Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes
Identifieur interne : 000611 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000610; suivant : 000612Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes
Auteurs : Francis D. Meunier ; Christophe Verheyden ; Pierre JouventinSource :
- Biological Conservation [ 0006-3207 ] ; 2000.
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Abstract
In a 2772 km survey in western France, we compared the relative abundance and activity of diurnal raptors along motorway verges and secondary roads to those in open cropland, during different seasons and hours of the day. Motorway verges, and to a lesser extent secondary road verges, were used significantly more than adjacent areas by buzzards (Buteo buteo), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and black kites (Milvus migrans), but not by harriers (Circus aeruginosus, C. cyaneus, C. pygargus). There was a seasonal shift in the use of roadsides by buzzards and kestrels, with a high use of motorway verges in winter and a low use in summer. Although kestrels and buzzards clearly used verges for hunting, their abundance along roads was not directly related to the relative abundance of small mammals. The supply of perching sites, allowing a less energy-demanding hunting behaviour than flight-hunting, and the width of the verges, appeared important factors in the attractiveness of roadsides for these species. This study shows that roadsides, particularly wide motorway verges, can be managed with respect to the conservation and abundance of raptor species in agricultural landscapes, in providing stable prey habitats and perching sites.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00094-4
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Meunier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: meunier@cebc.cnrs.fr</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verheyden, Christophe" sort="Verheyden, Christophe" uniqKey="Verheyden C" first="Christophe" last="Verheyden">Christophe Verheyden</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jouventin, Pierre" sort="Jouventin, Pierre" uniqKey="Jouventin P" first="Pierre" last="Jouventin">Pierre Jouventin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>New address: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UPR 9056, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810</idno><date when="2000" year="2000">2000</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00094-4</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000611</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000611</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes</title><author><name sortKey="Meunier, Francis D" sort="Meunier, Francis D" uniqKey="Meunier F" first="Francis D" last="Meunier">Francis D. Meunier</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: meunier@cebc.cnrs.fr</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verheyden, Christophe" sort="Verheyden, Christophe" uniqKey="Verheyden C" first="Christophe" last="Verheyden">Christophe Verheyden</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jouventin, Pierre" sort="Jouventin, Pierre" uniqKey="Jouventin P" first="Pierre" last="Jouventin">Pierre Jouventin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>New address: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UPR 9056, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Biological Conservation</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">BIOC</title><idno type="ISSN">0006-3207</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000">2000</date><biblScope unit="vol">92</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="291">291</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="298">298</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0006-3207</idno></series><idno type="istex">5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00094-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0006-3207(99)00094-4</idno><idno type="ArticleID">1172</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0006-3207</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Conservation</term><term>Farmland</term><term>Motorway</term><term>Raptor</term><term>Roadside</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In a 2772 km survey in western France, we compared the relative abundance and activity of diurnal raptors along motorway verges and secondary roads to those in open cropland, during different seasons and hours of the day. Motorway verges, and to a lesser extent secondary road verges, were used significantly more than adjacent areas by buzzards (Buteo buteo), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and black kites (Milvus migrans), but not by harriers (Circus aeruginosus, C. cyaneus, C. pygargus). There was a seasonal shift in the use of roadsides by buzzards and kestrels, with a high use of motorway verges in winter and a low use in summer. Although kestrels and buzzards clearly used verges for hunting, their abundance along roads was not directly related to the relative abundance of small mammals. The supply of perching sites, allowing a less energy-demanding hunting behaviour than flight-hunting, and the width of the verges, appeared important factors in the attractiveness of roadsides for these species. This study shows that roadsides, particularly wide motorway verges, can be managed with respect to the conservation and abundance of raptor species in agricultural landscapes, in providing stable prey habitats and perching sites. </div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Francis D Meunier</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</json:string><json:string>E-mail: meunier@cebc.cnrs.fr</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christophe Verheyden</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Pierre Jouventin</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</json:string><json:string>New address: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UPR 9056, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Raptor</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Conservation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Roadside</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Motorway</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Farmland</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>In a 2772 km survey in western France, we compared the relative abundance and activity of diurnal raptors along motorway verges and secondary roads to those in open cropland, during different seasons and hours of the day. Motorway verges, and to a lesser extent secondary road verges, were used significantly more than adjacent areas by buzzards (Buteo buteo), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and black kites (Milvus migrans), but not by harriers (Circus aeruginosus, C. cyaneus, C. pygargus). There was a seasonal shift in the use of roadsides by buzzards and kestrels, with a high use of motorway verges in winter and a low use in summer. Although kestrels and buzzards clearly used verges for hunting, their abundance along roads was not directly related to the relative abundance of small mammals. The supply of perching sites, allowing a less energy-demanding hunting behaviour than flight-hunting, and the width of the verges, appeared important factors in the attractiveness of roadsides for these species. This study shows that roadsides, particularly wide motorway verges, can be managed with respect to the conservation and abundance of raptor species in agricultural landscapes, in providing stable prey habitats and perching sites.