Serum Cadmium Levels in Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the East Nile Delta Region of Egypt
Identifieur interne : 000055 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000054; suivant : 000056Serum Cadmium Levels in Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the East Nile Delta Region of Egypt
Auteurs : Alison M. Kriegel [États-Unis] ; Amr S. Soliman [États-Unis] ; Qing Zhang [États-Unis] ; Nabih El-Ghawalby [Égypte] ; Farouk Ezzat [Égypte] ; Ahmed Soultan [Égypte] ; Mohamed Abdel-Wahab [Égypte] ; Omar Fathy [Égypte] ; Gamal Ebidi [Égypte] ; Nadia Bassiouni [Égypte] ; Stanley R. Hamilton ; James L. Abbruzzese [États-Unis] ; Michelle R. Lacey [États-Unis] ; Diane A. Blake [États-Unis]Source :
- Environmental Health Perspectives [ 0091-6765 ] ; 2005.
Abstract
The northeast Nile Delta region exhibits a high incidence of early-onset pancreatic cancer. It is well documented that this region has one of the highest levels of pollution in Egypt. Epidemiologic studies have suggested that cadmium, a prevalent pollutant in the northeast Nile Delta region, plays a role in the development of pancreatic cancer.
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Url:
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8035
PubMed: 16393667
PubMed Central: 1332665
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Hamilton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="af5-ehp0114-000113">Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abbruzzese, James L" sort="Abbruzzese, James L" uniqKey="Abbruzzese J" first="James L." last="Abbruzzese">James L. Abbruzzese</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af6-ehp0114-000113">Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacey, Michelle R" sort="Lacey, Michelle R" uniqKey="Lacey M" first="Michelle R." last="Lacey">Michelle R. 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Kriegel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1-ehp0114-000113">Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soliman, Amr S" sort="Soliman, Amr S" uniqKey="Soliman A" first="Amr S." last="Soliman">Amr S. Soliman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af2-ehp0114-000113">Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Qing" sort="Zhang, Qing" uniqKey="Zhang Q" first="Qing" last="Zhang">Qing Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af3-ehp0114-000113">Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Ghawalby, Nabih" sort="El Ghawalby, Nabih" uniqKey="El Ghawalby N" first="Nabih" last="El-Ghawalby">Nabih El-Ghawalby</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113">Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mansoura</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ezzat, Farouk" sort="Ezzat, Farouk" uniqKey="Ezzat F" first="Farouk" last="Ezzat">Farouk Ezzat</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113">Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mansoura</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soultan, Ahmed" sort="Soultan, Ahmed" uniqKey="Soultan A" first="Ahmed" last="Soultan">Ahmed Soultan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113">Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mansoura</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdel Wahab, Mohamed" sort="Abdel Wahab, Mohamed" uniqKey="Abdel Wahab M" first="Mohamed" last="Abdel-Wahab">Mohamed Abdel-Wahab</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113">Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mansoura</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fathy, Omar" sort="Fathy, Omar" uniqKey="Fathy O" first="Omar" last="Fathy">Omar Fathy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113">Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mansoura</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ebidi, Gamal" sort="Ebidi, Gamal" uniqKey="Ebidi G" first="Gamal" last="Ebidi">Gamal Ebidi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113">Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mansoura</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bassiouni, Nadia" sort="Bassiouni, Nadia" uniqKey="Bassiouni N" first="Nadia" last="Bassiouni">Nadia Bassiouni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113">Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mansoura</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, Stanley R" sort="Hamilton, Stanley R" uniqKey="Hamilton S" first="Stanley R." last="Hamilton">Stanley R. Hamilton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="af5-ehp0114-000113">Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abbruzzese, James L" sort="Abbruzzese, James L" uniqKey="Abbruzzese J" first="James L." last="Abbruzzese">James L. Abbruzzese</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af6-ehp0114-000113">Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacey, Michelle R" sort="Lacey, Michelle R" uniqKey="Lacey M" first="Michelle R." last="Lacey">Michelle R. Lacey</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af7-ehp0114-000113">Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blake, Diane A" sort="Blake, Diane A" uniqKey="Blake D" first="Diane A." last="Blake">Diane A. Blake</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1-ehp0114-000113">Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environmental Health Perspectives</title><idno type="ISSN">0091-6765</idno><idno type="eISSN">1552-9924</idno><imprint><date when="2005">2005</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The northeast Nile Delta region exhibits a high incidence of early-onset pancreatic cancer. It is well documented that this region has one of the highest levels of pollution in Egypt. Epidemiologic studies have suggested that cadmium, a prevalent pollutant in the northeast Nile Delta region, plays a role in the development of pancreatic cancer.</p><p>O<sc>bjective</sc>: We aimed to assess serum cadmium levels as markers of exposure in pancreatic cancer patients and noncancer comparison subjects from the same region in Egypt.</p><p>D<sc>esign and Participants</sc>: We assessed serum cadmium levels of 31 newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer patients and 52 hospital comparison subjects from Mansoura, Egypt.</p><p>E<sc>valuation/Measurements</sc>: Serum cadmium levels were measured using a novel immunoassay procedure.</p><p>R<sc>esults</sc>: We found a significant difference between the mean serum cadmium levels in patients versus comparison subjects (mean ± SD, 11.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL vs. 7.1 ± 5.0 ng/mL, respectively; <italic>p</italic> = 0.012) but not in age, sex, residence, occupation, or smoking status. The odds ratio (OR) for pancreatic cancer risk was significant for serum cadmium level [OR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.23; <italic>p</italic> = 0.0089] and farming (OR = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.03–11.64; <italic>p</italic> = 0.0475) but not for age, sex, residence, or smoking status.</p><p>C<sc>onclusions</sc>: The results from this pilot study suggest that pancreatic cancer in the East Nile Delta region is significantly associated with high levels of serum cadmium and farming.</p><p>R<sc>elevance to</sc> C<sc>linical</sc> P<sc>ractice</sc>/P<sc>ublic</sc> H<sc>ealth</sc>: Future studies should further investigate the etiologic relationship between cadmium exposure and pancreatic carcinogenesis in cadmium-exposed populations.