How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?
Identifieur interne : 000196 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000195; suivant : 000197How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?
Auteurs : Lidia Morawska ; Julian W. Tang ; William Bahnfleth ; Philomena M. Bluyssen ; Atze Boerstra ; Giorgio Buonanno ; Junji Cao ; Stephanie Dancer ; Andres Floto ; Francesco Franchimon ; Charles Haworth ; Jaap Hogeling ; Christina Isaxon ; Jose L. Jimenez ; Jarek Kurnitski ; Yuguo Li ; Marcel Loomans ; Guy Marks ; Linsey C. Marr ; Livio Mazzarella ; Arsen Krikor Melikov ; Shelly Miller ; Donald K. Milton ; William Nazaroff ; Peter V. Nielsen ; Catherine Noakes ; Jordan Peccia ; Xavier Querol ; Chandra Sekhar ; Olli Sepp Nen ; Shin-Ichi Tanabe ; Raymond Tellier ; Kwok Wai Tham ; Pawel Wargocki ; Aneta Wierzbicka ; Maosheng YaoSource :
- Environment international [ 1873-6750 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Aerosols (MeSH), Air Microbiology (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), COVID-19 (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control), Coronavirus Infections (transmission), Crowding (MeSH), Disinfection (instrumentation), Filtration (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Inhalation Exposure (MeSH), Pandemics (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control), Pneumonia, Viral (transmission), SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH), Ventilation (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical : Aerosols.
- instrumentation : Disinfection.
- prevention & control : Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral.
- transmission : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- Air Microbiology, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Crowding, Filtration, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, SARS-CoV-2, Ventilation.
Abstract
During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832
PubMed: 32521345
PubMed Central: PMC7250761
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:32521345Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?</title><author><name sortKey="Morawska, Lidia" sort="Morawska, Lidia" uniqKey="Morawska L" first="Lidia" last="Morawska">Lidia Morawska</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: l.morawska@qut.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Julian W" sort="Tang, Julian W" uniqKey="Tang J" first="Julian W" last="Tang">Julian W. Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bahnfleth, William" sort="Bahnfleth, William" uniqKey="Bahnfleth W" first="William" last="Bahnfleth">William Bahnfleth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bluyssen, Philomena M" sort="Bluyssen, Philomena M" uniqKey="Bluyssen P" first="Philomena M" last="Bluyssen">Philomena M. Bluyssen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boerstra, Atze" sort="Boerstra, Atze" uniqKey="Boerstra A" first="Atze" last="Boerstra">Atze Boerstra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buonanno, Giorgio" sort="Buonanno, Giorgio" uniqKey="Buonanno G" first="Giorgio" last="Buonanno">Giorgio Buonanno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department if Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Junji" sort="Cao, Junji" uniqKey="Cao J" first="Junji" last="Cao">Junji Cao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dancer, Stephanie" sort="Dancer, Stephanie" uniqKey="Dancer S" first="Stephanie" last="Dancer">Stephanie Dancer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Edinburgh Napier University and NHS Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Floto, Andres" sort="Floto, Andres" uniqKey="Floto A" first="Andres" last="Floto">Andres Floto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franchimon, Francesco" sort="Franchimon, Francesco" uniqKey="Franchimon F" first="Francesco" last="Franchimon">Francesco Franchimon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Franchimon ICM, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haworth, Charles" sort="Haworth, Charles" uniqKey="Haworth C" first="Charles" last="Haworth">Charles Haworth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hogeling, Jaap" sort="Hogeling, Jaap" uniqKey="Hogeling J" first="Jaap" last="Hogeling">Jaap Hogeling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Standards at ISSO, ISSO International Project, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Isaxon, Christina" sort="Isaxon, Christina" uniqKey="Isaxon C" first="Christina" last="Isaxon">Christina Isaxon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Lund University, Lund, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jimenez, Jose L" sort="Jimenez, Jose L" uniqKey="Jimenez J" first="Jose L" last="Jimenez">Jose L. Jimenez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurnitski, Jarek" sort="Kurnitski, Jarek" uniqKey="Kurnitski J" first="Jarek" last="Kurnitski">Jarek Kurnitski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yuguo" sort="Li, Yuguo" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yuguo" last="Li">Yuguo Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mechancal Engineering, Hong Kong University, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loomans, Marcel" sort="Loomans, Marcel" uniqKey="Loomans M" first="Marcel" last="Loomans">Marcel Loomans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marks, Guy" sort="Marks, Guy" uniqKey="Marks G" first="Guy" last="Marks">Guy Marks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Air quality Research and evaluation (CAR), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marr, Linsey C" sort="Marr, Linsey C" uniqKey="Marr L" first="Linsey C" last="Marr">Linsey C. Marr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Civil and Environmental Engineering, VA Tech, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzarella, Livio" sort="Mazzarella, Livio" uniqKey="Mazzarella L" first="Livio" last="Mazzarella">Livio Mazzarella</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>AiCARR, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melikov, Arsen Krikor" sort="Melikov, Arsen Krikor" uniqKey="Melikov A" first="Arsen Krikor" last="Melikov">Arsen Krikor Melikov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Shelly" sort="Miller, Shelly" uniqKey="Miller S" first="Shelly" last="Miller">Shelly Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milton, Donald K" sort="Milton, Donald K" uniqKey="Milton D" first="Donald K" last="Milton">Donald K. Milton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nazaroff, William" sort="Nazaroff, William" uniqKey="Nazaroff