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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language</title><author><name sortKey="Rosser, Zoe H" sort="Rosser, Zoe H" uniqKey="Rosser Z" first="Zoë H." last="Rosser">Zoë H. Rosser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zerjal, Tatiana" sort="Zerjal, Tatiana" uniqKey="Zerjal T" first="Tatiana" last="Zerjal">Tatiana Zerjal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hurles, Matthew E" sort="Hurles, Matthew E" uniqKey="Hurles M" first="Matthew E." last="Hurles">Matthew E. Hurles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adojaan, Maarja" sort="Adojaan, Maarja" uniqKey="Adojaan M" first="Maarja" last="Adojaan">Maarja Adojaan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alavantic, Dragan" sort="Alavantic, Dragan" uniqKey="Alavantic D" first="Dragan" last="Alavantic">Dragan Alavantic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinca," Belgrade;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, Ant Nio" sort="Amorim, Ant Nio" uniqKey="Amorim A" first="Ant Nio" last="Amorim">Ant Nio Amorim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amos, William" sort="Amos, William" uniqKey="Amos W" first="William" last="Amos">William Amos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armenteros, Manuel" sort="Armenteros, Manuel" uniqKey="Armenteros M" first="Manuel" last="Armenteros">Manuel Armenteros</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Centro de Investigacion y Criminalistica, Laboratorio de ADN, Policia Judicial, Guardia Civil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Eduardo" sort="Arroyo, Eduardo" uniqKey="Arroyo E" first="Eduardo" last="Arroyo">Eduardo Arroyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratorio de Biología Forense, Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbujani, Guido" sort="Barbujani, Guido" uniqKey="Barbujani G" first="Guido" last="Barbujani">Guido Barbujani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Gunhild" sort="Beckman, Gunhild" uniqKey="Beckman G" first="Gunhild" last="Beckman">Gunhild Beckman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Umeå University, Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Lars" sort="Beckman, Lars" uniqKey="Beckman L" first="Lars" last="Beckman">Lars Beckman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Umeå University, Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertranpetit, Jaume" sort="Bertranpetit, Jaume" uniqKey="Bertranpetit J" first="Jaume" last="Bertranpetit">Jaume Bertranpetit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciecies de la Salut I de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Elena" sort="Bosch, Elena" uniqKey="Bosch E" first="Elena" last="Bosch">Elena Bosch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, Daniel G" sort="Bradley, Daniel G" uniqKey="Bradley D" first="Daniel G." last="Bradley">Daniel G. Bradley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brede, Gaute" sort="Brede, Gaute" uniqKey="Brede G" first="Gaute" last="Brede">Gaute Brede</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">University of Oslo, Centre for Biotechnology, Oslo;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Gillian" sort="Cooper, Gillian" uniqKey="Cooper G" first="Gillian" last="Cooper">Gillian Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corte Real, Helena B S M" sort="Corte Real, Helena B S M" uniqKey="Corte Real H" first="Helena B. S. M." last="Côrte-Real">Helena B. S. M. Côrte-Real</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Knijff, Peter" sort="De Knijff, Peter" uniqKey="De Knijff P" first="Peter" last="De Knijff">Peter De Knijff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, MGC-Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decorte, Ronny" sort="Decorte, Ronny" uniqKey="Decorte R" first="Ronny" last="Decorte">Ronny Decorte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubrova, Yuri E" sort="Dubrova, Yuri E" uniqKey="Dubrova Y" first="Yuri E." last="Dubrova">Yuri E. Dubrova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evgrafov, Oleg" sort="Evgrafov, Oleg" uniqKey="Evgrafov O" first="Oleg" last="Evgrafov">Oleg Evgrafov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilissen, Anja" sort="Gilissen, Anja" uniqKey="Gilissen A" first="Anja" last="Gilissen">Anja Gilissen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glisic, Sanja" sort="Glisic, Sanja" uniqKey="Glisic S" first="Sanja" last="Glisic">Sanja Glisic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinca," Belgrade;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golge, Mukaddes" sort="Golge, Mukaddes" uniqKey="Golge M" first="Mukaddes" last="Gölge">Mukaddes Gölge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Emmeline W" sort="Hill, Emmeline W" uniqKey="Hill E" first="Emmeline W." last="Hill">Emmeline W. Hill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeziorowska, Anna" sort="Jeziorowska, Anna" uniqKey="Jeziorowska A" first="Anna" last="Jeziorowska">Anna Jeziorowska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lódz, Lódz, Poland;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalaydjieva, Luba" sort="Kalaydjieva, Luba" uniqKey="Kalaydjieva L" first="Luba" last="Kalaydjieva">Luba Kalaydjieva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Human