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdel Haleem, As" uniqKey="Abdel Haleem A">AS Abdel-Haleem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sroor, A" uniqKey="Sroor A">A 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article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Environ Health Perspect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Environ. Health Perspect</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Environmental Health Perspectives</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0091-6765</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1552-9924</issn><publisher><publisher-name>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16393667</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1332665</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.8035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ehp0114-000113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject><subj-group><subject>Environmental Medicine</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Serum Cadmium Levels in Pancreatic Cancer Patients from the East Nile Delta Region of Egypt</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kriegel</surname><given-names>Alison M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ehp0114-000113">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Soliman</surname><given-names>Amr S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ehp0114-000113">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Qing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ehp0114-000113">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Ghawalby</surname><given-names>Nabih</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ehp0114-000113">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ezzat</surname><given-names>Farouk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ehp0114-000113">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Soultan</surname><given-names>Ahmed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ehp0114-000113">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdel-Wahab</surname><given-names>Mohamed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ehp0114-000113">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fathy</surname><given-names>Omar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ehp0114-000113">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ebidi</surname><given-names>Gamal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ehp0114-000113">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bassiouni</surname><given-names>Nadia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ehp0114-000113">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hamilton</surname><given-names>Stanley R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ehp0114-000113">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abbruzzese</surname><given-names>James L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-ehp0114-000113">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lacey</surname><given-names>Michelle R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7-ehp0114-000113">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blake</surname><given-names>Diane A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ehp0114-000113">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ehp0114-000113"><label>1</label>Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</aff><aff id="af2-ehp0114-000113"><label>2</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA</aff><aff id="af3-ehp0114-000113"><label>3</label>Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA</aff><aff id="af4-ehp0114-000113"><label>4</label>Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt</aff><aff id="af5-ehp0114-000113"><label>5</label>Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and</aff><aff id="af6-ehp0114-000113"><label>6</label>Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA</aff><aff id="af7-ehp0114-000113"><label>7</label>Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="fn1-ehp0114-000113">Address correspondence to A.S. Soliman, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 109 Observatory Rd., Rm. 2550, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Telephone: (734) 764-5469. Fax: (734) 764-3192. E-mail:
asoliman@umich.edu</corresp><fn><p>The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>1</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>8</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><volume>114</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>119</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day><month>2</month><year>2005</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>8</month><year>2005</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2006</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" license-type="public-domain"><license-p>Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. </license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The northeast Nile Delta region exhibits a high incidence of early-onset pancreatic cancer. It is well documented that this region has one of the highest levels of pollution in Egypt. Epidemiologic studies have suggested that cadmium, a prevalent pollutant in the northeast Nile Delta region, plays a role in the development of pancreatic cancer.</p><p>O<sc>bjective</sc>: We aimed to assess serum cadmium levels as markers of exposure in pancreatic cancer patients and noncancer comparison subjects from the same region in Egypt.</p><p>D<sc>esign and Participants</sc>: We assessed serum cadmium levels of 31 newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer patients and 52 hospital comparison subjects from Mansoura, Egypt.</p><p>E<sc>valuation/Measurements</sc>: Serum cadmium levels were measured using a novel immunoassay procedure.</p><p>R<sc>esults</sc>: We found a significant difference between the mean serum cadmium levels in patients versus comparison subjects (mean ± SD, 11.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL vs. 7.1 ± 5.0 ng/mL, respectively; <italic>p</italic> = 0.012) but not in age, sex, residence, occupation, or smoking status. The odds ratio (OR) for pancreatic cancer risk was significant for serum cadmium level [OR = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.23; <italic>p</italic> = 0.0089] and farming (OR = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.03–11.64; <italic>p</italic> = 0.0475) but not for age, sex, residence, or smoking status.</p><p>C<sc>onclusions</sc>: The results from this pilot study suggest that pancreatic cancer in the East Nile Delta region is significantly associated with high levels of serum cadmium and farming.</p><p>R<sc>elevance to</sc> C<sc>linical</sc> P<sc>ractice</sc>/P<sc>ublic</sc> H<sc>ealth</sc>: Future studies should further investigate the etiologic relationship between cadmium exposure and pancreatic carcinogenesis in cadmium-exposed populations.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>cadmium</kwd><kwd>East Nile Delta region</kwd><kwd>environmental exposure</kwd><kwd>immunoassays</kwd><kwd>occupational exposure</kwd><kwd>pancreatic cancer</kwd><kwd>pollution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ehp0114-000113" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Modified one-step assay for Cd(II) in human serum. (<italic>A</italic>) Cadmium was first displaced from metallothionein and other proteins under acidic conditions. (<italic>B</italic>) An EDTA-containing buffer was added to the serum to form Cd(II)–EDTA complexes, which are recognized by the 2A81G5 antibody. (<italic>C</italic>) Microwell plates were coated and blocked as described in “Materials and Methods.” A serum sample was mixed 1:1 with enzyme-labeled Cd(II)–EDTA and subsequently added to the coated wells. The enzyme-labeled Cd(II)–EDTA competes with the Cd(II)–EDTA complexes from the serum sample for immobilized antibody binding sites. (<italic>D</italic>) Peroxidase substrate was added to the wells and absorbance was read at 450–650 nm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ehp0114-000113f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ehp0114-000113" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Typical standard curve using the one-step assay for Cd(II) in pooled human serum. See “Materials and Methods” for details. Data shown were the means of four replicates with a best-fit line (solid). Dashed lines on either side of the main curve represent the best-fit line of the mean values ± 2 SD.