Collaborative digitization programs a multifaceted approach to sustainability
Identifieur interne : 000339 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000338; suivant : 000340Collaborative digitization programs a multifaceted approach to sustainability
Auteurs : Ken Middleton ; Ken MiddletonSource :
- Library Hi Tech [ 0737-8831 ] ; 2005-06-01.
Abstract
Purpose To provide an introduction to the eight articles in the issue that deal with collaborative digitization programs. Designmethodologyapproach This introduction summarizes the articles within the context of sustainability. Findings In addition to business planning, efforts to build collaborative networks, empower content providers, and engage endusers are central to developing sustainable programs. Originalityvalue Readers gain a quick overview of some of the key issues that digitization programs face.
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DOI: 10.1108/07378830510605115
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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="review-article"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lht</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/lht</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Library Hi Tech</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0737-8831</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/07378830510605115</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2380230201.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2380230201</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">review-article</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">General review</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IBRT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information behaviour & retrieval</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IUS</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information user studies</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-MTD</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Metadata</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Collaborative digitization programs: a multifaceted approach to sustainability</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><string-name><given-names>Ken</given-names> <surname>Middleton</surname></string-name></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Ken</given-names> <surname>Middleton</surname></string-name><aff>Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>06</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>Collaborative digitization programs</issue-title><issue-title content-type="short">Collaborative digitization programs</issue-title><fpage>145</fpage><lpage>150</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2005</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="07378830510605115.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Purpose</title><x> – </x><p>To provide an introduction to the eight articles in the issue that deal with collaborative digitization programs.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Design/methodology/approach</title><x> – </x><p>This introduction summarizes the articles within the context of sustainability.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Findings</title><x> – </x><p>In addition to business planning, efforts to build collaborative networks, empower content providers, and engage end‐users are central to developing sustainable programs.</p></sec><sec><title content-type="abstract-heading">Originality/value</title><x> – </x><p>Readers gain a quick overview of some of the key issues that digitization programs face.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Digital libraries</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Training</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Empowerment</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>United States of America</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><ack><p>The author wishes to thank Michael Seadle for offering him the opportunity to serve as a guest editor. He also thanks Jeff Barry, Melvin Davis, and Mayo Taylor for their input and support. Working with his Volunteer Voices colleagues, a group with considerable talents and a collaborative spirit, has prepared him well for editing this issue.</p></ack></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Statewide and regional digitization programs in the USA offer cultural heritage institutions (archives, libraries, and museums) a viable option for digitizing their collections (e.g. photographs, diaries, oral histories, museum objects). These collaborative programs may provide training in digital imaging and metadata standards, access to scanning equipment, and software tools that streamline the creation of metadata records. Most programs also feature a central site for searching across the digital collections of participating institutions. Students, scholars and lifelong learners gain access to a rich source for exploring the history and culture of their state or region.</p><p>The Ohio Memory Online Scrapbook (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ohiomemory.org">www.ohiomemory.org</ext-link>) illustrates these benefits well. A simple search for “temperance” retrieves digital surrogates of a variety of sources (photographs, temperance society records, letters, pamphlets) from over 30 institutions, including county historical societies and small public libraries. The cost savings and potential educational value of these programs have not gone unnoticed. Counting programs still in planning, groups from at least 40 states are involved in statewide or regional digitization programs (Collaborative digitization projects in the USA <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/stateportals.html">www.mtsu.edu/∼kmiddlet/stateportals.html</ext-link>).</p><p>Eight articles in this issue illustrate diverse approaches to addressing the technical, social, and financial challenges facing collaborative digitization programs. States and regions represented include Texas, North Carolina, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, the Mountain West (Utah, Nevada), Alabama, and the Columbia River Basin (Idaho, Oregon, Washington State). Although these programs vary in terms of organizational structure, the number and types of participating institutions, and software/hardware options, they share a vision of creating a dynamic and sustainable digitization program. The realization of this vision requires that programs implement sound business planning practices, build strong collaborative networks, empower content providers (i.e. participating institutions), and engage end‐users.