Electronic texts, digital libraries, and the humanities in Australia
Identifieur interne : 000315 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000314; suivant : 000316Electronic texts, digital libraries, and the humanities in Australia
Auteurs : Toby BurrowsSource :
- Library Hi Tech [ 0737-8831 ] ; 1999-09-01.
Abstract
The humanities are facing considerable difficulties and pressures in Australian universities, as staff numbers fall and research funds shrink. Despite this, various innovative projects, aimed at creating electronic versions of texts and other cultural materials, are currently in progress. A range of different cultural institutions is involved, though the university and state libraries are the most active participants. Funding for such projects is difficult to come by, and the future looks somewhat uncertain. If a more coordinated and coherent approach to building digital libraries is to succeed in Australia, researchers and cultural institutions will need to work together to establish the appropriate financial and organizational frameworks.
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DOI: 10.1108/07378839910289330
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ISTEX:2836CCA570C8707D407EC0D70EFD32614D37982ALe document en format XML
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Do Not Edit! --><article dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="en" article-type="case-report"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">lht</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1108/lht</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Library Hi Tech</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0737-8831</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MCB UP Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1108/07378839910289330</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="original-pdf">2380170304.pdf</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="filename">2380170304</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="type-of-publication"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">case-report</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Case study</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IKM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & knowledge management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-ICT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information & communications technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-INT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Internet</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="subject"><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LISC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library & information science</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IBRT</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information behaviour & retrieval</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-IUS</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Information user studies</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-MTD</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Metadata</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LLM</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Librarianship/library management</compound-subject-part></compound-subject><subj-group><compound-subject><compound-subject-part content-type="code">cat-LTC</compound-subject-part><compound-subject-part content-type="label">Library technology</compound-subject-part></compound-subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Electronic texts, digital libraries, and the humanities in Australia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name><given-names>Toby</given-names> <surname>Burrows</surname></string-name><aff>Toby Burrows is Principal Librarian, Scholars’ Centre, University of Western Australia Library, Nedlands, and is a member of the Electronic Dante Project team. tburrows@library.uwa.edu.au</aff></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>1999</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>248</fpage><lpage>256</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© MCB UP Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1999</copyright-year><license license-type="publisher"><license-p></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="07378839910289330.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The humanities are facing considerable difficulties and pressures in Australian universities, as staff numbers fall and research funds shrink. Despite this, various innovative projects, aimed at creating electronic versions of texts and other cultural materials, are currently in progress. A range of different cultural institutions is involved, though the university and state libraries are the most active participants. Funding for such projects is difficult to come by, and the future looks somewhat uncertain. If a more coordinated and coherent approach to building digital libraries is to succeed in Australia, researchers and cultural institutions will need to work together to establish the appropriate financial and organizational frameworks.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Australia</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Electronic publishing</kwd><x>, </x><kwd>Electronic information resources</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>peer-reviewed</meta-name><meta-value>no</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>academic-content</meta-name><meta-value>yes</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>rightslink</meta-name><meta-value>included</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Texts are the lifeblood of scholarship in the humanities. As bearers of the culture of the past and the present, texts convey our understanding of what it means to be human. Most humanities research relates to texts, particularly if one takes the wider definition of “text” espoused by the postmodernists and considers “texts” in a variety of media: manuscript, print, visual, audio, and electronic. It is not only the intellectual content of these texts which is of interest to scholars, but also the physical characteristics of the media themselves.