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ehp0114-000113f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ehp0114-000113" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Pooled human serum versus pooled Egyptian comparison serum. Binding curves were calculated with cadmium spiked into the pooled human serum from Intergen or into a sample of pooled Egyptian comparison serum. IC<sub>50</sub> values were very similar, 16.74 ng/mL and 17.44 ng/mL for Intergen and Egyptian samples, respectively. Values reported are mean ± SD (<italic>n</italic> ≥ 6).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ehp0114-000113f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-ehp0114-000113" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Distribution of samples and serum Cd(II) concentrations in comparison subjects versus pancreatic cancer patients. The values reported are the percentage of the total samples for that population.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ehp0114-000113f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ehp0114-000113" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of the study population [<italic>n</italic> (%)].</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Characteristic</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Case (<italic>n</italic> = 31)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Comparison (<italic>n</italic> = 52)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1">Age (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> < 60</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">21 (67.7)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">41 (78.8)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.3023</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> ≥ 60</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10 (32.3)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 (21.2)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19 (61.3)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">30 (57.7)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 (38.7)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">22 (42.3)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.8198</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1">Residence</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Rural</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">15 (48.4)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">15 (28.8)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0989</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Urban</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16 (51.6)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">37 (71.2)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1">Smoking</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 (35.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">21 (40.4)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20 (64.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">31 (59.6)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.8161</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Farmer</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7 (22.6)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3 (5.8)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0805</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Housewife</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10 (32.3)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19 (36.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Industrial</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 (25.8)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 (21.2)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Professional</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6 (19.4)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19 (36.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1">Farming-related occupation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 (35.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 (15.4)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20 (64.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">44 (84.6)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0570</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1">Serum cadmium level (ng/mL)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1"> Total</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Mean ± SD</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11.1 ± 7.7</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.1 ± 5.0</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0120</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Median (range)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11.0 (27.9)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.7 (24.2)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1"> Smokers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Mean ± SD</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11.8 ± 9.3</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.1 ± 4.7</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.1386</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Median (range)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">13.7 (27.0)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6.4 (16.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1"> Nonsmokers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Mean ± SD</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10.7 ± 6.9</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.1 ± 5.3</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0380</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Median (range)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11.0 (27.0)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.5 (24.2)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ehp0114-000113"><p><italic>p</italic>-Values for quantitative variables were calculated using Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test; <italic>p</italic>-values for proportions and qualitative variables were calculated using the chi-square test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ehp0114-000113" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Serum cadmium concentration (ng/mL) in the combined patients and comparison sample.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">No.