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.304</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595 x 794 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1241</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>5225</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>31089</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>192 </abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes</title><pii><json:string>S0006-3207(99)00094-4</json:string></pii><genre></genre><host><volume>92</volume><pii><json:string>S0006-3207(00)X0057-2</json:string></pii><pages><last>298</last><first>291</first></pages><issn><json:string>0006-3207</json:string></issn><issue>3</issue><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Biological Conservation</title><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate></host><publicationDate>2000</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2000</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00094-4</json:string></doi><id>5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader type="text"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>Elsevier Science Ltd, ©2000</p></availability><date>2000</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Mean (±SE) number of raptors along motorway verges (MV), and in two zones along secondary roads: 0–50 m (Z1) and 50–100 m (Z2), during 42 surveys. Horizontal bars indicate comparisons of means by Tukeys' HSD test after an analysis of variance on square-root- (kestrels) or log- (buzzards, black kites) transformed data: *p<0.05; ns p>0.05.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean (±SE) number of raptors along motorway verges (■), and in two zones along secondary roads: 0–50 m (□) and 50–100 m (○), during six surveys per month, from May 1996 to May 1997.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Frequency distribution (in %) of behaviours of raptors along motorway verges (MV) and in two zones (buzzards, black kites) or three zones (kestrels) along secondary roads: secondary road verges (SRV, 0–3 m), 0–50 m (Z1) and 50–100 m (Z2). Note that Z1 always contains SRV. Behaviours are: flight-hunting (F-H), perching (P), walking or alighting on the ground (G), and other behaviours, i.e. not hunting (O). Numbers above bars indicate total number of observations.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Frequency distribution (in %) of perch types used by raptors along motorway verges (MV) and along secondary roads (see Fig. 3 for details). Two perch types are distinguished: natural perch (tree) or linear man-made structure such as fence, telephone and electric line (FTEL). Numbers above bars indicate total number of perching observations.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Mean (±SE) number of monthly captures per 60 trap-nights of Microtus arvalis + Crocidura russula in the mown (▴) and the unmown (■) part of motorway verges, and in fields (□), from April 1996 to January 1997. C. russula was significantly more abundant in mown and unmown part of verges than in fields in August and October, M. arvalis in mown verges in August. Source: Meunier et al. (1999).</note><note type="content">Table 1: Effects of road type (analysis 1) or distance from road (analysis 2), month and time on the number of raptors (ANOVA results)a</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Francis D</forename><surname>Meunier</surname></persName><email>meunier@cebc.cnrs.fr</email><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-5-4909-6111; fax:+33-5-4909-6526</p></note><affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Christophe</forename><surname>Verheyden</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Pierre</forename><surname>Jouventin</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</affiliation><affiliation>New address: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UPR 9056, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Biological Conservation</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">BIOC</title><idno type="pISSN">0006-3207</idno><idno type="PII">S0006-3207(00)X0057-2</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2000"></date><biblScope unit="vol">92</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="291">291</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="298">298</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00094-4</idno><idno type="PII">S0006-3207(99)00094-4</idno><idno type="ArticleID">1172</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2000</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In a 2772 km survey in western France, we compared the relative abundance and activity of diurnal raptors along motorway verges and secondary roads to those in open cropland, during different seasons and hours of the day. Motorway verges, and to a lesser extent secondary road verges, were used significantly more than adjacent areas by buzzards (Buteo buteo), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and black kites (Milvus migrans), but not by harriers (Circus aeruginosus, C. cyaneus, C. pygargus). There was a seasonal shift in the use of roadsides by buzzards and kestrels, with a high use of motorway verges in winter and a low use in summer. Although kestrels and buzzards clearly used verges for hunting, their abundance along roads was not directly related to the relative abundance of small mammals. The supply of perching sites, allowing a less energy-demanding hunting behaviour than flight-hunting, and the width of the verges, appeared important factors in the attractiveness of roadsides for these species. This study shows that roadsides, particularly wide motorway verges, can be managed with respect to the conservation and abundance of raptor species in agricultural landscapes, in providing stable prey habitats and perching sites.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Raptor</term></item><item><term>Conservation</term></item><item><term>Roadside</term></item><item><term>Motorway</term></item><item><term>Farmland</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1998-11-02">Received</change><change when="1999-06-02">Registration</change><change when="2000">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>BIOC</jid><aid>1172</aid><ce:pii>S0006-3207(99)00094-4</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00094-4</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2000">Elsevier Science Ltd</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Francis D</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Meunier</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address type="email">meunier@cebc.cnrs.fr</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Christophe</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Verheyden</ce:surname></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>Pierre</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Jouventin</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="FN1"><ce:sup loc="post">1</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-5-4909-6111; fax:+33-5-4909-6526</ce:text></ce:correspondence><ce:footnote id="FN1"><ce:label>1</ce:label><ce:note-para>New address: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UPR 9056, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France</ce:note-para></ce:footnote></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="2" month="11" year="1998"></ce:date-received><ce:date-accepted day="2" month="6" year="1999"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract class="author"><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para view="all" id="simple-para.0040">In a 