Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment of HIV and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors among Formal Sector Employees in Namibia
Identifieur interne : 001470 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 001469; suivant : 001471Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment of HIV and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors among Formal Sector Employees in Namibia
Auteurs : Leonor Guariguata [Pays-Bas] ; Ingrid De Beer [Namibie] ; Rina Hough [Namibie] ; Pancho Mulongeni [Namibie] ; Frank G. Feeley [États-Unis] ; Tobias F. Rinke De Wit [Pays-Bas]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is growing in sub-Saharan Africa combined with an already high prevalence of infectious disease, like HIV. Engaging the formal employment sector may present a viable strategy for addressing both HIV and NCDs in people of working age. This study assesses the presence of three of the most significant threats to health in Namibia among employees in the formal sector: elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV and assesses the knowledge and self-perceived risk of employees for these conditions.
A health and wellness screening survey of employees working in 13 industries in the formal sector of Namibia was conducted including 11,192 participants in the Bophelo! Project in Namibia, from January 2009 to October 2010. The survey combined a medical screening for HIV, blood glucose and blood pressure with an employee-completed survey on knowledge and risk behaviors for those conditions. We estimated the prevalence of the three conditions and compared to self-reported employee knowledge and risk behaviors and possible determinants.
25.8% of participants had elevated blood pressure, 8.3% of participants had an elevated random blood glucose measurement, and 8.9% of participants tested positive for HIV. Most participants were not smokers (80%), reported not drinking alcohol regularly (81.2%), and had regular condom use (66%). Most participants could not correctly identify risk factors for hypertension (57.2%), diabetes (57.3%), or high-risk behaviors for HIV infection (59.5%). In multivariate analysis, having insurance (OR:1.15, 95%CI: 1.03 – 1.28) and a managerial position (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.13 – 1.47) were associated with better odds of knowledge of diabetes.
The prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV among employees of the Namibian formal sector is high, while risk awareness is low. Attention must be paid to improving the knowledge of health-related risk factors as well as providing care to those with chronic conditions in the formal sector through programs such as workplace wellness.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131737
PubMed: 26167926
PubMed Central: 4500388
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment of HIV and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors among Formal Sector Employees in Namibia</title><author><name sortKey="Guariguata, Leonor" sort="Guariguata, Leonor" uniqKey="Guariguata L" first="Leonor" last="Guariguata">Leonor Guariguata</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Beer, Ingrid" sort="De Beer, Ingrid" uniqKey="De Beer I" first="Ingrid" last="De Beer">Ingrid De Beer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Windhoek, Namibia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Namibie</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Windhoek</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Windhoek</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hough, Rina" sort="Hough, Rina" uniqKey="Hough R" first="Rina" last="Hough">Rina Hough</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Windhoek, Namibia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Namibie</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Windhoek</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Windhoek</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mulongeni, Pancho" sort="Mulongeni, Pancho" uniqKey="Mulongeni P" first="Pancho" last="Mulongeni">Pancho Mulongeni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Windhoek, Namibia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Namibie</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Windhoek</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Windhoek</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feeley, Frank G" sort="Feeley, Frank G" uniqKey="Feeley F" first="Frank G." last="Feeley">Frank G. 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Feeley</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" sort="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" uniqKey="Rinke De Wit T" first="Tobias F." last="Rinke De Wit">Tobias F. Rinke De Wit</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Introduction</title><p>The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is growing in sub-Saharan Africa combined with an already high prevalence of infectious disease, like HIV. Engaging the formal employment sector may present a viable strategy for addressing both HIV and NCDs in people of working age. This study assesses the presence of three of the most significant threats to health in Namibia among employees in the formal sector: elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV and assesses the knowledge and self-perceived risk of employees for these conditions.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>A health and wellness screening survey of employees working in 13 industries in the formal sector of Namibia was conducted including 11,192 participants in the Bophelo! Project in Namibia, from January 2009 to October 2010. The survey combined a medical screening for HIV, blood glucose and blood pressure with an employee-completed survey on knowledge and risk behaviors for those conditions. We estimated the prevalence of the three conditions and compared to self-reported employee knowledge and risk behaviors and possible determinants.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>25.8% of participants had elevated blood pressure, 8.3% of participants had an elevated random blood glucose measurement, and 8.9% of participants tested positive for HIV. Most participants were not smokers (80%), reported not drinking alcohol regularly (81.2%), and had regular condom use (66%). Most participants could not correctly identify risk factors for hypertension (57.2%), diabetes (57.3%), or high-risk behaviors for HIV infection (59.5%). In multivariate analysis, having insurance (OR:1.15, 95%CI: 1.03 – 1.28) and a managerial position (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.13 – 1.47) were associated with better odds of knowledge of diabetes.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV among employees of the Namibian formal sector is high, while risk awareness is low. Attention must be paid to improving the knowledge of health-related risk factors as well as providing care to those with chronic conditions in the formal sector through programs such as workplace wellness.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kirigia, Jm" uniqKey="Kirigia J">JM Kirigia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sambo, Hb" uniqKey="Sambo H">HB Sambo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sambo, Lg" uniqKey="Sambo L">LG Sambo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barry, Sp" uniqKey="Barry S">SP Barry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pegus, C" uniqKey="Pegus C">C Pegus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bazzarre, Tl" uniqKey="Bazzarre T">TL Bazzarre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Js" uniqKey="Brown J">JS Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menzin, J" uniqKey="Menzin J">J 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Mensah Y">Y Commodore-Mensah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samuel, Lj" uniqKey="Samuel L">LJ Samuel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dennison Himmelfarb, Cr" uniqKey="Dennison Himmelfarb C">CR Dennison-Himmelfarb</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agyemang, C" uniqKey="Agyemang C">C Agyemang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Freak Poli, R" uniqKey="Freak Poli R">R Freak-Poli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfe, R" uniqKey="Wolfe R">R Wolfe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peeters, A" uniqKey="Peeters A">A Peeters</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kolbe Alexander, T" uniqKey="Kolbe Alexander T">T Kolbe-Alexander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greyling, M" uniqKey="Greyling M">M Greyling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, R" uniqKey="Da Silva R">R da Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milner, K" uniqKey="Milner K">K Milner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patel, D" uniqKey="Patel D">D Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wyper, L" uniqKey="Wyper L">L Wyper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rula, Ey" uniqKey="Rula E">EY Rula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hobgood, A" uniqKey="Hobgood A">A Hobgood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loprinzi, Pd" uniqKey="Loprinzi P">PD Loprinzi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guariguata, L" uniqKey="Guariguata L">L Guariguata</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Beer, I" uniqKey="De Beer I">I de Beer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hough, R" uniqKey="Hough R">R Hough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bindels, E" uniqKey="Bindels E">E Bindels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weimers Maasdorp, D" uniqKey="Weimers Maasdorp D">D Weimers-Maasdorp</name></author><author><name 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