</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Median (range)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">49</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">9.21 ± 7.09</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.77 (27.88)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">34</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.72 ± 5.21</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6.40 (19.19)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.2966</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Residence</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Rural</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">30</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8.52 ± 6.31</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.31 (20.11)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.9281</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Urban</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">53</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8.65 ± 6.51</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6.86 (27.42)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Smoking</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">32</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8.75 ± 6.86</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.08 (27.42)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">51</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8.5 ± 6.16</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6.86 (26.96)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.8634</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Farmer</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">13.34 ± 8.29</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11.88 (1.83–28.79)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0827</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Housewife</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">29</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.56 ± 6.05</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.94 (0.91–27.88)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Industrial</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8.68 ± 5.46</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.77 (0.91–16.45)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Professional</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">25</td><td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.84 ± 6.14</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5.03 (1.37–25.14)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-ehp0114-000113"><p><italic>p</italic>-Values for quantitative variables were calculated using Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test; <italic>p</italic>-values for proportions and qualitative variables were calculated using the chi-square test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ehp0114-000113" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>ORs of risk factors for pancreatic cancer.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Case <italic>n</italic> = 31)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Comparison <italic>n</italic> = 52)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">OR (95% CI)</th><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Serum cadmium level (ng/mL, mean ± SD)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11.1 ± 7.7</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7.1 ± 5.0</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1.12 (1.04–1.23)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0089</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Age [years, <italic>n</italic> (%)]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> < 60</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">21 (67.7)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">41 (78.8)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.1677</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> ≥ 60</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10 (32.3)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 (21.2)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2.25 (0.71–7.26)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Sex [<italic>n</italic> (%)]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19 (61.3)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">30 (57.7)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2.06 (0.51–8.61)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.311</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12 (38.7)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">22 (42.3)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Smoking [<italic>n</italic> (%)]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 (35.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">21 (40.4)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.54 (0.13–2.19)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.3859</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20 (64.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">31 (59.6)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Farming-related occupation [<italic>n</italic> (%)]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11 (35.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8 (15.4)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3.25 (1.03–11.64)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.0475</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20 (64.5)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">44 (84.6)</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td><td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-ehp0114-000113"><p>ORs were calculated using logistic regression analysis. <italic>p</italic>-Values for quantitative variables were calculated using Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test; <italic>p</italic>-values for proportions and qualitative variables were calculated using the chi-square test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Égypte</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Louisiane</li><li>Michigan</li><li>Texas</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Hamilton, Stanley R" sort="Hamilton, Stanley R" uniqKey="Hamilton S" first="Stanley R." last="Hamilton">Stanley R. Hamilton</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Louisiane"><name sortKey="Kriegel, Alison M" sort="Kriegel, Alison M" uniqKey="Kriegel A" first="Alison M." last="Kriegel">Alison M. Kriegel</name></region><name sortKey="Abbruzzese, James L" sort="Abbruzzese, James L" uniqKey="Abbruzzese J" first="James L." last="Abbruzzese">James L. Abbruzzese</name><name sortKey="Blake, Diane A" sort="Blake, Diane A" uniqKey="Blake D" first="Diane A." last="Blake">Diane A. Blake</name><name sortKey="Lacey, Michelle R" sort="Lacey, Michelle R" uniqKey="Lacey M" first="Michelle R." last="Lacey">Michelle R. Lacey</name><name sortKey="Soliman, Amr S" sort="Soliman, Amr S" uniqKey="Soliman A" first="Amr S." last="Soliman">Amr S. Soliman</name><name sortKey="Zhang, Qing" sort="Zhang, Qing" uniqKey="Zhang Q" first="Qing" last="Zhang">Qing Zhang</name></country><country name="Égypte"><noRegion><name sortKey="El Ghawalby, Nabih" sort="El Ghawalby, Nabih" uniqKey="El Ghawalby N" first="Nabih" last="El-Ghawalby">Nabih El-Ghawalby</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Abdel Wahab, Mohamed" sort="Abdel Wahab, Mohamed" uniqKey="Abdel Wahab M" first="Mohamed" last="Abdel-Wahab">Mohamed Abdel-Wahab</name><name sortKey="Bassiouni, Nadia" sort="Bassiouni, Nadia" uniqKey="Bassiouni N" first="Nadia" last="Bassiouni">Nadia Bassiouni</name><name sortKey="Ebidi, Gamal" sort="Ebidi, Gamal" uniqKey="Ebidi G" first="Gamal" last="Ebidi">Gamal Ebidi</name><name sortKey="Ezzat, Farouk" sort="Ezzat, Farouk" uniqKey="Ezzat F" first="Farouk" last="Ezzat">Farouk Ezzat</name><name sortKey="Fathy, Omar" sort="Fathy, Omar" uniqKey="Fathy O" first="Omar" last="Fathy">Omar Fathy</name><name sortKey="Soultan, Ahmed" sort="Soultan, Ahmed" uniqKey="Soultan A" first="Ahmed" last="Soultan">Ahmed Soultan</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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