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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Usefulness of child development assessments for low-resource settings in francophone Africa</title>
<author><name sortKey="Koura, Ghislain K" sort="Koura, Ghislain K" uniqKey="Koura G" first="Ghislain K." last="Koura">Ghislain K. Koura</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre Marie Curie, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boivin, Michael J" sort="Boivin, Michael J" uniqKey="Boivin M" first="Michael J." last="Boivin">Michael J. Boivin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davidson, Leslie L" sort="Davidson, Leslie L" uniqKey="Davidson L" first="Leslie L." last="Davidson">Leslie L. Davidson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Mailman School of Public Health and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ouedraogo, Smaila" sort="Ouedraogo, Smaila" uniqKey="Ouedraogo S" first="Smaïla" last="Ouédraogo">Smaïla Ouédraogo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre Marie Curie, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zoumenou, Romeo" sort="Zoumenou, Romeo" uniqKey="Zoumenou R" first="Roméo" last="Zoumenou">Roméo Zoumenou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l’Enfant, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alao, Maroufou J" sort="Alao, Maroufou J" uniqKey="Alao M" first="Maroufou J." last="Alao">Maroufou J. Alao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia, Andre" sort="Garcia, Andre" uniqKey="Garcia A" first="André" last="Garcia">André Garcia</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Massougbodji, Achille" sort="Massougbodji, Achille" uniqKey="Massougbodji A" first="Achille" last="Massougbodji">Achille Massougbodji</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l’Enfant, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cot, Michel" sort="Cot, Michel" uniqKey="Cot M" first="Michel" last="Cot">Michel Cot</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bodeau Livinec, Florence" sort="Bodeau Livinec, Florence" uniqKey="Bodeau Livinec F" first="Florence" last="Bodeau-Livinec">Florence Bodeau-Livinec</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">New York University, School of Medicine, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">23899660</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3821168</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3821168</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3821168</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1097/DBP.0b013e31829d211c</idno>
<date when="2013">2013</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001C31</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001C31</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Usefulness of child development assessments for low-resource settings in francophone Africa</title>
<author><name sortKey="Koura, Ghislain K" sort="Koura, Ghislain K" uniqKey="Koura G" first="Ghislain K." last="Koura">Ghislain K. Koura</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre Marie Curie, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boivin, Michael J" sort="Boivin, Michael J" uniqKey="Boivin M" first="Michael J." last="Boivin">Michael J. Boivin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davidson, Leslie L" sort="Davidson, Leslie L" uniqKey="Davidson L" first="Leslie L." last="Davidson">Leslie L. Davidson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Mailman School of Public Health and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ouedraogo, Smaila" sort="Ouedraogo, Smaila" uniqKey="Ouedraogo S" first="Smaïla" last="Ouédraogo">Smaïla Ouédraogo</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">Université Pierre Marie Curie, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zoumenou, Romeo" sort="Zoumenou, Romeo" uniqKey="Zoumenou R" first="Roméo" last="Zoumenou">Roméo Zoumenou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l’Enfant, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alao, Maroufou J" sort="Alao, Maroufou J" uniqKey="Alao M" first="Maroufou J." last="Alao">Maroufou J. Alao</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia, Andre" sort="Garcia, Andre" uniqKey="Garcia A" first="André" last="Garcia">André Garcia</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Massougbodji, Achille" sort="Massougbodji, Achille" uniqKey="Massougbodji A" first="Achille" last="Massougbodji">Achille Massougbodji</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l’Enfant, Cotonou, Bénin</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cot, Michel" sort="Cot, Michel" uniqKey="Cot M" first="Michel" last="Cot">Michel Cot</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bodeau Livinec, Florence" sort="Bodeau Livinec, Florence" uniqKey="Bodeau Livinec F" first="Florence" last="Bodeau-Livinec">Florence Bodeau-Livinec</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">New York University, School of Medicine, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0196-206X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1536-7312</idno>
<imprint><date when="2013">2013</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Objective</title>
<p id="P1">Few tools are available to screen or assess infant’s cognitive development, especially in French-speaking Africa. This study evaluated the use of the French translation of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), and the ‘Ten Questions’ questionnaire (TQ) in 1-year-old children in Benin, a francophone country.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P2">A cross-sectional study was conducted in three health centers serving a semi-rural area in Benin. Three hundred fifty-seven children aged 12 months and their mothers were enrolled in 2011. Infant development was assessed at local health centers followed by a home visit to collect information on socioeconomic status, maternal Raven score, maternal depressive symptoms, and mother–child interactions (HOME Inventory) and to administer the TQ.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">The infant’s gender (female), the HOME and maternal education were associated with a higher Early Learning Composite score in multivariate analyses (<italic>P</italic>
=.02, <italic>P</italic>
=.004, <italic>P</italic>
=.007, respectively). The HOME and family wealth were also associated with the gross motor scale (<italic>P</italic>
