Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment of HIV and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors among Formal Sector Employees in Namibia
Identifieur interne : 003187 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003186; suivant : 003188Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment of HIV and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors among Formal Sector Employees in Namibia
Auteurs : Leonor Guariguata [Pays-Bas] ; Ingrid De Beer [Namibie] ; Rina Hough [Namibie] ; Pancho Mulongeni [Namibie] ; Frank G. Feeley [États-Unis] ; Tobias F. Rinke De Wit [Pays-Bas]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is growing in sub-Saharan Africa combined with an already high prevalence of infectious disease, like HIV. Engaging the formal employment sector may present a viable strategy for addressing both HIV and NCDs in people of working age. This study assesses the presence of three of the most significant threats to health in Namibia among employees in the formal sector: elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV and assesses the knowledge and self-perceived risk of employees for these conditions.
A health and wellness screening survey of employees working in 13 industries in the formal sector of Namibia was conducted including 11,192 participants in the Bophelo! Project in Namibia, from January 2009 to October 2010. The survey combined a medical screening for HIV, blood glucose and blood pressure with an employee-completed survey on knowledge and risk behaviors for those conditions. We estimated the prevalence of the three conditions and compared to self-reported employee knowledge and risk behaviors and possible determinants.
25.8% of participants had elevated blood pressure, 8.3% of participants had an elevated random blood glucose measurement, and 8.9% of participants tested positive for HIV. Most participants were not smokers (80%), reported not drinking alcohol regularly (81.2%), and had regular condom use (66%). Most participants could not correctly identify risk factors for hypertension (57.2%), diabetes (57.3%), or high-risk behaviors for HIV infection (59.5%). In multivariate analysis, having insurance (OR:1.15, 95%CI: 1.03 – 1.28) and a managerial position (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.13 – 1.47) were associated with better odds of knowledge of diabetes.
The prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV among employees of the Namibian formal sector is high, while risk awareness is low. Attention must be paid to improving the knowledge of health-related risk factors as well as providing care to those with chronic conditions in the formal sector through programs such as workplace wellness.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131737
PubMed: 26167926
PubMed Central: 4500388
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Feeley</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" sort="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" uniqKey="Rinke De Wit T" first="Tobias F." last="Rinke De Wit">Tobias F. Rinke De Wit</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Introduction</title><p>The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is growing in sub-Saharan Africa combined with an already high prevalence of infectious disease, like HIV. Engaging the formal employment sector may present a viable strategy for addressing both HIV and NCDs in people of working age. This study assesses the presence of three of the most significant threats to health in Namibia among employees in the formal sector: elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV and assesses the knowledge and self-perceived risk of employees for these conditions.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>A health and wellness screening survey of employees working in 13 industries in the formal sector of Namibia was conducted including 11,192 participants in the Bophelo! Project in Namibia, from January 2009 to October 2010. The survey combined a medical screening for HIV, blood glucose and blood pressure with an employee-completed survey on knowledge and risk behaviors for those conditions. We estimated the prevalence of the three conditions and compared to self-reported employee knowledge and risk behaviors and possible determinants.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>25.8% of participants had elevated blood pressure, 8.3% of participants had an elevated random blood glucose measurement, and 8.9% of participants tested positive for HIV. Most participants were not smokers (80%), reported not drinking alcohol regularly (81.2%), and had regular condom use (66%). Most participants could not correctly identify risk factors for hypertension (57.2%), diabetes (57.3%), or high-risk behaviors for HIV infection (59.5%). In multivariate analysis, having insurance (OR:1.15, 95%CI: 1.03 – 1.28) and a managerial position (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.13 – 1.47) were associated with better odds of knowledge of diabetes.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV among employees of the Namibian formal sector is high, while risk awareness is low. Attention must be paid to improving the knowledge of health-related risk factors as well as providing care to those with chronic conditions in the formal sector through programs such as workplace wellness.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kirigia, Jm" uniqKey="Kirigia J">JM Kirigia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sambo, Hb" uniqKey="Sambo H">HB Sambo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sambo, Lg" uniqKey="Sambo L">LG Sambo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barry, Sp" uniqKey="Barry S">SP Barry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pegus, C" uniqKey="Pegus C">C Pegus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bazzarre, Tl" uniqKey="Bazzarre T">TL Bazzarre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Js" uniqKey="Brown J">JS Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menzin, J" uniqKey="Menzin J">J 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26167926</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4500388</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0131737</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-14-50147</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment of HIV and Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors among Formal Sector Employees in Namibia</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Prevalence and Knowledge Assessment of HIV and NCDs in Namibia</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guariguata</surname><given-names>Leonor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Beer</surname><given-names>Ingrid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hough</surname><given-names>Rina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mulongeni</surname><given-names>Pancho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feeley</surname><given-names>Frank G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rinke de Wit</surname><given-names>Tobias F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Windhoek, Namibia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Anglewicz</surname><given-names>Philip</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Tulane University School of Public Health, UNITED STATES</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: IDB TFRDW. Performed the experiments: PM RH. Analyzed the data: LG RH PM FF. Wrote the paper: LG IDB PM FF TFRDW.