances to knowledge of Brazilian tetranychids. Currently 185 of the 1257 described tetranychid species are reported in South America, of which 104 are found in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr10">Bolland et al. 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr67">Migeon and Dorkeld 2006</xref>).</p><p>The most intensive search for Tetranychidae mites in Brazil, the largest country in South America, has been centered in the southeast region and is usually associated with economically important crops. Agriculture continues to expand, approachinbiological reserves and other regions in the country. It is important to continue tetranychid research in previously unexplored areas in hopes of increasing our understanding of this family. This paper presents new information about the occurrence and distribution of Tetranychidae in five Brazilian regions and in Uruguay, on plants ranging from ornamental, fruit-bearing, vegetable, grass, oilseed, to large crops species. New hosts and localities for tetranychid mites in Brazil, South America, and the world are reported.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec2"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A legal permit to collect zoological material for scientific purposes is required by the <bold><italic>Brazilian Institute</italic></bold> for the <bold><italic>Environment</italic></bold> and <bold><italic>Renewable</italic></bold> Natural Resources (IBAMA). A permit was requested and permit number 231/2006 CGFAU/IBAMA was issued.</p><sec id="sec2a"><title>Mite collection</title><p>Mites were collected between October 2004 and July 2008. A total of 550 samples were collected from several host plants found in five regions in Brazil that include the states of Acre, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe, and the Federal District (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01_01">Figure 1</xref>; Appendix 1). One additional collection was conducted in Uruguay. Plants were collected when symptoms of tetranychid attacks were observed, according to Moraes and Flechtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr69">2008</xref>). The geographical points of collection were logged into a Garmin 12 GPS using WGS84 (World Geodetic System 84) datum; maps were created using ARCGIS 9.0 (ESRI, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.esri.com">www.esri.com</ext-link>).</p><fig id="f01_01" fig-type="figure" position="float"><label>Figure 1. </label><caption><p>States and their respective sampling points for collecting tetranychid mites in Brazil between October 2004 and July 2008. ARCGIS 9.0 (ESRI, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.esri.com">www.esri.com</ext-link>). Latitude and longitude coordinates for the single sample point from Uruguay were 58.1312 S and 32.6368 W. The sample point was not mapped. High quality figures are available online.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="f01_01"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="sec2b"><title>Inspecting and processing plant samples</title><p>Mites were collected from the plants using a washing/sieving extraction method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr68">Miranda et al. 2007</xref>). The resulting 70% ethanol solution was inspected under Stemi SV6 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.zeiss.com">www.zeiss.com</ext-link>) and Olympus SZX 122 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.olympus.com">www.olympus.com</ext-link>) stereomicroscopes connected to a Highlight 3000–1 transilluminator at 50<sup>×</sup> magnification. Finally, Tetranychidae mites were directly mounted on microscopic slide preparations in Hoyer's medium. From each population, 25 females were mounted in dorso-ventral position and ten isolated males were mounted in lateral position to identify the species by morphological analysis. When only a few males were present in a sample, all of them were slide-mounted.</p></sec><sec id="sec2c"><title>Identifying mite species</title><p>Microscopic slide preparations of specimens were examined under phase contrast (Leitz Wetzlar, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.leica-microsystems.com">www.leica-microsystems.com</ext-link>) and interference microscopes (Nikon Eclipse 80i, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.nikon.com">www.nikon.com</ext-link>) in 40× and 100× objectives and. Morphological identification was conducted by examining relevant taxonomic characteristics of male and female Tetranychidae systematics. The shape of the aedeagus, or male genitalia, was used to classify the species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr77">Pritchard and Baker 1955</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr65">Meyer 1974</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr66">1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr06">Baker and Turtle 1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr21">Ehara, 1999</xref>), which were then compared to specimens that had been deposited in the Reference Mite Collection of the Laboratory of Plant Quarantine, Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia, Brazil. Materials from this study were deposited in this collection as voucher specimens.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>Results and Discussion</title><p>Tetranychid mites were found on 37.1% (n = 204) of the 550 plant material samples that were collected (Appendix 1). Twenty-one species of Tetranychinae and one of Bryobiinae were identified on the 204 samples from different localities and inspected hosts (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01_01">Table 1</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="t01_01" position="float"><label>Table 1. </label><caption><p>Tetranychid mite species (Tetranychinae) collected in Brazil between October 2004 and July 2008.