</p></sec><sec><title>Business planning for sustainability</title><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Bishoff and Allen (2004)</xref> argue that the business planning approach offers a long‐term, strategic perspective that is essential for the development of sustainable digitization programs. The authors include a template that offers cultural heritage institutions a better understanding of the key components of business plans (e.g. the mission statement, market research, promotional strategies, financial planning, product evaluation). A key theme of this valuable guide is that program planners should base their decisions on sound business planning practices instead of assumptions and wishful thinking. For instance, they should conduct market research to determine what current and potential end‐users expect from digital collections.</p><p>The financial component of business planning becomes increasingly important for digitization planners as they transform grant‐based pilot projects into sustainable programs. A financial plan can be used to determine the true costs of digitization and to designate reliable sources of revenue to offset these costs. As part of their overview of the Portal to Texas History, Hartman <italic>et al.</italic> discuss their financial plan for developing multiple revenue streams and improving efficiency. This program will receive revenue by providing digital conversion activities, consulting services, a clearinghouse for licensing digital content, reproductions of historical items, and on‐demand printing. In addition to automating part of the metadata creation process, they will improve efficiency by using a variety of software tools that track projects, evaluate customer satisfaction, and create collaborative workspaces.</p></sec><sec><title>Building collaborative networks</title><p>Some of the most challenging aspects of collaborative digitization programs are social rather than technical. Even at the institutional level, digitization programs often require that staff from different departments work with one another much more closely than they are accustomed. This challenge is compounded when a digitization program includes multiple institutions of various types, sizes, and locations. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Bishoff (2004)</xref> has detailed the collaborative challenges that librarians and museum professionals face, including the lack of a shared vocabulary and differences in cultures and funding structures. By respecting these differences and insuring that all participants benefit, digitization programs can develop collections that are more diverse, increase the efficiency of the digitization process, and create additional funding options.</p><p>Wisser describes just such an inclusive approach in her article about meeting metadata challenges of NC ECHO. She begins by summarizing the results of NC ECHO's face‐to‐face survey of over 500 institutions. This impressive effort has not only provided project staff with valuable knowledge about how museums and other institution types operate, but has also recognized personnel at these institutions as true partners in NC ECHO. These personnel can help shape NC ECHO by serving on any of its multiple metadata working groups (Dublin Core, Encoded Archival Description, museum metadata, Text Encoding Initiative). Participating institutions benefit from training and consultation services that address their specific metadata needs. This multi‐pronged approach promotes the creation of consistent and quality metadata that is so central to access and digital preservation. Equally important to the sustainability of NC ECHO is the sense of community and empowerment among participants that this approach encourages.</p><p>Gemmill and O'Neal discuss the direct benefits that Ohio Memory receives from its strong collaborative relationships with six project partners. For instance, OhioLINK provides valuable technical assistance, and houses Ohio Memory's digital objects on its servers. Project staff at the Ohio Historical Society can concentrate on offering content providers a high level of personalized service. As a further incentive, contributing institutions are only required to submit one item. These efforts have achieved remarkable results. Ohio Memory has 330 contributing archives, libraries, and museums.</p></sec><sec><title>Empowerment through training and tools</title><p>Building a broad‐based group of digitization professionals is crucial to sustaining a collaborative digitization program beyond its initial grant‐funding period. This is a formidable task because digitization is totally new to so many participating institutions, training can be expensive, and the speed of technological change necessitates continuing education. However, collaborative programs can address these challenges by empowering content providers with flexible training opportunities, support and technical tools.</p><p>The Illinois Digitization Institute (IDI) provides an excellent model for addressing the rapidly expanding need for digitization training. Maroso describes how IDI's three levels of training are designed to meet the diverse needs of individuals involved with digitization projects. Inexpensive one‐day workshops are ideal for individuals who are new to digitization, whereas IDI's online course provides more detail and offers interactive tools. A third option combines the online modules with hands‐on exercises. In addition to arguing for increased training opportunities in the digitization of audio and video, Maroso urges trainers to place a stronger emphasis on the costs and importance of digital longevity. No one should doubt the importance of training to the sustainability of digitization programs after reading this article.</p><p>Jones notes that Making of Modern Michigan (MMM) is empowering content providers by combining training with support and appropriate technical tools. Six digitization centers provide scanning equipment, technical advice, and informal training. Project staff developed a metadata entry system that allows participants to enter Dublin Core records. One time‐saving feature is that records can be flagged and used as templates for other records.</p><p>MMM is also providing a model for making copyright compliance much less of an obstacle for institutions to participate in collaborative digitization programs.