Biology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayser, Manfred" sort="Kayser, Manfred" uniqKey="Kayser M" first="Manfred" last="Kayser">Manfred Kayser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, Toomas" sort="Kivisild, Toomas" uniqKey="Kivisild T" first="Toomas" last="Kivisild">Toomas Kivisild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kravchenko, Sergey A" sort="Kravchenko, Sergey A" uniqKey="Kravchenko S" first="Sergey A." last="Kravchenko">Sergey A. Kravchenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krumina, Astrida" sort="Krumina, Astrida" uniqKey="Krumina A" first="Astrida" last="Krumina">Astrida Krumina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Academy of Latvia, Riga;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" sort="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" uniqKey="Ku Inskas V" first="Vaidutis" last="Ku Inskas">Vaidutis Ku Inskas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Center of Human Genetics, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavinha, Joao" sort="Lavinha, Joao" uniqKey="Lavinha J" first="João" last="Lavinha">João Lavinha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Livshits, Ludmila A" sort="Livshits, Ludmila A" uniqKey="Livshits L" first="Ludmila A." last="Livshits">Ludmila A. Livshits</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malaspina, Patrizia" sort="Malaspina, Patrizia" uniqKey="Malaspina P" first="Patrizia" last="Malaspina">Patrizia Malaspina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maria, Syrrou" sort="Maria, Syrrou" uniqKey="Maria S" first="Syrrou" last="Maria">Syrrou Maria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcelreavey, Ken" sort="Mcelreavey, Ken" uniqKey="Mcelreavey K" first="Ken" last="Mcelreavey">Ken Mcelreavey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Unité d'Immunogénétique Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas A" sort="Meitinger, Thomas A" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas A." last="Meitinger">Thomas A. Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Centre, Munich;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikelsaar, Aavo Valdur" sort="Mikelsaar, Aavo Valdur" uniqKey="Mikelsaar A" first="Aavo-Valdur" last="Mikelsaar">Aavo-Valdur Mikelsaar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, R John" sort="Mitchell, R John" uniqKey="Mitchell R" first="R. John" last="Mitchell">R. John Mitchell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">La Trobe University, School of Genetics and Human Variation, Bundoora, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nafa, Khedoudja" sort="Nafa, Khedoudja" uniqKey="Nafa K" first="Khedoudja" last="Nafa">Khedoudja Nafa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Jayne" sort="Nicholson, Jayne" uniqKey="Nicholson J" first="Jayne" last="Nicholson">Jayne Nicholson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="N Rby, S Ren" sort="N Rby, S Ren" uniqKey="N Rby S" first="S Ren" last="N Rby">S Ren N Rby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandya, Arpita" sort="Pandya, Arpita" uniqKey="Pandya A" first="Arpita" last="Pandya">Arpita Pandya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, Juri" sort="Parik, Juri" uniqKey="Parik J" first="Jüri" last="Parik">Jüri Parik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patsalis, Philippos C" sort="Patsalis, Philippos C" uniqKey="Patsalis P" first="Philippos C." last="Patsalis">Philippos C. Patsalis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Luisa" sort="Pereira, Luisa" uniqKey="Pereira L" first="Luísa" last="Pereira">Luísa Pereira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peterlin, Borut" sort="Peterlin, Borut" uniqKey="Peterlin B" first="Borut" last="Peterlin">Borut Peterlin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pielberg, Gerli" sort="Pielberg, Gerli" uniqKey="Pielberg G" first="Gerli" last="Pielberg">Gerli Pielberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prata, Maria Joao" sort="Prata, Maria Joao" uniqKey="Prata M" first="Maria João" last="Prata">Maria João Prata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Previdere, Carlo" sort="Previdere, Carlo" uniqKey="Previdere C" first="Carlo" last="Previderé">Carlo Previderé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Dipartimento di Medicina Legale e Sanita Pubblica, Pavia, Italy;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roewer, Lutz" sort="Roewer, Lutz" uniqKey="Roewer L" first="Lutz" last="Roewer">Lutz Roewer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Genetic Research Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rootsi, Siiri" sort="Rootsi, Siiri" uniqKey="Rootsi S" first="Siiri" last="Rootsi">Siiri Rootsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubinsztein, D C" sort="Rubinsztein, D C" uniqKey="Rubinsztein D" first="D. C." last="Rubinsztein">D. C. Rubinsztein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saillard, Juliette" sort="Saillard, Juliette" uniqKey="Saillard J" first="Juliette" last="Saillard">Juliette Saillard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, Fabricio R" sort="Santos, Fabricio R" uniqKey="Santos F" first="Fabrício R." last="Santos">Fabrício R. Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" sort="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" uniqKey="Stefanescu G" first="Gheorghe" last="Stefanescu">Gheorghe Stefanescu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">I.C. Biologice, Iasi, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sykes, Bryan C" sort="Sykes, Bryan C" uniqKey="Sykes B" first="Bryan C." last="Sykes">Bryan C. Sykes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolun, Aslihan" sort="Tolun, Aslihan" uniqKey="Tolun A" first="Aslihan" last="Tolun">Aslihan Tolun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, Richard" sort="Villems, Richard" uniqKey="Villems R" first="Richard" last="Villems">Richard Villems</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tyler Smith, Chris" sort="Tyler Smith, Chris" uniqKey="Tyler Smith C" first="Chris" last="Tyler-Smith">Chris Tyler-Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jobling, Mark A" sort="Jobling, Mark A" uniqKey="Jobling M" first="Mark A." last="Jobling">Mark A. Jobling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">11078479</idno><idno type="pmc">1287948</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287948</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1287948</idno><date when="2000">2000</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000004</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000004</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language</title><author><name sortKey="Rosser, Zoe H" sort="Rosser, Zoe H" uniqKey="Rosser Z" first="Zoë H." last="Rosser">Zoë H. Rosser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zerjal, Tatiana" sort="Zerjal, Tatiana" uniqKey="Zerjal T" first="Tatiana" last="Zerjal">Tatiana Zerjal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hurles, Matthew E" sort="Hurles, Matthew E" uniqKey="Hurles M" first="Matthew E." last="Hurles">Matthew E. Hurles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adojaan, Maarja" sort="Adojaan, Maarja" uniqKey="Adojaan M" first="Maarja" last="Adojaan">Maarja Adojaan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alavantic, Dragan" sort="Alavantic, Dragan" uniqKey="Alavantic D" first="Dragan" last="Alavantic">Dragan Alavantic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinca," Belgrade;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amorim, Ant Nio" sort="Amorim, Ant Nio" uniqKey="Amorim A" first="Ant Nio" last="Amorim">Ant Nio Amorim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amos, William" sort="Amos, William" uniqKey="Amos W" first="William" last="Amos">William Amos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armenteros, Manuel" sort="Armenteros, Manuel" uniqKey="Armenteros M" first="Manuel" last="Armenteros">Manuel Armenteros</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Centro de Investigacion y Criminalistica, Laboratorio de ADN, Policia Judicial, Guardia Civil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Eduardo" sort="Arroyo, Eduardo" uniqKey="Arroyo E" first="Eduardo" last="Arroyo">Eduardo Arroyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratorio de Biología Forense, Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbujani, Guido" sort="Barbujani, Guido" uniqKey="Barbujani G" first="Guido" last="Barbujani">Guido Barbujani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Gunhild" sort="Beckman, Gunhild" uniqKey="Beckman G" first="Gunhild" last="Beckman">Gunhild Beckman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Umeå University, Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beckman, Lars" sort="Beckman, Lars" uniqKey="Beckman L" first="Lars" last="Beckman">Lars Beckman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Umeå University, Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå, Sweden;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertranpetit, Jaume" sort="Bertranpetit, Jaume" uniqKey="Bertranpetit J" first="Jaume" last="Bertranpetit">Jaume Bertranpetit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciecies de la Salut I de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Elena" sort="Bosch, Elena" uniqKey="Bosch E" first="Elena" last="Bosch">Elena Bosch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bradley, Daniel G" sort="Bradley, Daniel G" uniqKey="Bradley D" first="Daniel G." last="Bradley">Daniel G. Bradley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brede, Gaute" sort="Brede, Gaute" uniqKey="Brede G" first="Gaute" last="Brede">Gaute Brede</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">University of Oslo, Centre for Biotechnology, Oslo;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Gillian" sort="Cooper, Gillian" uniqKey="Cooper G" first="Gillian" last="Cooper">Gillian Cooper</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corte Real, Helena B S M" sort="Corte Real, Helena B S M" uniqKey="Corte Real H" first="Helena B. S. M." last="Côrte-Real">Helena B. S. M. Côrte-Real</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Knijff, Peter" sort="De Knijff, Peter" uniqKey="De Knijff P" first="Peter" last="De Knijff">Peter De Knijff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, MGC-Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decorte, Ronny" sort="Decorte, Ronny" uniqKey="Decorte R" first="Ronny" last="Decorte">Ronny