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="t01_01"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Several samples contained more than one species of tetranychid on the same leaf. This occurred on bean (<italic>T. urticae</italic> and <italic>Eutetranychus banksi</italic>; <italic>T. urticae</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>; <italic>T. urticae, T. ludeni</italic>, and <italic>T. desertorum</italic>; <italic>T. desertorum</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>; <italic>T. ludeni</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>), soybean (<italic>T. urticae</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>; <italic>T. urticae</italic> and <italic>T. desertorum</italic>; <italic>T. urticae</italic>, <italic>T. desertorum</italic>, and <italic>M. planki</italic>; <italic>T. ludeni</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>; <italic>T. desertorum</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>), cotton (<italic>T. urticae and M. planki</italic>; <italic>T. ludeni</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>; <italic>T. ludeni</italic> and <italic>T. mexicanus</italic>), okra (<italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic> and <italic>M. planki</italic>), and eggplant (<italic>T. urticae</italic> and <italic>M. tanajoa</italic>). <italic>T. mexicanus</italic>, <italic>P. ulmi</italic>, <italic>Oligonychus aff. mangiferus</italic>, and <italic>O. fileno</italic> were found on grapes in the municipality of Pirapora. Foott (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr43">1962</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr44">1963</xref>) reported phytophagous mite species coexisting on a single host. The fact that different species coexist on a single host requires careful sampling and collecting larger numbers of specimens in microscopic preparations. This allows for greater representation of mite fauna and increases the probability of identifying all Tetranychidae species present on a specific host and/or at a specific locality.</p><table-wrap id="t02_01" position="float"><label>Table 2. </label><caption><p>New hosts and localities for tetranychid mites species collected in Brazil and Uruguay between October 2004 and July 2008 with information on collection sites, host plants, collecting dates, and collectors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="t02_01"></graphic></table-wrap><sec id="sec3a"><title>New hosts for Tetranychidae mites in Brazil, South America, and the world</title><p>New hosts were found for 11 tetranychid mite species: <italic>E. banksi</italic>, <italic>M. tanajoa</italic>, <italic>O. anonae</italic>, <italic>O.</italic><italic>mangiferus</italic>, <italic>T. bastosi</italic>, <italic>T. desertorum</italic>, <italic>T. evansi</italic>, <italic>T. ludeni</italic>, <italic>T. mexicanus</italic>, <italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic>, and <italic>T. urticae</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02_01">Table 2</xref>). The new hosts are listed below according to mite species and host plant family.</p><p>Tetranychinae Berlese, Eurytetranychini Reck</p></sec><sec id="sec3b"><title><bold><italic>Eutetranychus banksi</italic></bold>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr61">McGregor 1914</xref>)</title><p><italic>Tetranychus banksi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr61">McGregor, 1914</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Ricinus communis</italic> L. Type-locality: Orlando, Florida, United States.</p></sec><sec id="sec3c"><title>Fabaceae</title><p><italic>Acacia</italic> sp., (acacia), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Pernambuco, 11.VIII.2006.</p><p><italic>Mucuna aterrima</italic> Holland (black mucuna), Institute Agronômico de Campinas, ICA, Campinas, São Paulo, 10.I.2006.</p><p><italic>Phaseolus lunatus</italic> L. (lima beans), Embrapa Hortaliças, Gama, Distrito Federal, 07.XII.2005.</p><p>The presence of <italic>E. banksi</italic> on <italic>Acacia</italic> sp. was previously reported in Colombia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr86">Urueta 1975</xref>). The occurrence on this host from Pernambuco is the first in Brazil.</p><p>McGregor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr61">1914</xref>) described <italic>E. ban</italic>ksi on <italic>M. pruriens</italic> in the United States and Livshits and Salinas-Croche (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr58">1968</xref>) located it on <italic>Mucuna</italic> sp. in Cuba. Garret et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr46">1967</xref>) reported <italic>E. banksi</italic> infestations on <italic>P. lunatus</italic> in Hawaii. This is the first report of <italic>E. banksi</italic> on <italic>M. aterrima</italic> and <italic>P. lunatus</italic> in South America.</p></sec><sec id="sec3d"><title>Magnoliaceae</title><p><italic>Michelia champaca</italic> L., (yellow magnolia), Faculdade da Terra, Recanto das Emas, Federal District, 28.XI.2005.</p></sec><sec id="sec3e"><title>Passifloraceae</title><p><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> Sims (sour passion fruit), Lagoa Grande, Minas Gerais, 07.IV.2006.</p></sec><sec id="sec3f"><title>Solanaceae</title><p><italic>Solanum gilo</italic> Raddi (scarlet eggplant), Pipiripau, Planaltina, Distrito Federal, 22.XI.2005 and Caturra farm, Vale do Ribeira, Miracatu, São Paulo, 16.I.2006. Caturra farm, Miracatu, Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, 16.I.2006.