</p><p>A web‐based copyright training video was an instant success, and a copyright clearance service builds on an existing service at Michigan State University. In addition, copyright screening is an integral part of the project's inventory system. By breaking the complexity of copyright law down to a series of yes/no questions, content providers can quickly determine with some degree of confidence whether materials are in the public domain.</p><p>Unlike as few as five years ago, a variety of digital content management systems can now facilitate collaborative digitization efforts. Authors in this issue note the particular strengths and limitations of CONTENTdm, Documentum, Encompass, and Index Data. Other programs have selected Digital Library eXtension Service (DLXS) and SiteSearch. Indeed, no single package has cornered the market, and this healthy competition should continue to promote the development of efficient and user‐friendly software for content providers and project hosts, as well as elegant interfaces and innovative tools for end‐users.</p><p>Arlitsch and Jonsson describe the use of the CONTENTdm Multi‐Site Server (MSS) as a cost‐effective tool for developing the Mountain West Digital Library (MWDL). In this model, six regional digitization centers scan materials from partner institutions to insure digitization uniformity. Partner institutions create and upload metadata to a center's CONTENTdm server. Records from each digitization center server are harvested by the MSS at the University of Utah to create the publicly accessible database. In addition to retaining control of metadata, partner institutions have the option of developing a customized portal to their digital collections. Having already created a quarter of a million digital objects in multiple formats, the MWDL model is highly efficient. In addition, the authors note the success of applying this model to the Western Waters project. Nevertheless, they also note some limitations of the MSS, such as its inability to automatically discover new collections.</p><p>Similar to the MWDL's use of CONTENTdm, AlabamaMosaic benefits from multiple installations of Encompass for Digital Access software in the state. Downer <italic>et al.</italic> note that AlabamaMosaic's three digitization centers fulfill most of its digitization needs because each center has different technical capabilities. However, a repository must complete a digital collection plan before personnel can utilize the digitization centers or attend digitization workshops. This requirement contributes to the sustainability of AlabamaMosaic by informing project staff of training and resource needs, empowering institutions to digitize materials themselves, and sometimes forming the basis for grant proposals in support of local digitization projects.</p><p>Some institutions may be too remote to take advantage of digitization centers, and others may hesitate to transport their delicate and valuable collections. The Portal to Texas History offers an alternative. After receiving training, staff at participating institutions can borrow a portable digital imaging unit. Wykoff <italic>et al.</italic> offer a second alternative in their overview of The Columbia River Basin Ethnic History Archive. This project utilized a mobile scanning team that visited archives and museums, scanned images, and entered metadata. Although wholesale adoption of this approach is often not feasible, programs that want to encourage participation from small institutions may want to consider offering some flexibility in where items are digitized.</p></sec><sec><title>Engaging end‐users</title><p>The collaborative approach is also essential for developing digital collections that are engaging and relevant to end‐users. Beginning with the appointment of historian/educator Laurie Mercier as co‐project director, the Columbia River Basin Ethnic History Archive was designed from the ground up with education applications in mind. Rather than having a “lesson plans” link that is buried among other options, they have nicely integrated background materials, research tutorials, and lesson plans into the site. In addition, the public interface is designed to guide the user into the content of the database. Their plans for an online discussion forum for teachers and students, although not fully realized, will add another level of interactivity.</p><p>In collaboration with educators, The Portal to Texas History (PHT) is also planning a host of portal services for that will assist teachers in integrating PHT collections into the curriculum. For instance, restricted access sites will provide teachers with tools to design resource sites for specific classes, as well as online forums for students and teachers to discuss assignments. AlabamaMosaic uses Alabama Moments, an existing framework for tying primary sources into the K‐12 curriculum, both as a guide for selecting collections to digitize and as a source for subject headings. These examples will hopefully prompt more collaborative programs to give historians and educators an even greater role in planning and development. Participants in Teaching American History, a project that helps teachers integrate primary sources into the K‐12 curriculum, are well‐suited for this role (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ed.gov/programs/teachinghistory/index.html">www.ed.gov/programs/teachinghistory/index.html</ext-link>).</p><p>Statewide digitization programs can make further inroads into the curriculum by collaborating with other projects to create a one‐stop site for state history research. AlabamaMosaic is taking one step in this direction by collaborating with another digitization project, <italic>The Encyclopedia of Alabama.</italic> Such a resource could provide contextual information for digital surrogates of primary sources, a feature that is often lacking in digitization projects. An online archive of the back issues of a state's historical society journal could serve a similar purpose. A federated search of quality primary, secondary, and tertiary sources would combine Google‐like simplicity with highly relevant results.