Decorte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dubrova, Yuri E" sort="Dubrova, Yuri E" uniqKey="Dubrova Y" first="Yuri E." last="Dubrova">Yuri E. Dubrova</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Evgrafov, Oleg" sort="Evgrafov, Oleg" uniqKey="Evgrafov O" first="Oleg" last="Evgrafov">Oleg Evgrafov</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilissen, Anja" sort="Gilissen, Anja" uniqKey="Gilissen A" first="Anja" last="Gilissen">Anja Gilissen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glisic, Sanja" sort="Glisic, Sanja" uniqKey="Glisic S" first="Sanja" last="Glisic">Sanja Glisic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinca," Belgrade;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golge, Mukaddes" sort="Golge, Mukaddes" uniqKey="Golge M" first="Mukaddes" last="Gölge">Mukaddes Gölge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Emmeline W" sort="Hill, Emmeline W" uniqKey="Hill E" first="Emmeline W." last="Hill">Emmeline W. Hill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jeziorowska, Anna" sort="Jeziorowska, Anna" uniqKey="Jeziorowska A" first="Anna" last="Jeziorowska">Anna Jeziorowska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lódz, Lódz, Poland;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kalaydjieva, Luba" sort="Kalaydjieva, Luba" uniqKey="Kalaydjieva L" first="Luba" last="Kalaydjieva">Luba Kalaydjieva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Human Biology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayser, Manfred" sort="Kayser, Manfred" uniqKey="Kayser M" first="Manfred" last="Kayser">Manfred Kayser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kivisild, Toomas" sort="Kivisild, Toomas" uniqKey="Kivisild T" first="Toomas" last="Kivisild">Toomas Kivisild</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kravchenko, Sergey A" sort="Kravchenko, Sergey A" uniqKey="Kravchenko S" first="Sergey A." last="Kravchenko">Sergey A. Kravchenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krumina, Astrida" sort="Krumina, Astrida" uniqKey="Krumina A" first="Astrida" last="Krumina">Astrida Krumina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Academy of Latvia, Riga;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" sort="Ku Inskas, Vaidutis" uniqKey="Ku Inskas V" first="Vaidutis" last="Ku Inskas">Vaidutis Ku Inskas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Center of Human Genetics, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavinha, Joao" sort="Lavinha, Joao" uniqKey="Lavinha J" first="João" last="Lavinha">João Lavinha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Livshits, Ludmila A" sort="Livshits, Ludmila A" uniqKey="Livshits L" first="Ludmila A." last="Livshits">Ludmila A. Livshits</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malaspina, Patrizia" sort="Malaspina, Patrizia" uniqKey="Malaspina P" first="Patrizia" last="Malaspina">Patrizia Malaspina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maria, Syrrou" sort="Maria, Syrrou" uniqKey="Maria S" first="Syrrou" last="Maria">Syrrou Maria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcelreavey, Ken" sort="Mcelreavey, Ken" uniqKey="Mcelreavey K" first="Ken" last="Mcelreavey">Ken Mcelreavey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Unité d'Immunogénétique Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meitinger, Thomas A" sort="Meitinger, Thomas A" uniqKey="Meitinger T" first="Thomas A." last="Meitinger">Thomas A. Meitinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Centre, Munich;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikelsaar, Aavo Valdur" sort="Mikelsaar, Aavo Valdur" uniqKey="Mikelsaar A" first="Aavo-Valdur" last="Mikelsaar">Aavo-Valdur Mikelsaar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, R John" sort="Mitchell, R John" uniqKey="Mitchell R" first="R. John" last="Mitchell">R. John Mitchell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">La Trobe University, School of Genetics and Human Variation, Bundoora, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nafa, Khedoudja" sort="Nafa, Khedoudja" uniqKey="Nafa K" first="Khedoudja" last="Nafa">Khedoudja Nafa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholson, Jayne" sort="Nicholson, Jayne" uniqKey="Nicholson J" first="Jayne" last="Nicholson">Jayne Nicholson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="N Rby, S Ren" sort="N Rby, S Ren" uniqKey="N Rby S" first="S Ren" last="N Rby">S Ren N Rby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandya, Arpita" sort="Pandya, Arpita" uniqKey="Pandya A" first="Arpita" last="Pandya">Arpita Pandya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parik, Juri" sort="Parik, Juri" uniqKey="Parik J" first="Jüri" last="Parik">Jüri Parik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Patsalis, Philippos C" sort="Patsalis, Philippos C" uniqKey="Patsalis P" first="Philippos C." last="Patsalis">Philippos C. Patsalis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Luisa" sort="Pereira, Luisa" uniqKey="Pereira L" first="Luísa" last="Pereira">Luísa Pereira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peterlin, Borut" sort="Peterlin, Borut" uniqKey="Peterlin B" first="Borut" last="Peterlin">Borut Peterlin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pielberg, Gerli" sort="Pielberg, Gerli" uniqKey="Pielberg