</p><p><italic>Solanum melongena</italic> L. (eggplant), Faculdade da Terra, Recanto das Emas, Federal District, 28.XI.2005.</p><p><italic>Michelia champaca</italic>, <italic>P. edulis</italic>, <italic>S. gilo</italic> and <italic>S. melongena</italic> are new hosts for <italic>E. banksi</italic> in the world.</p><p>Tetranychinae Berlese, Tetranychini Reck</p></sec><sec id="sec3g"><title><bold><italic>Mononychellus tanajoa</italic></bold>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr12">Bondar 1938</xref>)</title><p><italic>Tetranychus tanajoa</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr12">Bondar, 1938</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Manihot ultilissima</italic> and <italic>M. aipim.</italic> Type-locality: Bahia, Brazil.</p></sec><sec id="sec3h"><title>Fabaceae</title><p><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> L. (beans), Vargem Bonita, Núcleo Bandeirantes, Distrito Federal, 23.XI.2005.</p><p>This is the first report of <italic>M. tanajoa</italic> infesting beans (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>) under field conditions. This mite mainly infests species from the <italic>Manihot</italic> genus (Euphorbiaceae) and is also reported on plants from the Asteraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Curcubitaceae, Passifloraceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, and Solanaceae families in the northeastern region of Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr84">Tuttle et al. 1977</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr70">Moraes et al. 1995</xref>). Plants of the Fabaceae family were cited as hosts for the <italic>M. tanajoa</italic> in Brazil (<italic>Canavalia Braziliensis</italic> Mart. ex Benth., <italic>Macroptilium martii</italic> Benth) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr70">Moraes et al. 1995</xref>), in Central America (<italic>Erythrina</italic> sp., <italic>Gliricidia maculata</italic> Kunth) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr02">Andrews and Poe 1980</xref>; Gutierrez 1986; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr10">Bolland et al. 1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr67">Migeon and Dorkeld 2006</xref>), and Mexico ([<italic>Gliricidia sepium</italic> (Jacq.) Kunth))] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr85">Tuttle et al. 1976</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec3i"><title>Passifloraceae</title><p><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> Sims (yellow passion fruit), Faculdades Integradas da União Pioneira de Integração Social, UPIS, Planaltina, Distrito Federal, 06.XII.2005.</p><p><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> is a new host for <italic>M. tanajoa.</italic> This mite was previously reported on <italic>P. cincinnata</italic> Mart. by Moraes et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr70">1995</xref>) in the northeast region of Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr70">Moraes et al. 1995</xref>). The passion fruit plants (<italic>P. edulis</italic>) and the bean plants (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>) were near a cassava plantation (<italic>Manihot esculenta</italic> Crantz) that was highly infested with <italic>M. tanajoa.</italic> According to Moraes et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr70">1995</xref>), high levels of <italic>M. tanajoa</italic> in cassava plantations can cause to the species to be dispersed by the wind to nearby plants and temporarily infest alternative hosts.</p></sec><sec id="sec3j"><title><bold><italic>Oligonychus anonae</italic></bold>Paschoal 1970</title><p><italic>Oligonychus anonae</italic> Paschoal, 1970. Type-host: <italic>Annona muricata</italic> L. Type-locality: Jaboticabal, Brazil.</p></sec><sec id="sec3k"><title>Annonaceae</title><p><italic>Annona squamosa</italic> L. (sweetsop), in the Jaíba, Mucambinho Project, Minas Gerais, 08.IV.2006.</p><p>This species was reported in São Paulo on soursop (<italic>A. muricata</italic>) (Annonaceae) (Paschoal 1970) and was collected from Lauraceae plants (<italic>Persea americana</italic> Mill.,) and Vitaceae (<italic>Vitis vinifera L.</italic>) in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr75">Paschoal 1970a</xref>). <italic>Annona squamosa</italic> (sweetsop) is a new host for the <italic>O. anonae.</italic></p></sec><sec id="sec3l"><title><bold><italic>Oligonychus mangiferus</italic></bold><break></break>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr78">Rahman and Sapra 1940</xref>)</title><p><italic>Paratetranychus mangiferus</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr78">Rahman and Sapra, 1940</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> L. Type-locality: Pakistan.</p></sec><sec id="sec3m"><title>Euphorbiaceae</title><p><italic>Ricinus communis</italic> L., (castor oil plant), BR 040, km 40, Luziânia, Goiás, 19.XII.2005.</p></sec><sec id="sec3n"><title>Punicaceae</title><p><italic>Punica granatum</italic> L. (pomegranate), Recanto Novo, Minas Gerais, 13.V.2006.</p></sec><sec id="sec3o"><title>Rubiaceae</title><p><italic>Mussaenda</italic> sp. (pink mussaenda), Recanto Novo, Minas Gerais 13.V.2006.</p><p>This is the first report of <italic>O. mangiferus</italic> on castor oil plants and pomegranates in the Neotropics. This mite was previously found on these host plants in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr49">Gupta 1976</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr48">Gupta and Gupta 1994</xref>). <italic>Mussaenda</italic> L. is reported for the first time as a host for <italic>O. mangiferus.