</p><p>New sources for digitization can also increase a program's appeal to different audiences. Newspapers in particular have a wide variety of uses for students, historians, and genealogists. Arlitsch and Jonsson highlight the joint efforts of The University of Utah and Brigham Young University to create the first distributed digital newspaper collection in the USA. The National Newspaper Digitization Program, with pilot grants awarded in 2005, will give more programs the opportunity to explore the challenges and rewards of this unique information source (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/ndnp.html">www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/ndnp.html</ext-link>). Although not covered in this issue, “Ephemeral Cities”, a project of Florida's Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM) program, is linking specific locations of buildings on Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps with other relevant digital objects (e.g. photographs, documents, museum objects) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/digital/collections/EphemeralCities/">www.uflib.ufl.edu/digital/collections/EphemeralCities/</ext-link>). Students gain an engaging resource for exploring the relationships between place and time.</p><p>Individuals who are intimately involved in a digitization program may think that its value is quite obvious. However, there is a danger of thinking, “if we build it, they will come.” Similar to its approach with content providers, Ohio Memory has taken proactive steps to increase use of the project web site by students and the general public. For instance, they have promoted the use of personalized, annotated online scrapbooks by having well known Ohioans like Jack Hanna and Ohio's First Lady share their scrapbooks on the project web site. The Governor's Challenge is a quiz that links to items in Ohio Memory, and simple games offer opportunities for very young students to interact with the site. A variety of small images on the project home page quickly draws users of all ages into the database without entering a search. By creating such a broad‐based group of end‐users, project staff can make a convincing case for the continued development of Ohio Memory.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Taken as a whole, these articles provide a multifaceted approach to sustainability. By including archivists, educators, librarians, and museum curators as truly collaborative partners, a digitization program gains expertise, resources, and expanded funding options. By empowering content providers with appropriate tools, training, and support, digitization can become an integral part of the routine work of archives, libraries and museums. By engaging users with powerful, interactive tools, a database of digital objects can be transformed into a must‐have learning tool for students of all ages. When combined with efforts to recover costs and improve efficiency, this approach should make digitization programs better candidates for both ongoing and grant‐based funding.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b2"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Bishoff</surname>, <given-names>L.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>), “<article-title><italic>The collaborative imperative: if librarians want to lead in creating the digital future, they need to learn how to work with their colleagues in museums and archives</italic></article-title>”, <source><italic>Library Journal</italic></source>, Vol. <volume>129</volume> No. <issue>1</issue>, pp. <fpage>34</fpage><x>‐</x><lpage>5</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation><person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Bishoff</surname>, <given-names>L.</given-names></string-name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="author"><string-name><surname>Allen</surname>, <given-names>N.</given-names></string-name></person-group> (<year>2004</year>), <italic>Business Planning for Cultural Heritage Institutions</italic>, Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, DC, available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub124/pub124.pdf">www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub124/pub124.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Collaborative digitization programs a multifaceted approach to sustainability</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Collaborative digitization programs a multifaceted approach to sustainability</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ken</namePart><namePart type="family">Middleton</namePart></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ken</namePart><namePart type="family">Middleton</namePart><affiliation>Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA</affiliation></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="review-article" displayLabel="review-article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Emerald Group Publishing Limited</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2005-06-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Purpose To provide an introduction to the eight articles in the issue that deal with collaborative digitization programs. Designmethodologyapproach This introduction summarizes the articles within the context of sustainability. Findings In addition to business planning, efforts to build collaborative networks, empower content providers, and engage endusers are central to developing sustainable programs. Originalityvalue Readers gain a quick overview of some of the key issues that digitization programs face.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Digital libraries</topic><topic>Training</topic><topic>Empowerment</topic><topic>United States of America</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Library Hi Tech</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IBRT">Information behaviour & retrieval</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IUS">Information user studies</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-MTD">Metadata</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0737-8831</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">lht</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/lht</identifier><part><date>2005</date><detail type="title"><title>Collaborative digitization programs</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>23</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>2</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>145</start><end>150</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">3D0B152C4F6E397E2A288C9EA25C83717578AFE0</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/07378830510605115</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2380230201</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2380230201.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">07378830510605115.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© Emerald Group Publishing Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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