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>leonor.guariguata@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e0131737</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Guariguata et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0131737.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Introduction</title><p>The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is growing in sub-Saharan Africa combined with an already high prevalence of infectious disease, like HIV. Engaging the formal employment sector may present a viable strategy for addressing both HIV and NCDs in people of working age. This study assesses the presence of three of the most significant threats to health in Namibia among employees in the formal sector: elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV and assesses the knowledge and self-perceived risk of employees for these conditions.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>A health and wellness screening survey of employees working in 13 industries in the formal sector of Namibia was conducted including 11,192 participants in the Bophelo! Project in Namibia, from January 2009 to October 2010. The survey combined a medical screening for HIV, blood glucose and blood pressure with an employee-completed survey on knowledge and risk behaviors for those conditions. We estimated the prevalence of the three conditions and compared to self-reported employee knowledge and risk behaviors and possible determinants.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>25.8% of participants had elevated blood pressure, 8.3% of participants had an elevated random blood glucose measurement, and 8.9% of participants tested positive for HIV. Most participants were not smokers (80%), reported not drinking alcohol regularly (81.2%), and had regular condom use (66%). Most participants could not correctly identify risk factors for hypertension (57.2%), diabetes (57.3%), or high-risk behaviors for HIV infection (59.5%). In multivariate analysis, having insurance (OR:1.15, 95%CI: 1.03 – 1.28) and a managerial position (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.13 – 1.47) were associated with better odds of knowledge of diabetes.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusion</title><p>The prevalence of elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and HIV among employees of the Namibian formal sector is high, while risk awareness is low. Attention must be paid to improving the knowledge of health-related risk factors as well as providing care to those with chronic conditions in the formal sector through programs such as workplace wellness.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>The Namibia Global Fund Program provided funding for the HIV screening of the Bophelo! program. The funding for the Bophelo! is provided by The Dutch Foreign Ministry. The Bophelo! Project is a partnership between the PharmAccess Foundation, the Namibian Business Coalition on AIDS, and the Namibian Institute of Pathology, supported by the Ministry of Health and Social Services. The project was initially created using funds from the Dutch Postcode Loterij, through the Dutch Aidsfonds, Stop AIDS Now!, HIVOS and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="2"></table-count><page-count count="12"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>Data from all years of the Bophelo! Project are available for download at Figshare: DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1342026">http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1342026</ext-link>. URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://figshare.com/articles/Bophelo_Project_January_2009_October_2010/1342026">http://figshare.com/articles/Bophelo_Project_January_2009_October_2010/1342026</ext-link>.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>Data from all years of the Bophelo! Project are available for download at Figshare: DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1342026">http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1342026</ext-link>. URL: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://figshare.com/articles/Bophelo_Project_January_2009_October_2010/1342026">http://figshare.com/articles/Bophelo_Project_January_2009_October_2010/1342026</ext-link>.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Namibie</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li><li>Massachusetts</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Amsterdam</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Septentrionale"><name sortKey="Guariguata, Leonor" sort="Guariguata, Leonor" uniqKey="Guariguata L" first="Leonor" last="Guariguata">Leonor Guariguata</name></region><name sortKey="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" sort="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" uniqKey="Rinke De Wit T" first="Tobias F." last="Rinke De Wit">Tobias F. Rinke De Wit</name><name sortKey="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" sort="Rinke De Wit, Tobias F" uniqKey="Rinke De Wit T" first="Tobias F." last="Rinke De Wit">Tobias F. Rinke De Wit</name></country><country name="Namibie"><noRegion><name sortKey="De Beer, Ingrid" sort="De Beer, Ingrid" uniqKey="De Beer I" first="Ingrid" last="De Beer">Ingrid De Beer</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hough, Rina" sort="Hough, Rina" uniqKey="Hough R" first="Rina" last="Hough">Rina Hough</name><name sortKey="Mulongeni, Pancho" sort="Mulongeni, Pancho" uniqKey="Mulongeni P" first="Pancho" last="Mulongeni">Pancho Mulongeni</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Massachusetts"><name sortKey="Feeley, Frank G" sort="Feeley, Frank G" uniqKey="Feeley F" first="Frank G." last="Feeley">Frank G. Feeley</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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