</italic></p></sec><sec id="sec3p"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus bastosi</italic></bold><break></break><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr84">Tuttle, Baker, and Sales 1977</xref></title><p><italic>Tetranychus</italic> (<italic>Tetranychus</italic>) <italic>bastosi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr84">Tuttle, Baker, and Sales 1977</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Morus rubra</italic> L. Type-locality: Crato, Brazil.</p></sec><sec id="sec3q"><title>Malvaceae</title><p><italic>Gossypium barbadense</italic> L. (wild cotton), Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais — EPAMIG, Nova Porteirinha, Minas Gerais, 10.IV.2006.</p><p>This is first report of <italic>T. bastosi</italic> on cotton (<italic>G. barbadense</italic>). This species was observed previously on <italic>Malva rotundifolia</italic> L. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr84">Tuttle et al. 1977</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec3r"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus desertorum</italic></bold><break></break><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr08">Banks 1900</xref></title><p><italic>Tetranychus desertorum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr08">Banks, 1900</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Larrea tridentata</italic> J. M. Coult, <italic>Phacelia crenulata</italic> Torr. ex S. Watson. Type-locality: Mesilla, United States.</p></sec><sec id="sec3s"><title>Fabaceae</title><p><italic>Mucuna aterrima</italic> Holland (black mucuna), Institute Agronômico de Campinas, ICA, Campinas, São Paulo, 10.1.2006.</p><p>Baker and Pritchard (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr05">1962</xref>) reported <italic>T. desertorum</italic> on <italic>M. pruriens</italic> in Central America. Therefore, <italic>M. aterrima</italic> is a new registered host in the Fabaceae family for the <italic>T. desertorum</italic> in South America.</p></sec><sec id="sec3t"><title>Magnoliaceae</title><p><italic>Michelia champaca</italic> L. (yellow magnolia), Faculdade da Terra de Brasilia, Recanto das Emas, Distrito Federal, 28.XI.2005 and the Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 06.V.2006.</p><p><italic>Michelia champaca</italic> is a new host for <italic>T. desertorum.</italic></p></sec><sec id="sec3u"><title>Solanaceae</title><p><italic>Solanum melongena</italic> L. (eggplant), Faculdade da Terra, Recanto das Emas, Distrito Federal, 28.XI.2005.</p><p><italic>Solanum gilo</italic> Raddi (scarlet eggplant), Pipiripau, Planaltina, Distrito Federal, 22.XI.2005 and Caturra farm, Vale do Ribeira, Miracatu, São Paulo, 16.1.2006. Caturra farm, Miracatu, Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, 16.I.2006.</p><p>This is the first report of <italic>T. desertorum</italic> on eggplant (<italic>S. Melongena</italic>) in South America previously registered in Japan by Ehara (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr20">1956</xref>). Infestations of <italic>T. desertorum</italic> in Brazil were registered on <italic>Acnistus cauliflorus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr33">Flechtmann 1967</xref>),; <italic>Brugmansia suaveolens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr45">Furtado et al. 2006</xref>),; <italic>Brunfelsia sp</italic>, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr39">Flechtmann 2004</xref>),; <italic>Lycopersicon esculentum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr33">Flechtmann 1967</xref>), and <italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr75">Paschoal 1970a</xref>).</p><p><italic>Solanum gilo</italic> is reported as a new host for <italic>T. desertorum.</italic></p></sec><sec id="sec3v"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus evansi</italic></bold><break></break><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr04">Baker and Pritchard 1960</xref></title><p><italic>Tetranychus evansi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr04">Baker and Pritchard,, 1960</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Lycopersicon esculentum</italic> L. Type-locality: Mauritius. (Indian Ocean).</p></sec><sec id="sec3w"><title>Caricaceae</title><p><italic>Carica papaya</italic> L. (papaya), Mumbecas farm, Recife, Pernambuco, 11.VIII.2006.</p><p><italic>Tetranychus evansi</italic> was originally described using samples collected from tomato plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr04">Baker and Pritchard 1960</xref>). However, this mite had already been discovered in Brazil by Silva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr81">1954</xref>) who described it as <italic>T. marianae</italic> McGregor. Since then it has been reported in the United States (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr10">Bolland et al. 1998</xref>) and
more recently in Africa, Argentina, China, Spain, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Puerto Rico, Portugal, and Taiwan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr67">Migeon and Dorkeld 2006</xref>). <italic>Tetranychus evansi</italic> is currently reported on 93 host species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr67">Migeon and Dorkeld 2006</xref>), most of which belong to the Solanaceae family (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr10">Bolland et al. 1998</xref>; Moraes et al. 1987). Infestations were reported in Europe of this mite across several plant families (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr32">Ferragut and Escudero 1999</xref>). However, the only reports on the biology of <italic>T. evansi</italic> are for those found on tomato plants. <italic>Carica papaya</italic> is a new host for the <italic>T. evansi.