W" first="William" last="Nazaroff">William Nazaroff</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Peter V" sort="Nielsen, Peter V" uniqKey="Nielsen P" first="Peter V" last="Nielsen">Peter V. Nielsen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noakes, Catherine" sort="Noakes, Catherine" uniqKey="Noakes C" first="Catherine" last="Noakes">Catherine Noakes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peccia, Jordan" sort="Peccia, Jordan" uniqKey="Peccia J" first="Jordan" last="Peccia">Jordan Peccia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Engineering, Yale University, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Querol, Xavier" sort="Querol, Xavier" uniqKey="Querol X" first="Xavier" last="Querol">Xavier Querol</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sekhar, Chandra" sort="Sekhar, Chandra" uniqKey="Sekhar C" first="Chandra" last="Sekhar">Chandra Sekhar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sepp Nen, Olli" sort="Sepp Nen, Olli" uniqKey="Sepp Nen O" first="Olli" last="Sepp Nen">Olli Sepp Nen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aalto University, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" sort="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" uniqKey="Tanabe S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tanabe">Shin-Ichi Tanabe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Architectural Institute of Japan, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tellier, Raymond" sort="Tellier, Raymond" uniqKey="Tellier R" first="Raymond" last="Tellier">Raymond Tellier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McGill University, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tham, Kwok Wai" sort="Tham, Kwok Wai" uniqKey="Tham K" first="Kwok Wai" last="Tham">Kwok Wai Tham</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wargocki, Pawel" sort="Wargocki, Pawel" uniqKey="Wargocki P" first="Pawel" last="Wargocki">Pawel Wargocki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wierzbicka, Aneta" sort="Wierzbicka, Aneta" uniqKey="Wierzbicka A" first="Aneta" last="Wierzbicka">Aneta Wierzbicka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Maosheng" sort="Yao, Maosheng" uniqKey="Yao M" first="Maosheng" last="Yao">Maosheng Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32521345</idno><idno type="pmid">32521345</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7250761</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000196</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000196</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?</title><author><name sortKey="Morawska, Lidia" sort="Morawska, Lidia" uniqKey="Morawska L" first="Lidia" last="Morawska">Lidia Morawska</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: l.morawska@qut.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Julian W" sort="Tang, Julian W" uniqKey="Tang J" first="Julian W" last="Tang">Julian W. Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bahnfleth, William" sort="Bahnfleth, William" uniqKey="Bahnfleth W" first="William" last="Bahnfleth">William Bahnfleth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bluyssen, Philomena M" sort="Bluyssen, Philomena M" uniqKey="Bluyssen P" first="Philomena M" last="Bluyssen">Philomena M. Bluyssen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boerstra, Atze" sort="Boerstra, Atze" uniqKey="Boerstra A" first="Atze" last="Boerstra">Atze Boerstra</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buonanno, Giorgio" sort="Buonanno, Giorgio" uniqKey="Buonanno G" first="Giorgio" last="Buonanno">Giorgio Buonanno</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department if Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Junji" sort="Cao, Junji" uniqKey="Cao J" first="Junji" last="Cao">Junji Cao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dancer, Stephanie" sort="Dancer, Stephanie" uniqKey="Dancer S" first="Stephanie" last="Dancer">Stephanie Dancer</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Edinburgh Napier University and NHS Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Floto, Andres" sort="Floto, Andres" uniqKey="Floto A" first="Andres" last="Floto">Andres Floto</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franchimon, Francesco" sort="Franchimon, Francesco" uniqKey="Franchimon F" first="Francesco" last="Franchimon">Francesco Franchimon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Franchimon ICM, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haworth, Charles" sort="Haworth, Charles" uniqKey="Haworth C" first="Charles" last="Haworth">Charles Haworth</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hogeling, Jaap" sort="Hogeling, Jaap" uniqKey="Hogeling J" first="Jaap" last="Hogeling">Jaap Hogeling</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Standards at ISSO, ISSO International Project, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Isaxon, Christina" sort="Isaxon, Christina" uniqKey="Isaxon C" first="Christina" last="Isaxon">Christina Isaxon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Lund University, Lund, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jimenez, Jose L" sort="Jimenez, Jose L" uniqKey="Jimenez J" first="Jose L" last="Jimenez">Jose L. Jimenez</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurnitski, Jarek" sort="Kurnitski, Jarek" uniqKey="Kurnitski J" first="Jarek" last="Kurnitski">Jarek Kurnitski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Yuguo" sort="Li, Yuguo" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Yuguo" last="Li">Yuguo Li</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mechancal Engineering, Hong Kong University, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loomans, Marcel" sort="Loomans, Marcel" uniqKey="Loomans M" first="Marcel" last="Loomans">Marcel Loomans</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marks, Guy" sort="Marks, Guy" uniqKey="Marks G" first="Guy" last="Marks">Guy Marks</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Air quality Research and evaluation (CAR), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marr, Linsey C" sort="Marr, Linsey C" uniqKey="Marr L" first="Linsey C" last="Marr">Linsey C. Marr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Civil and Environmental Engineering, VA Tech, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzarella, Livio" sort="Mazzarella, Livio" uniqKey="Mazzarella L" first="Livio" last="Mazzarella">Livio