=.03 and <italic>P</italic>
=.03, respectively). Mothers were more likely to report difficulties on the TQ when the child presented lower score on the MSEL. When considering the gross motor scale as the gold standard to define moderate delays, the two combined motor-related questions on the TQ showed good sensitivity and specificity (76.5 and 75.7).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p id="P4">In a low-resource rural setting in Africa, the TQ effectively identified three-quarters of 1-year-old infants with delayed development. After this screening, the MSEL may be useful for further assessment as it showed good feasibility and sensitivity to known risk factors for poor child development.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8006933</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">4649</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Dev Behav Pediatr</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Dev Behav Pediatr</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0196-206X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1536-7312</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23899660</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3821168</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/DBP.0b013e31829d211c</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS497754</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Usefulness of child development assessments for low-resource settings in francophone Africa</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koura</surname>
<given-names>Ghislain K.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boivin</surname>
<given-names>Michael J.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davidson</surname>
<given-names>Leslie L.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, MSc</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ouédraogo</surname>
<given-names>Smaïla</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zoumenou</surname>
<given-names>Roméo</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MSc</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alao</surname>
<given-names>Maroufou J.</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garcia</surname>
<given-names>André</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Massougbodji</surname>
<given-names>Achille</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cot</surname>
<given-names>Michel</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bodeau-Livinec</surname>
<given-names>Florence</given-names>
</name>
<degrees>MD, PhD</degrees>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
Université Pierre Marie Curie, Paris, France</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>4</label>
International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA</aff>
<aff id="A5"><label>5</label>
Mailman School of Public Health and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA</aff>
<aff id="A6"><label>6</label>
Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin</aff>
<aff id="A7"><label>7</label>
Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l’Enfant, Cotonou, Bénin</aff>
<aff id="A8"><label>8</label>
EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France</aff>
<aff id="A9"><label>9</label>
New York University, School of Medicine, USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="CR1"><bold>Address correspondence to:</bold>
Florence Bodeau-Livinec, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), Département d’épidémiologie et biostatistiques, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes Cedex France Tel: +33 (0)2 99 02 26 78; Fax: +33 (0)2 99 02 26 75; <underline><email>florence.bodeau-livinec@ehesp.fr</email>
</underline>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>9</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>9</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<elocation-id>10.1097/DBP.0b013e31829d211c</elocation-id>
<abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Objective</title>
<p id="P1">Few tools are available to screen or assess infant’s cognitive development, especially in French-speaking Africa. This study evaluated the use of the French translation of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), and the ‘Ten Questions’ questionnaire (TQ) in 1-year-old children in Benin, a francophone country.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P2">A cross-sectional study was conducted in three health centers serving a semi-rural area in Benin. Three hundred fifty-seven children aged 12 months and their mothers were enrolled in 2011. Infant development was assessed at local health centers followed by a home visit to collect information on socioeconomic status, maternal Raven score, maternal depressive symptoms, and mother–child interactions (HOME Inventory) and to administer the TQ.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P3">The infant’s gender (female), the HOME and maternal education were associated with a higher Early Learning Composite score in multivariate analyses (<italic>P</italic>
=.02, <italic>P</italic>
=.004, <italic>P</italic>
=.007, respectively). The HOME and family wealth were also associated with the gross motor scale (<italic>P</italic>
=.03 and <italic>P</italic>
=.03, respectively). Mothers were more likely to report difficulties on the TQ when the child presented lower score on the MSEL. When considering the gross motor scale as the gold standard to define moderate delays, the two combined motor-related questions on the TQ showed good sensitivity and specificity (76.5 and 75.7).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title>
<p id="P4">In a low-resource rural setting in Africa, the TQ effectively identified three-quarters of 1-year-old infants with delayed development. After this screening, the MSEL may be useful for further assessment as it showed good feasibility and sensitivity to known risk factors for poor child development.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Child development</kwd>
<kwd>Mullen Scales of Early Learning</kwd>
<kwd>Ten Questions Questionnaire</kwd>
<kwd>HOME scale</kwd>
<kwd>Africa</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United States">National Institute of Child Health & Human Development : NICHD</funding-source>
<award-id>R21 HD060524 || HD</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
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