</italic></p></sec><sec id="sec3x"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus ludeni</italic></bold><break></break>Zacher 1913</title><p><italic>Tetranychus ludeni</italic> Zacher, 1913 (Zacher 1913 <italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr77">Pritchard and Baker 1955</xref>). Type-host: <italic>Cucurbita sp., Salvia splendens</italic> Ker Gawl. Type-locality: St. Cloud (near Paris), , France.</p></sec><sec id="sec3y"><title>Cucurbitaceae</title><p><italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic> (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai (watermelon), Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, 29.III.2005, 12.III.2005 e 30.III.2005.</p></sec><sec id="sec3z"><title>Geraniaceae</title><p><italic>Pelargonium hortorum</italic> L. H. Bailey (geranium), Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, 19.XII.2005.</p></sec><sec id="sec3aa"><title>Rosaceae</title><p><italic>Prunus domestica</italic> L. (plumb), Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 09.V.2006.</p><p><italic>Tetranychus ludeni</italic> was previously found on <italic>C.</italic><italic>lanatus</italic>, <italic>P. hortorum</italic> and <italic>P. domestica</italic> in Africa, Central America, (El Salvador), Australia, and India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr64">Meyer and Ryke 1959</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr15">Davis 1968</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr02">Andrews and Poe 1980</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr51">Gutierrez and Schicha 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr48">Gupta and Gupta 1994</xref>). This is the first report of these hosts in South America.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ab"><title>Rutaceae</title><p><italic>Citrus limonia</italic> L. (mandarin-lime), Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 09.V.2006.</p><p>This is the first report of <italic>Citrus limonia</italic> as a host for <italic>T. ludeni.</italic></p></sec><sec id="sec3ac"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus mexicanus</italic></bold><break></break>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr62">McGregor 1950</xref>)</title><p><italic>Tetranychus mexicanus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr62">McGregor 1950</xref>). Type-host: <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> L. Type-locality: Mexico.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ad"><title>Fabaceae</title><p><italic>Erythrina indica</italic> Lam. (coral tree), Três Marias, Minas Gerais, 09.IV.2006.</p><p>This is the first report of <italic>T. mexicanus</italic> infesting the <italic>E. indica</italic> ornamental plant in South America. According to Migeon and Dorkeld (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr67">2006</xref>), <italic>T. mexicanus</italic> infests these hosts of the Fabaceae family: <italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic> L., <italic>Bauhinia</italic> sp., <italic>Centrosema pubescens</italic> Benth, <italic>Crotalaria retusa</italic> L., <italic>Erythrina poeppigiana</italic> O. F. Cook, and <italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> L.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ae"><title>Vitaceae</title><p><italic>Vitis vinifera L.</italic> (grapes.), Pirapora, Minas Gerais, 12.IV.2006.</p><p>This is the first report of <italic>T. mexicanus</italic> on plants of the Vitaceae family.</p></sec><sec id="sec3af"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus neocaledonicus</italic></bold><break></break><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr01">André 1933</xref></title><p><italic>Eotetranychus neocaledonicus</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr01">André,, 1933</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Gossypium</italic> sp. Type-locality: New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific Ocean).</p></sec><sec id="sec3ag"><title>Lamiaceae</title><p><italic>Ocimum basilicum</italic> L. (basil), Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia Cenargen, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 23.VII.2006.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ah"><title>Moraceae</title><p><italic>Morus rubra</italic> L. (mulberry), SQS 202 Sul, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 23.VI.2008</p></sec><sec id="sec3ai"><title>Solanaceae</title><p><italic>Cestrum intermedium</italic> Sendtn. (night blooming jasmine), Recanto Novo, Minas Gerais, 13.V.2006</p><p><italic>Cestrum intermedium</italic>, <italic>O. basilicum</italic>, and <italic>M. rubra</italic> are new hosts for <italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic> in the world. However, the presence of <italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic> on <italic>Cestrum</italic> sp. has been registered in the state of Rio de Janeiro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr38">Flechtmann 1981</xref>). Other plant species belonging to the <italic>Ocimum</italic> and <italic>Morus</italic> genera (<italic>O. sanctum</italic> L., <italic>M. alba</italic> L., <italic>M. australis</italic> Poir, <italic>M. indica</italic> L., <italic>M. nigra L., M.</italic> sp.) were registered as hosts for <italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic> in Cuba, India, Japan, and Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr58">Livshits and Salinas-Croche 1968</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr07">Baker 1975</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr50">Gupta 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr48">Gupta and Gupta 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr19">Ehara and Yamaguchi 2001</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec3aj"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus urticae</italic></bold><break></break><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr57">Koch 1836</xref></title><p><italic>Tetranychus urticae</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr57">Koch, 1836</xref>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr57">Koch 1836</xref><italic>apud</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr77">Pritchard and Baker 1955</xref>). Type-host: <italic>Urtica sp.