</p><p>Electronic versions of texts and other cultural materials offer exciting new possibilities for encouraging their use, bringing them to a wider audience, and developing new approaches to understanding and interpreting them. For the humanities, networked collections of these electronic texts are what digital libraries are all about. For the last few years, numerous projects and experiments in building such collections have been under way in Europe and North America. Australia is far smaller, with far less access to resources and funds, and yet there is a growing body of innovative work being done in the humanities, particularly in publicly funded cultural institutions.</p></sec><sec><title>Humanities research in Australia</title><p>The humanities are in an increasingly difficult position in Australian universities. Each week seems to bring news of substantial reductions in staff numbers, together with the abolition and merging of departments, to the extent where one dean of arts recently talked of “the collapse of arts faculties” (Boumelha, 1998, p. 43). A similar decline in secondary education is also raising serious concern. Fewer school students are studying humanities subjects, with the result that “in our schools the humanities are dying” (Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1998b, p. 69). Literacy in English is being undermined, languages other than English are shrinking, and cultural literacy is increasingly inadequate.</p><p>A recent review of the humanities in Australia, the first since the late 1950s, found that Australian research in the humanities is well regarded internationally. The humanities contribute to Australian life and culture in many ways, particularly in informing Australians about their European heritages, about Aboriginal culture, and about the neighbouring regions of Asia and the Pacific. But funding for humanities research is inadequate at several levels (Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1998a, p. 79‐82). The humanities’ share of competitive grants has been falling steadily over the last ten years – in national grant programs and universities’ internal programs alike. In the more specialized government research schemes, the humanities receive a very small proportion of grants.</p><p>The Australian federal government’s competitive funding programs are targeted towards areas which can produce immediate, measurable benefits for social and economic improvement. There is a widespread feeling among humanities researchers that science, technology, and medicine are overwhelmingly favoured by this strategy. Established scholars in the humanities are finding it more and more difficult to get research grants, and funding for new researchers and graduate students is getting much harder to come by.</p><p>There are few sources of non‐government funding to supplement these programs. Australia has very little in the way of foundations or private donations which support research in the humanities. Corporate sponsorship and industry partnerships are almost non‐existent. The Australian Academy of the Humanities has estimated that the humanities’ share of Australia’s total research and development budget fell by more than 20 percent between 1992 and 1995 (Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1998a, p. 79).</p><p>Underlying all these developments is a deep‐seated uncertainty about the purpose and value of the humanities. Are they out of touch and irrelevant, except as a source of generic skills in thinking, writing, and communication? Or are they the last residue of ideas about a better society in a world dominated by utilitarian and “economic rationalist” attitudes? Do they need to be reinvented, or defended at all costs? There have been numerous Australian contributions to this debate in the 1990s (Gibbs, 1990; Hunter, 1991; Myers, 1995; Schreuder, 1995; Stolyar, 1996).</p><p>One pessimistic view sees only three choices for humanities scholars in this atmosphere of decline (Stuhr, 1995, pp. 8‐9). They can pursue “business as usual”, though this might be seen as retreating into the ivory tower and is likely to result in further marginalization. Alternatively, they can take a utilitarian approach and reinvent themselves as service providers to the professions, by offering training in “generic skills”. Or they can focus on providing entertainment in a postmodernist, media‐saturated world, filling the role of a mere “cultural court jester”.</p></sec><sec><title>Information technology and the humanities</title><p>If the humanities are to find ways of reasserting their importance to Australian society, they will almost certainly have to turn to information technology. The review of the humanities in Australia took a cautiously enthusiastic line, urging researchers to “engage with the information technology age” while warning them not to use the Internet merely to raise the profile of research “without deepening its content or quality” (Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1998a, p. 19). The authors of the report were firm in stating that the humanities need up‐to‐date information technology just as much as other subjects. The visual and performing arts, in particular, need advanced facilities for sound and graphics.</p><p>In Australian universities, the information technology infrastructure provided for the humanities varies considerably. Only a few institutions have a significant level of technical expertise which is integrated into the activities of academic staff. Where such expertise exists, it tends to take the form of a humanities computing center focusing mainly in the development of course materials. One successful example is the Arts Information Technology Unit at the University of Sydney[1]. Established in 1996, the unit has been involved in the development of more than 25 multimedia authoring shells and in a project to provide a Web‐based individual learning environment for arts students, covering lectures, tutorials, communication and assessment. Training in text and image scanning, and in Web page creation and design, is also offered.