G" first="Gerli" last="Pielberg">Gerli Pielberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prata, Maria Joao" sort="Prata, Maria Joao" uniqKey="Prata M" first="Maria João" last="Prata">Maria João Prata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Previdere, Carlo" sort="Previdere, Carlo" uniqKey="Previdere C" first="Carlo" last="Previderé">Carlo Previderé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Dipartimento di Medicina Legale e Sanita Pubblica, Pavia, Italy;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roewer, Lutz" sort="Roewer, Lutz" uniqKey="Roewer L" first="Lutz" last="Roewer">Lutz Roewer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Genetic Research Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rootsi, Siiri" sort="Rootsi, Siiri" uniqKey="Rootsi S" first="Siiri" last="Rootsi">Siiri Rootsi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rubinsztein, D C" sort="Rubinsztein, D C" uniqKey="Rubinsztein D" first="D. C." last="Rubinsztein">D. C. Rubinsztein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saillard, Juliette" sort="Saillard, Juliette" uniqKey="Saillard J" first="Juliette" last="Saillard">Juliette Saillard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santos, Fabricio R" sort="Santos, Fabricio R" uniqKey="Santos F" first="Fabrício R." last="Santos">Fabrício R. Santos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff>NONE</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" sort="Stefanescu, Gheorghe" uniqKey="Stefanescu G" first="Gheorghe" last="Stefanescu">Gheorghe Stefanescu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">I.C. Biologice, Iasi, Romania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sykes, Bryan C" sort="Sykes, Bryan C" uniqKey="Sykes B" first="Bryan C." last="Sykes">Bryan C. Sykes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolun, Aslihan" sort="Tolun, Aslihan" uniqKey="Tolun A" first="Aslihan" last="Tolun">Aslihan Tolun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villems, Richard" sort="Villems, Richard" uniqKey="Villems R" first="Richard" last="Villems">Richard Villems</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tyler Smith, Chris" sort="Tyler Smith, Chris" uniqKey="Tyler Smith C" first="Chris" last="Tyler-Smith">Chris Tyler-Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jobling, Mark A" sort="Jobling, Mark A" uniqKey="Jobling M" first="Mark A." last="Jobling">Mark A. Jobling</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">American Journal of Human Genetics</title><idno type="ISSN">0002-9297</idno><idno type="eISSN">1537-6605</idno><imprint><date when="2000">2000</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Clinal patterns of autosomal genetic diversity within Europe have been interpreted in previous studies in terms of a Neolithic demic diffusion model for the spread of agriculture; in contrast, studies using mtDNA have traced many founding lineages to the Paleolithic and have not shown strongly clinal variation. We have used 11 human Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms, defining 10 haplogroups, to analyze a sample of 3,616 Y chromosomes belonging to 47 European and circum-European populations. Patterns of geographic differentiation are highly nonrandom, and, when they are assessed using spatial autocorrelation analysis, they show significant clines for five of six haplogroups analyzed. Clines for two haplogroups, representing 45% of the chromosomes, are continentwide and consistent with the demic diffusion hypothesis. Clines for three other haplogroups each have different foci and are more regionally restricted and are likely to reflect distinct population movements, including one from north of the Black Sea. Principal-components analysis suggests that populations are related primarily on the basis of geography, rather than on the basis of linguistic affinity. This is confirmed in Mantel tests, which show a strong and highly significant partial correlation between genetics and geography but a low, nonsignificant partial correlation between genetics and language. Genetic-barrier analysis also indicates the primacy of geography in the shaping of patterns of variation. These patterns retain a strong signal of expansion from the Near East but also suggest that the demographic history of Europe has been complex and influenced by other major population movements, as well as by linguistic and geographic heterogeneities and the effects of drift.