</italic> Type-locality: Regensburg, Germany.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ak"><title>Asteraceae</title><p><italic>Ambrosia polystachya</italic> DC. (ragweed), Itaqui, Rio Grande do Sul, 29.IX.2007.</p><p><italic>Parthenium</italic> sp. (parthenium), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 26.IX.2007.</p><p>Paschoal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr76">1970b</xref>) first confirmed the presence of <italic>T. urticae</italic> on <italic>A. trifida</italic> L. in the state of São Paulo. <italic>Ambrosia polystachya</italic> is a new host for <italic>T. urticae</italic> in Brazil and in the world.</p><p>Reports of <italic>Tetranychus urticae</italic> on <italic>Parthenium</italic> sp. were made in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr48">Gupta and Gupta, 1994</xref>). In the Americas, the first report of its presence on <italic>Parthenium</italic> sp. occurred in Rio Grande do Sul.</p></sec><sec id="sec3al"><title>Bignoniaceae</title><p><italic>Pyrostegia venusta</italic> Miers (flame vine), Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 09.V.2006.</p><p>Vargas et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr87">1996</xref>) described <italic>T. urticae</italic> infestations on <italic>P. ignea</italic> C. Presl. in Costa Rica. This was the first report of <italic>T. urticae</italic> infesting <italic>P. venusta</italic> in the world.</p></sec><sec id="sec3am"><title>Fabaceae</title><p><italic>Phaseolus lunatus</italic> L. (lima beans), Embrapa Hortaliças, Gama, Distrito Federal, 07.XII.2005.</p><p><italic>Macroptilium atropurpureum</italic> (L.) (siratro), Caliman farm, Cruz das Almas, Bahia.</p><p>Infestations of <italic>T. urticae</italic> on <italic>P. lunatus</italic> were reported in the United States, India, and Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr80">Reeves 1963</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr48">Gupta and Gupta 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr55">Ho et al. 1997</xref>) and on <italic>M. atropurpureum</italic> in Greece (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr53">Hatzinikolis 1969</xref>). <italic>Phaseolus lunatus and M. atropurpureum</italic> are new hosts for <italic>T. urticae</italic> in South America.</p></sec><sec id="sec3an"><title>Passifloraceae</title><p><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> Sims (yellow passion fruit), Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, 17.V.2007.</p><p><italic>Tetranychus urticae</italic> on passion fruit (<italic>P. caerulea</italic> L. and <italic>P. edulis</italic>) was reported in Venezuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr17">Doreste 1968</xref>) and Australia (<italic>Passiflora</italic> sp.) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr51">Gutierrez and Schicha 1983</xref>). This is the first report of <italic>T. urticae</italic> on passion fruit (<italic>P. edulis</italic>) in Brazil.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ao"><title>Poaceae</title><p><italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L. (wheat), Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, 27.IX.2006.</p><p>The first <italic>T. urticae</italic> infestation of wheat crops (<italic>Triticum</italic> sp.) was registered in Greece (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr53">Hatzinikolis 1969</xref>). This wheat infestation in Brazil is the first occurrence in the Americas.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ap"><title>Zingiberaceae</title><p><italic>Alpinia purpurata</italic> K. Schum (alpinia), Faculdade da Terra de Brasília, Recanto das Emas, Distrito Federal, 28.XI.2005.</p><p>Cases of <italic>Tetranychus urticae</italic> on Zingiberaceae (<italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L.) were reported in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr48">Gupta and Gupta 1994</xref>). This is the first report of <italic>T. urticae</italic> on alpinia (<italic>A. purpurata</italic>) in the world.</p><p>The single sample collected in Uruguay revealed a new host for the two-spotted spider mite (<italic>T. urticae</italic>).</p></sec><sec id="sec3aq"><title>Verbenaceae</title><p><italic>Lantana camara</italic> L. (wild sage), Rio Negro, San Javier, Uruguay, 06.VI.2007. (-58.1312 S; -32.6368 W - collected by D. Navia and E. Castiglione).</p><p><italic>Tetranychus urticae</italic> infesting <italic>L. camara</italic> was first observed in the United States and in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr82">Thewke and Enns 1969</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr48">Gupta and Gupta 1994</xref>); this is the first record in South America.</p></sec><sec id="sec3ar"><title>New localities for Tetranychidae mites in Brazil</title><p>New localities have been registered for <italic>Eotetranychus tremae</italic>, <italic>O. anonae</italic>, <italic>T. gloveri</italic>, <italic>P. ulmi</italic>, and <italic>E. smithi</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02_01">Table 2</xref>).</p><p>Tetranychinae Berlese, Tetranychini Reck</p></sec><sec id="sec3as"><title><italic>Eotetranychus tremae</italic><break></break><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr16">De Leon 1957</xref></title><p><italic>Eotetranychus tremae</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr16">De Leon 1957</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Trema floridanum.