</p><p>The Multimedia Centre in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Western Australia has a similar focus on computer‐aided learning, especially for language teaching[2]. The Centre has two main functions: serving as a teaching laboratory in which students can use a range of computer‐aided instruction packages, particularly in language courses, and providing a focus for academic staff to develop multimedia teaching resources. In the latter area, the emphasis is on a locally produced authoring program known as StoryTime, which provides a simple but powerful platform for the creation of multimedia teaching packages.</p><p>Humanities computing centers are only one side of the picture. Another essential partner in developing an information technology infrastructure for the humanities is the university library. All libraries provide a wide range of electronic resources, as well as facilities for using them and instruction in their use. The extent to which these services are directed to the humanities differs greatly, depending largely on the financial position and strategic directions of the university. In general, libraries in Australia’s older and wealthier universities – with a strong tradition of support for humanities teaching and research – appear to make more substantial provision for the humanities than do the newer institutions with their emphasis on technology and business.</p><p>Even in these older universities, however, there are significant pressures and constraints on library support for the humanities. Funding the purchase of electronic resources is an especially difficult area. Subscriptions to networked indexing databases – in areas like science, technology, medicine, and business – are extremely expensive, typified by ISI’s Web of Science which is priced at more than $100,000 per year. Packaged access to the electronic versions of expensive printed journals from companies like Academic Press and Elsevier is becoming an essential purchase which also requires a huge investment. These products and these publishers form the real competition for humanities publishers like Chadwyck‐Healey, Cambridge University Press, and Intelex, some of whose electronic publications are also very expensive.</p><p>Using the products of these commercial publishers to build a digital library for the humanities is becoming almost impossible for all but the biggest and wealthiest institutions. Despite a nationwide deal for subscriptions to Chadwyck‐Healey’s Literature Online service, brokered by the Council of Australian University Librarians (CAUL), take‐up of this offer was comparatively modest. Lack of ownership rights to the material provided through this service was one factor, though its price and competing pressures for funds were probably more important. Purchases of Chadwyck‐ Healey’s large databases on CD‐ROM or magnetic tape – English Poetry, <italic>Patrologia Latina</italic>, and so on – have been even more limited. In most Australian universities, electronic resources for the humanities amount to a <italic>mélange</italic> of small‐scale databases and CD‐ROM texts, which hardly begins to resemble a coherent and integrated digital library.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic texts and digital objects</title><p>Electronic texts and digital collections in the humanities have many advantages for research and teaching. They provide access to surrogate versions of resources which would otherwise be inaccessible – manuscripts, documents, photographs, and out‐of‐print books. They give researchers the ability to perform complex searches almost instantaneously on a text or corpus of texts, instead of relying on the lengthy and time‐consuming process of carrying out manual searches. Electronic versions can link and juxtapose a variety of related objects in different media, and can bring together variant forms of the same work for ready comparison and analysis (Burrows, 1999).</p><p>Efforts to create electronic versions of Australian texts have been under way in several Australian libraries since 1996. The most active of these is the University of Sydney Library. Its scholarly electronic text and image service (SETIS), modeled on similar services in North America, provides a range of commercial and locally‐produced texts in text encoding initiative (TEI) markup[3]. These include more than 100 Australian literary works from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some other small‐scale digitization projects are being undertaken in collaboration with academic staff and postgraduate students. SETIS also provides facilities for creating and manipulating electronic literary texts (Cole, 1997). The University of Western Australia’s Scholars’ Centre offers a similar service, though on a smaller scale (Burrows, 1996)[4]. A limited amount of work has been done on local creation of texts in collaboration with postgraduate students. Despite these examples, the permeation of knowledge and expertise about text encoding and digitization into the wider academic community in Australia has been comparatively slow and limited.</p><p>Australian researchers are actively involved in the use of computers in textual criticism and editorial work. Most of this activity has emanated from the Australian Scholarly Editions Centre, at the Australia Defence Force Academy (ADFA) in Canberra[5]. Directed by Paul Eggert, the Centre is the major focus for critical editing in Australia, focusing mainly on early Australian texts. It maintains a program of seminars and training sessions, which have included visits from such experts in the field of electronic texts as Peter Shillingsburg (Mississippi State University) and Peter Robinson (Oxford and De Montfort Universities). The Centre has developed a Macintosh version of Shillingsburg’s computer assisted scholarly editing (CASE) program for collation. Known as MacCASE, it has been used in the Centre’s own work.