Mazzarella</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>AiCARR, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melikov, Arsen Krikor" sort="Melikov, Arsen Krikor" uniqKey="Melikov A" first="Arsen Krikor" last="Melikov">Arsen Krikor Melikov</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Shelly" sort="Miller, Shelly" uniqKey="Miller S" first="Shelly" last="Miller">Shelly Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milton, Donald K" sort="Milton, Donald K" uniqKey="Milton D" first="Donald K" last="Milton">Donald K. Milton</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nazaroff, William" sort="Nazaroff, William" uniqKey="Nazaroff W" first="William" last="Nazaroff">William Nazaroff</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Peter V" sort="Nielsen, Peter V" uniqKey="Nielsen P" first="Peter V" last="Nielsen">Peter V. Nielsen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noakes, Catherine" sort="Noakes, Catherine" uniqKey="Noakes C" first="Catherine" last="Noakes">Catherine Noakes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peccia, Jordan" sort="Peccia, Jordan" uniqKey="Peccia J" first="Jordan" last="Peccia">Jordan Peccia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Environmental Engineering, Yale University, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Querol, Xavier" sort="Querol, Xavier" uniqKey="Querol X" first="Xavier" last="Querol">Xavier Querol</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sekhar, Chandra" sort="Sekhar, Chandra" uniqKey="Sekhar C" first="Chandra" last="Sekhar">Chandra Sekhar</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sepp Nen, Olli" sort="Sepp Nen, Olli" uniqKey="Sepp Nen O" first="Olli" last="Sepp Nen">Olli Sepp Nen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Aalto University, Finland.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" sort="Tanabe, Shin Ichi" uniqKey="Tanabe S" first="Shin-Ichi" last="Tanabe">Shin-Ichi Tanabe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Architectural Institute of Japan, Japan.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tellier, Raymond" sort="Tellier, Raymond" uniqKey="Tellier R" first="Raymond" last="Tellier">Raymond Tellier</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>McGill University, Canada.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tham, Kwok Wai" sort="Tham, Kwok Wai" uniqKey="Tham K" first="Kwok Wai" last="Tham">Kwok Wai Tham</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wargocki, Pawel" sort="Wargocki, Pawel" uniqKey="Wargocki P" first="Pawel" last="Wargocki">Pawel Wargocki</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wierzbicka, Aneta" sort="Wierzbicka, Aneta" uniqKey="Wierzbicka A" first="Aneta" last="Wierzbicka">Aneta Wierzbicka</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Sweden.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yao, Maosheng" sort="Yao, Maosheng" uniqKey="Yao M" first="Maosheng" last="Yao">Maosheng Yao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Environment international</title><idno type="eISSN">1873-6750</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aerosols (MeSH)</term><term>Air Microbiology (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>COVID-19 (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (prevention & control)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (transmission)</term><term>Crowding (MeSH)</term><term>Disinfection (instrumentation)</term><term>Filtration (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Inhalation Exposure (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (prevention & control)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (transmission)</term><term>SARS-CoV-2 (MeSH)</term><term>Ventilation (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>Aerosols</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="instrumentation" xml:lang="en"><term>Disinfection</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Air Microbiology</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>COVID-19</term><term>Crowding</term><term>Filtration</term><term>Humans</term><term>Inhalation Exposure</term><term>SARS-CoV-2</term><term>Ventilation</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32521345</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1873-6750</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>142</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Environment international</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Environ Int</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>105832</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0160-4120(20)31787-6</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>During the rapid rise in COVID-19 illnesses and deaths globally, and notwithstanding recommended precautions, questions are voiced about routes of transmission for this pandemic disease. Inhaling small airborne droplets is probable as a third route of infection, in addition to more widely recognized transmission via larger respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces. While uncertainties remain regarding the relative contributions of the different transmission pathways, we argue that existing evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant engineering controls targeting airborne transmission as part of an overall strategy to limit infection risk indoors. Appropriate building engineering controls include sufficient and effective ventilation, possibly enhanced by particle filtration and air disinfection, avoiding air recirculation and avoiding overcrowding. Often, such measures can be easily implemented and without much cost, but if only they are recognised as significant in contributing to infection control goals. We believe that the use of engineering controls in public buildings, including hospitals, shops, offices, schools, kindergartens, libraries, restaurants, cruise ships, elevators, conference rooms or public transport, in parallel with effective application of other controls (including isolation and quarantine, social distancing and hand hygiene), would be an additional important measure globally to reduce the likelihood of transmission and thereby protect healthcare workers, patients and the general public.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Morawska</LastName><ForeName>Lidia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath (ILAQH), WHO Collaborating Centre for Air Quality and Health, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: l.morawska@qut.edu.au.