</italic> Type-locality: Coral Gables, United States.</p><p>Reports of <italic>Eotetranychus tremae</italic> infesting <italic>Acalypha</italic> sp. ornamental plant have been registered in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Previous reports in Brazil were registered in the states of Rio de Janeiro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr38">Flechtmann 1981</xref>) and São Paulo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr39">Flechtmann 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr14">Daud and Feres 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr30">Feres et al. 2005</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec3at"><title><bold><italic>Oligonychus anonae</italic></bold>Paschoal 1970</title><p><italic>Oligonychus anonae</italic> Paschoal, 1970. Type-host: <italic>Annona muricata</italic> L., <italic>Persea americana</italic> Mill., <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L. Type-locality: Brazil.</p><p>Paschoal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr75">1970a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr76">1970b</xref>) described this species from samples collected from soursop (<italic>Annona. muricata</italic>) in the state of São Paulo. Its presence on <italic>A. squamosa</italic> in the municipality of Mocambinho, in northern Minas Gerais, indicates a new locality for this species in Brazil.</p></sec><sec id="sec3au"><title><bold><italic>Tetranychus gloveri</italic></bold><break></break><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr08">Banks 1900</xref></title><p><italic>Tetranychus gloveri</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr08">Banks, 1900</xref>. Type-host: <italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic> L. Type-locality: Baton Rouge, United States</p><p><italic>Tetranychus gloveri</italic> was reported on beans in Bahia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr11">Bondar 1930</xref>) and on papaya at an (unspecified location) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr67">Migeon and Dorkeld 2006</xref>). Reports of its presence on papaya (<italic>Carica. papaya</italic> L.) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte indicate a new locality for this species.</p></sec><sec id="sec3av"><title><bold><italic>Panonychus ulmi</italic></bold><break></break>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr57">Koch 1836</xref>)</title><p><italic>Tetranychus ulmi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr57">Koch, 1836</xref>. Koch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr57">1836</xref>). Type-host: <italic>Ulmus sp.</italic> Type-locality: Regensburg, Germany.</p><p>Reports of the European red mite (<italic>P. ulmi</italic>) on grape vines (<italic>Vitis vinifera L.</italic>) were registered for the first time in Brazil in 2008 when damages caused by these mites were first noticed on crops in Rio Grande do Sul (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr31">Ferla and Botton 2008</xref>). In this work, a second occurrence of <italic>P. ulmi</italic> infesting grape vines was reported in Pirapora, state of Minas Gerais.</p><p><italic>Panonychus ulmi</italic> was first reported in Brazil by Flechtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr34">1967a</xref>), who discovered them on apples imported from Argentina. Soon after, Bleicher (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr09">1974</xref>) reported their presence on apple trees (<italic>Malus domestica</italic> L.) growing in orchards in the south of the country. However, European countries such as France, Austria, Portugal, Italy, and Greece consider the <italic>P. ulmi</italic> a grape vine pest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr79">Rambier 1958</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr03">Artofer 1976</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr13">Carmona and Dias 1980</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr47">Girolami and Mozzi 1983</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr74">Papaioannou-Souliotis et al. 1994</xref>). Similar reports were also registered in Morocco and the United States (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr80">Reeves 1963</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr83">Tixier et al. 2003</xref>).</p><p>Despite reports of <italic>P. ulmi</italic> on apple trees as early as 1967 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr34">Flechtmann, 1976a</xref>), grape vines in Brazil were not affected, in contrast to the damages the <italic>P. ulmi</italic> caused to vineyards in Europe. Navia et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr71">1998</xref>) hypothesized that the mites that attacked grape vines in Europe had different biotypes than those that infested apple trees. Moraes and Flechtmann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr59">2008</xref>) emphasized the importance of avoiding introduction of European mites into Brazil, stating the reason this species was not present on grape vines in Brazil was unknown. They suggested the possibility of biological differences between Brazilian and European mites.