</p><p>The Centre’s major publishing program is the Academy Editions series of Australian texts. An Academy Electronic Editions Committee was established in late 1993, to plan the development of electronic versions of texts in this series. The committee includes researchers with an interest in this area, such as Chris Tiffin (University of Queensland) and Graham Barwell (University of Wollongong). In 1996, a pilot electronic version of part of Marcus Clarke’s nineteenth‐century novel, <italic>For the Term of his Natural Life</italic>, was demonstrated. The eventual product will be an edition which includes several versions of the text, accompanied by notes and ancillary materials in a variety of media, among them excerpts from film versions of the book, and a song based on the story. The project is using the SGML markup of the text encoding initiative, and is developing HyperCard software for collaborative, distributed work on marking up the text.</p><p>A different approach to electronic texts can be found in the work of John Burrows, Director of the Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing at Newcastle University[6]. A specialist in computational stylistics, he has developed a method for comparing texts using frequency distributions and statistical analyses of the most common words in the text (Burrows, 1995). This technique has been applied to the works of Jane Austen, as well as to various English writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. More recently Burrows has investigated the probable authorship of anonymously published early Australia crime fiction, using the same methods (Sussex and Burrows, 1997).</p><p>Other projects are working on digital images of printed texts rather than searchable electronic editions. The Australian Co‐operative Digitisation Project is a collaborative venture between the National Library of Australia, the University of Sydney, the State Library of New South Wales, and Monash University[7]. Its focus is the creation of digital versions of Australian literature from the period between 1840 and 1845, including books (published through the SETIS service), journals, and newspapers. After spending some time unraveling the complexities of digitizing broadsheet newspapers, the participants expect to start making the journals and newspapers available during 1999.</p><p>The Australian Key Journals Project is another collaborative venture, this time between the Australian National University and the National Library, in association with Chadwyck‐Healey Ltd. Its purpose is to add the text of articles from Australian journals to the periodicals contents index (PCI) database[8]. The Australian Defence Force Academy Library, publishers of the AustLit database, has plans to add full‐text articles to this database too[9]. This will form the beginning of a digital library of critical writings about Australian literature, which can eventually be linked to the texts of the literary works themselves.</p><p>Outside the specific field of literary texts, many organizations are working on projects which are contributing to the development of electronic collections for the humanities (Iannella, 1996). To call these “digital libraries” is somewhat misleading, given that several different types of cultural institutions are involved: museums, galleries, community groups, and academic centers, as well as libraries. These electronic collections consist of digital images which reproduce items in the physical collections of cultural institutions. Most of the images are derived from photographs, though electronic versions of manuscripts, works of art, and cultural objects are also becoming available.</p><p>The state libraries of Australia have been particularly active in creating electronic collections. One of the most important projects, carried out by the State Library of New South Wales, makes available digitized images of the manuscripts of Sir Joseph Banks, the wealthy botanist who accompanied James Cook on his epoch‐making voyage to Australia in 1770. Amounting to about 10,000 pages, they form a research collection of great significance[10]. The State Library is now working on a project which draws together material relating to Matthew Flinders, one of the most important early explorers of Australia. A collection of digitized photographs illustrating Australian social life is also available, as part of the PICMAN (pictures and manuscripts) database[11].</p><p>The State Library of South Australia has also been very active in this area. More than 54,000 photographs from the Mortlock Pictorial Collection have been digitized, to produce a significant resource for the study of social history. The images do not form a browsable digital library, but can be searched through the library’s main catalog[12]. A similar venture is under way at the State Library of Victoria, with the difference that its multimedia source catalog is a separate searchable database, containing images linked to catalog records (Herman and Kurzeme, 1997)[13]. The Library and Information Service of Western Australia (LISWA) has also ventured into this field, but has taken a very different approach. Under the rubric <italic>Western Stories</italic>, two thematic collections of images have been made available: a selection from the photographs and movies of Western Australian photographer Stuart Gore, and a selection of photographs grouped around the theme “Memories of picnics”[14].