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Am J Hum Genet</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJHG</journal-id><journal-title>American Journal of Human Genetics</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0002-9297</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1537-6605</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The American Society of Human Genetics</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">11078479</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1287948</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">002082</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language</article-title><alt-title>European Y-Chromosome Diversity</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosser</surname><given-names>Zoë H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zerjal</surname><given-names>Tatiana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hurles</surname><given-names>Matthew E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">1,</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adojaan</surname><given-names>Maarja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alavantic</surname><given-names>Dragan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amorim</surname><given-names>António</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amos</surname><given-names>William</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Armenteros</surname><given-names>Manuel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arroyo</surname><given-names>Eduardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barbujani</surname><given-names>Guido</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beckman</surname><given-names>Gunhild</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beckman</surname><given-names>Lars</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bertranpetit</surname><given-names>Jaume</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bosch</surname><given-names>Elena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">13,</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">†</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bradley</surname><given-names>Daniel G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brede</surname><given-names>Gaute</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>Gillian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Côrte-Real</surname><given-names>Helena B. 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John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">31</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nafa</surname><given-names>Khedoudja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">32</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nicholson</surname><given-names>Jayne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nørby</surname><given-names>Søren</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pandya</surname><given-names>Arpita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parik</surname><given-names>Jüri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patsalis</surname><given-names>Philippos C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">28</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Luísa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peterlin</surname><given-names>Borut</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pielberg</surname><given-names>Gerli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prata</surname><given-names>Maria João</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Previderé</surname><given-names>Carlo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">35</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roewer</surname><given-names>Lutz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rootsi</surname><given-names>Siiri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rubinsztein</surname><given-names>D. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">36</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saillard</surname><given-names>Juliette</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Fabrício R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">2,</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN5">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stefanescu</surname><given-names>Gheorghe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">37</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sykes</surname><given-names>Bryan C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">32</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tolun</surname><given-names>Aslihan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">38</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Villems</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tyler-Smith</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jobling</surname><given-names>Mark A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="N0x925af60.0x9ae7900"><sup>1</sup>Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester;<sup>2</sup>CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry, and<sup>3</sup>Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford;<sup>4</sup>Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu and<sup>5</sup>Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia;<sup>6</sup>Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinca," Belgrade;<sup>7</sup>5 IPATIMUP and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal;<sup>8</sup>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge;<sup>9</sup>Centro de Investigacion y Criminalistica, Laboratorio de ADN, Policia Judicial, Guardia Civil, and<sup>10</sup>Laboratorio de Biología Forense, Departamento de Toxicología y Legislación Sanitaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid;<sup>11</sup>Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;<sup>12</sup>Umeå University, Department of Medical Genetics, Umeå, Sweden;<sup>13</sup>Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciecies de la Salut I de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona;<sup>14</sup>Department of Genetics, Trinity College, Dublin;<sup>15</sup>University of Oslo, Centre for Biotechnology, Oslo;<sup>16</sup>Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon;<sup>17</sup>Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research, MGC-Department of Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands;<sup>18</sup>Laboratory for Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Center for Human Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;<sup>19</sup>Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow;<sup>20</sup>Department of Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel;<sup>21</sup>Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lódz, Lódz, Poland;<sup>22</sup>Department of Human Biology, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Campus, and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth;<sup>23</sup>Genetic Research Laboratory, Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty (Charité), Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin;<sup>24</sup>Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kiev;<sup>25</sup>Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Medical Academy of Latvia, Riga;<sup>26</sup>Center of Human Genetics, University of Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania;<sup>27</sup>Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome;<sup>28</sup>The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia;<sup>29</sup>Unité d'Immunogénétique Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris;<sup>30</sup>Institute of Human Genetics, GSF-National Research Centre, Munich;<sup>31</sup>La Trobe University, School of Genetics and Human Variation, Bundoora, Australia<sup>32</sup>Department of Human Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York;<sup>33</sup>Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen;<sup>34</sup>Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;<sup>35</sup>Dipartimento di Medicina Legale e Sanita Pubblica, Pavia, Italy;<sup>36</sup>Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge;<sup>37</sup>I.C. Biologice, Iasi, Romania; and<sup>38</sup>Bogazici University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul</aff><author-notes><corresp>Address for correspondence and reprints: Dr. Mark A. Jobling, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom. Email: <email>maj4@leicester.ac.uk</email></corresp><fn id="FN2"><label>*</label><p>Present affiliation: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.</p></fn><fn id="FN3"><label>†</label><p>Present affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.</p></fn><fn id="FN4"><label>‡</label><p>Present affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leipzig.</p></fn><fn id="FN5"><label>§</label><p>Present affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2000</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>11</month><year>2000</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1526</fpage><lpage>1543</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>7</month><year>2000</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>9</month><year>2000</year></date></history><copyright-statement>© 2000 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2000</copyright-year><self-uri>11078479</self-uri><abstract><p>Clinal patterns of autosomal genetic diversity within Europe have been interpreted in previous studies in terms of a Neolithic demic diffusion model for the spread of agriculture; in contrast, studies using mtDNA have traced many founding lineages to the Paleolithic and have not shown strongly clinal variation. We have used 11 human Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms, defining 10 haplogroups, to analyze a sample of 3,616 Y chromosomes belonging to 47 European and circum-European populations. Patterns of geographic differentiation are highly nonrandom, and, when they are assessed using spatial autocorrelation analysis, they show significant clines for five of six haplogroups analyzed. Clines for two haplogroups, representing 45% of the chromosomes, are continentwide and consistent with the demic diffusion hypothesis. Clines for three other haplogroups each have different foci and are more regionally restricted and are likely to reflect distinct population movements, including one from north of the Black Sea. Principal-components analysis suggests that populations are related primarily on the basis of geography, rather than on the basis of linguistic affinity. This is confirmed in Mantel tests, which show a strong and highly significant partial correlation between genetics and geography but a low, nonsignificant partial correlation between genetics and language. Genetic-barrier analysis also indicates the primacy of geography in the shaping of patterns of variation. These patterns retain a strong signal of expansion from the Near East but also suggest that the demographic history of Europe has been complex and influenced by other major population movements, as well as by linguistic and geographic heterogeneities and the effects of drift.</p></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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