</p><p>The spread of <italic>P. ulmi</italic> infestation on grape vines from Rio Grande do Sul (2005/2006) to Minas Gerais (2006) state could be the result of the two states trading plant propagation material. The hypothesis that European mites were introduced into Brazil cannot be discarded considering that <italic>P. ulmi</italic> were discovered approximately 40 years ago and have only recently been causing damage to grape vines. Ferla and Botton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr31">2008</xref>) state that the probable causes for <italic>P. ulmi</italic> dispersion in Brazil are: the proximity of apple tree plantations to vineyards in the south of Brazil; the trading of infested plant material within Brazil and abroad; and unbalanced apple orchards due to excessive application of chemical products, especially non-selective fungicides.</p><p>New occurrences of phytophagous mites in South America were recently reported in the literature. For instance, the citrus Hindu mite, <italic>Schizotetranychus hindustanicus</italic> (Hirst) was collected from citrus in the municipality of Boa Vista, State of Roraima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr73">Navia and Marsaro Jr. 2010</xref>), and <italic>Eotetranychus smithi</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr77">Pritchard & Baker 1955</xref> from roses in Rio Branco, Acre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr63">Mendonça et al. 2010</xref>); both states from the Northern region of the country. <italic>Tetranychus roseus</italic> Gutierrez 1969 was first observed in São Paulo in 2007 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr59">Matioli et al. 2008</xref>) and its dispersal in the state was reported by Matioli et al (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bibr60">2010</xref>).</p><p>These new occurrences for mites in Brazil together with the results obtained in this study indicate the importance of intensified surveys on different host plants in the country. Doing this will broaden the understanding of the Tetranychidae family and give light to management and control of these mite species in agricultural systems.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec4"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Thirty-five new hosts were registered for 11 tetranychid species already known in Brazil: <italic>E. banksi</italic> (6 hosts), <italic>M. tanajoa</italic> (2), <italic>O. anonae</italic> (1), <italic>O. mangiferus</italic> (3), <italic>T. bastosi</italic> (1), <italic>T. desertorum</italic> (4), <italic>T. evansi</italic> (1), <italic>T. ludeni</italic> (4), <italic>T. mexicanus</italic> (2), <italic>T. neocaledonicus</italic> (3), and <italic>T. urticae</italic> (8), as well as one in Uruguay for <italic>T. urticae.</italic> New localities were registered in Brazil for <italic>E. tremae</italic>, <italic>O. anonae</italic>, <italic>T. gloveri</italic> and <italic>P. ulmi.</italic></p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors would like to thank Fábio Aquino Albuquerque, Embrapa - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Algodão, Campina Grande, PA; Adalton Raga and Mario E. Sato, Institute Biológico de São Paulo, Campinas, SP; Marineide Rosa Vieira, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Botucatu, SP; Lino Bittencourt Monteiro, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Paraná, RS; Manoel G. C. Gondin, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE; José Maria Milanez, Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo, RS; Empresa Caliman, Espírito Santo; Aloyséia Cristina Noronha, Embrapa Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belén, PA; Marcílio Thomazini, Embrapa Acre, Rio Branco, Acre; Marcone C. M. Chagas, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN; Elton Lúcio de Araújo, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN; Ricardo Adaime da Silva, Embrapa Agroflorestal, Macapá, AP; Paulo E. Degrande, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS; Marcelo Poletti, PROMIP Ltda, Piracicaba, SP, and students Renato Tratch and Samuel Rogger for assistance in the collection of mite samples. Research for this paper was conducted in part to fulfill requirements for the PhD degree of the senior author in Animal Biology, University of Brasilia, and Ecology, Biodiversity and Evolution, University of Montpellier II, France. This work was partially supported by CAPES, Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil. The authors are also grateful to CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil, for providing the fellowship.</p><sec id="sec5"><title>Editor's note:</title><p>Paper copies of this article will be deposited in the following libraries. Universitaetsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, Frankfurt Germany; National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois USA; University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona USA, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington D.C. USA; The Linnean Society, London, England. 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Rica.</article-title><source><italic>Manejo Integrado de Plagas</italic></source><volume>40</volume><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>43</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bibr88"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zacher</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><year>1933</year><article-title>Ubersicht der deutschen Spinnmilben.</article-title><source><italic>Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen</italic> Museum <italic>in</italic> Berlin</source><volume>19</volume><fpage>584</fpage><lpage>589</lpage></element-citation></ref></ref-list><app-group><app id="app01"><title>Appendix 1</title><table-wrap id="ta01_01" position="anchor"><label>Appendix 1. </label><caption><p>Tetranychid mites species collected in Brazil and Uruguay between October 2004 and July 2008 with information on collection sites, host plants, collecting dates, and collectors.</p></caption><graphic 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