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Julian W</ForeName><Initials>JW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bahnfleth</LastName><ForeName>William</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bluyssen</LastName><ForeName>Philomena M</ForeName><Initials>PM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Boerstra</LastName><ForeName>Atze</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>REHVA (Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations), BBA Binnenmilieu, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buonanno</LastName><ForeName>Giorgio</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department if Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cao</LastName><ForeName>Junji</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Beijing, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dancer</LastName><ForeName>Stephanie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Edinburgh Napier University and NHS Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Floto</LastName><ForeName>Andres</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Franchimon</LastName><ForeName>Francesco</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Franchimon ICM, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Haworth</LastName><ForeName>Charles</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hogeling</LastName><ForeName>Jaap</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Standards at ISSO, ISSO International Project, the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Isaxon</LastName><ForeName>Christina</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Lund University, Lund, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jimenez</LastName><ForeName>Jose L</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chemistry, and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kurnitski</LastName><ForeName>Jarek</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>REHVA Technology and Research Committee, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Li</LastName><ForeName>Yuguo</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Mechancal Engineering, Hong Kong University, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Loomans</LastName><ForeName>Marcel</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marks</LastName><ForeName>Guy</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Air quality Research and evaluation (CAR), University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marr</LastName><ForeName>Linsey C</ForeName><Initials>LC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Civil and Environmental Engineering, VA Tech, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mazzarella</LastName><ForeName>Livio</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>AiCARR, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Melikov</LastName><ForeName>Arsen Krikor</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miller</LastName><ForeName>Shelly</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Milton</LastName><ForeName>Donald K</ForeName><Initials>DK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nazaroff</LastName><ForeName>William</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nielsen</LastName><ForeName>Peter V</ForeName><Initials>PV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Noakes</LastName><ForeName>Catherine</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peccia</LastName><ForeName>Jordan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Environmental Engineering, Yale University, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Querol</LastName><ForeName>Xavier</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Geosciences, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sekhar</LastName><ForeName>Chandra</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Seppänen</LastName><ForeName>Olli</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Aalto University, Finland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tanabe</LastName><ForeName>Shin-Ichi</ForeName><Initials>SI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Architectural Institute of Japan, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tellier</LastName><ForeName>Raymond</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>McGill University, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tham</LastName><ForeName>Kwok Wai</ForeName><Initials>KW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wargocki</LastName><ForeName>Pawel</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wierzbicka</LastName><ForeName>Aneta</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Sweden.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yao</LastName><ForeName>Maosheng</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016422">Letter</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>27</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Int</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7807270</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0160-4120</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000336">Aerosols</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000336" MajorTopicYN="N">Aerosols</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000391" MajorTopicYN="Y">Air Microbiology</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="N">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="Y">transmission</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003441" MajorTopicYN="N">Crowding</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004203" MajorTopicYN="N">Disinfection</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000295" MajorTopicYN="N">instrumentation</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005374" MajorTopicYN="N">Filtration</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019570" MajorTopicYN="N">Inhalation Exposure</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011024" MajorTopicYN="N">Pneumonia, Viral</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000635" MajorTopicYN="Y">transmission</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014691" MajorTopicYN="N">Ventilation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><CoiStatement>Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>21</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>21</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>11</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32521345</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0160-4120(20)31787-6</ArticleId><ArticleId 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