2772 km survey in western France, we compared the relative abundance and activity of diurnal raptors along motorway verges and secondary roads to those in open cropland, during different seasons and hours of the day. Motorway verges, and to a lesser extent secondary road verges, were used significantly more than adjacent areas by buzzards (<ce:italic>Buteo buteo</ce:italic>), kestrels (<ce:italic>Falco tinnunculus</ce:italic>) and black kites (<ce:italic>Milvus migrans</ce:italic>), but not by harriers (<ce:italic>Circus aeruginosus</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>C. cyaneus</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>C. pygargus</ce:italic>). There was a seasonal shift in the use of roadsides by buzzards and kestrels, with a high use of motorway verges in winter and a low use in summer. Although kestrels and buzzards clearly used verges for hunting, their abundance along roads was not directly related to the relative abundance of small mammals. The supply of perching sites, allowing a less energy-demanding hunting behaviour than flight-hunting, and the width of the verges, appeared important factors in the attractiveness of roadsides for these species. This study shows that roadsides, particularly wide motorway verges, can be managed with respect to the conservation and abundance of raptor species in agricultural landscapes, in providing stable prey habitats and perching sites.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Raptor</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Conservation</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Roadside</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Motorway</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Farmland</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><!--Version 3.6 générée le 14-10-2015--><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Use of roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Francis D</namePart><namePart type="family">Meunier</namePart><affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: meunier@cebc.cnrs.fr</affiliation><description>Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-5-4909-6111; fax:+33-5-4909-6526</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christophe</namePart><namePart type="family">Verheyden</namePart><affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Pierre</namePart><namePart type="family">Jouventin</namePart><affiliation>Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS-UPR 1934, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France</affiliation><affiliation>New address: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-UPR 9056, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2000</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">1998-11-02</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">1999-06-02</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2000</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">In a 2772 km survey in western France, we compared the relative abundance and activity of diurnal raptors along motorway verges and secondary roads to those in open cropland, during different seasons and hours of the day. Motorway verges, and to a lesser extent secondary road verges, were used significantly more than adjacent areas by buzzards (Buteo buteo), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and black kites (Milvus migrans), but not by harriers (Circus aeruginosus, C. cyaneus, C. pygargus). There was a seasonal shift in the use of roadsides by buzzards and kestrels, with a high use of motorway verges in winter and a low use in summer. Although kestrels and buzzards clearly used verges for hunting, their abundance along roads was not directly related to the relative abundance of small mammals. The supply of perching sites, allowing a less energy-demanding hunting behaviour than flight-hunting, and the width of the verges, appeared important factors in the attractiveness of roadsides for these species. This study shows that roadsides, particularly wide motorway verges, can be managed with respect to the conservation and abundance of raptor species in agricultural landscapes, in providing stable prey habitats and perching sites. </abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Mean (±SE) number of raptors along motorway verges (MV), and in two zones along secondary roads: 0–50 m (Z1) and 50–100 m (Z2), during 42 surveys. Horizontal bars indicate comparisons of means by Tukeys' HSD test after an analysis of variance on square-root- (kestrels) or log- (buzzards, black kites) transformed data: *p<0.05; ns p>0.05.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean (±SE) number of raptors along motorway verges (■), and in two zones along secondary roads: 0–50 m (□) and 50–100 m (○), during six surveys per month, from May 1996 to May 1997.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Frequency distribution (in %) of behaviours of raptors along motorway verges (MV) and in two zones (buzzards, black kites) or three zones (kestrels) along secondary roads: secondary road verges (SRV, 0–3 m), 0–50 m (Z1) and 50–100 m (Z2). Note that Z1 always contains SRV. Behaviours are: flight-hunting (F-H), perching (P), walking or alighting on the ground (G), and other behaviours, i.e. not hunting (O). Numbers above bars indicate total number of observations.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Frequency distribution (in %) of perch types used by raptors along motorway verges (MV) and along secondary roads (see Fig. 3 for details). Two perch types are distinguished: natural perch (tree) or linear man-made structure such as fence, telephone and electric line (FTEL). Numbers above bars indicate total number of perching observations.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Mean (±SE) number of monthly captures per 60 trap-nights of Microtus arvalis + Crocidura russula in the mown (▴) and the unmown (■) part of motorway verges, and in fields (□), from April 1996 to January 1997. C. russula was significantly more abundant in mown and unmown part of verges than in fields in August and October, M. arvalis in mown verges in August. Source: Meunier et al. (1999).</note><note type="content">Table 1: Effects of road type (analysis 1) or distance from road (analysis 2), month and time on the number of raptors (ANOVA results)a</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Raptor</topic><topic>Conservation</topic><topic>Roadside</topic><topic>Motorway</topic><topic>Farmland</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Biological Conservation</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>BIOC</title></titleInfo><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200003</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0006-3207</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0006-3207(00)X0057-2</identifier><part><date>2000</date><detail type="volume"><number>92</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>3</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>265</start><end>398</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>291</start><end>298</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">5ECF4780B177672F492D18E0F6DFE3362D573810</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00094-4</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0006-3207(99)00094-4</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">1172</identifier><recordInfo><recordOrigin>ELSEVIER</recordOrigin><recordContentSource>Elsevier Science Ltd, ©2000</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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