</p><p>A wider range of sources is being drawn on by the National Library of Australia for its major digital library project. Under the name <italic>Images 1</italic>, the library is developing a World Wide Web database of images relating to Australia and its place in the world. More than 15,000 images are already available, illustrating various facets of Australia’s cultural heritage[15]. They are drawn from oil paintings, watercolours, and photographs in the Library’s extensive collections.</p><p>The most extensive digital library of art images in Australia has been assembled by an individual researcher. Michael Greenhalgh, Professor of Art History at the Australian National University, maintains two major electronic services. ArtServe is a collection of 80,000 images covering a wide range of geographical regions and historical periods. One of its components, ImageServe, provides advice on graphics techniques with the assistance of 10,000 images of European and Australian art and architecture (Greenhalgh, 1996, pp. 83‐4)[16].</p><p>Museums have also been active in developing digital versions of their collections, but these have tended to be in the sciences rather than the humanities. One important exception is the Berndt Museum of Anthropology at the University of Western Australia, which has an extensive collection of Aboriginal art and objects from Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The Museum’s Web site contains a catalog with images attached to many records, as well as a virtual tour of objects in a permanent exhibition[17]. The Aboriginal communities of North‐Western Australia have been approached for permission to reproduce electronic images of their traditional objects and designs, but these negotiations have yet to be completed. This has meant that some images are not yet available over the Web.</p><p>A collection of resources which has the potential to develop into a broadly based digital library is beginning to emerge from the National Centre for Australian Studies, based at Monash University[18]. It has various projects in progress, including a selection of electronic texts, an image collection, an online reader’s guide to Australia (ARGO), and a database of Australian place names. Also under development, in collaboration with the University of Queensland, are a directory of Australian literary authors and a bibliography of Australian literature, with the general title <italic>Australia’s Literary Heritage. </italic>The Centre’s Web site also houses two multimedia teaching resources: Soundscapes – an exploration of the aural context of 1930s culture – and the Mediality Project, which is building multimedia pathways aimed at extending social and historical analyses. These resources all exist as separate developments at this stage, but the possibilities for integration in the future are clear.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding for digital library developments</title><p>Despite all this activity in digitization, government support for the application of these new technologies to the humanities in Australia has been very patchy. Some interest has come from the Committee for University Teaching and Staff Development (CUTSD), formerly known as the Committee for the Advancement of University Teaching (CAUT). Reporting to the federal Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DETYA), the committee focuses its grant program on innovative teaching projects[19]. Out of 72 individual projects funded for 1998, however, only eight were in the humanities. Among them were multimedia programs for foreign language learning (including Anglo‐ Saxon) and for a role‐playing approach to Asian history, as well as an interactive Web‐based method for literary criticism.</p><p>Other government funding programs have supported various humanities projects in electronic media. One of the most notable was the National Priority (Reserve) Fund[20]. Though no longer in operation, this program funded a range of initiatives, including the <italic>Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History</italic>[21], the <italic>Australian Humanities Review</italic> electronic journal (which is also supported by the Australia Council, the federal government’s arts funding body), the Berndt Museum’s Web service, and a CD‐ROM register of the built environment in Western Australia. The Fund also contributed to the development of Michael Greenhalgh’s image collections.</p><p>The former federal labor government sponsored a series of CD‐ROMs about the cultural life of Australia, under the title <italic>Australia on CD</italic>. One very successful outcome of this was the <italic>Moorditj</italic> CD‐ROM, produced at The University of Western Australia and published in 1998. <italic>Moorditj </italic>– a Noongar word for “excellent” – celebrates the work of more than 100 indigenous artists, dancers, musicians, writers, and craftspeople, in a sophisticated multimedia presentation[22].</p><p>The Australian Research Council’s Research Infrastructure Equipment and Facilities Program (RIEF) has provided funding for several major projects[23]. Among these are the Australian Co‐operative Digitisation Project and the Australian Key Journals Project. The RIEF Program has also supported the <italic>Australia’s Literary Heritage</italic> project at Monash University and the University of Queensland, and the addition of retrospective material to the <italic>AustLit</italic> database. There is currently an annual round of grant allocations under the RIEF Program and more support for humanities projects is expected in the future.</p><p>The main government schemes for supporting university research have not provided much, if any, assistance. The Australian Research Council’s Large Grants scheme has generally ignored humanities computing projects, just as it has tended to ignore projects with editorial or bibliographical aims. The Council’s Collaborative Research Centres scheme has also bypassed these areas, and even the small grants scheme – which is administered within individual universities – has shown little interest.</p><p>The position in relation to private sector funding is, if anything, even worse.</p><p>There is little tradition of private funding for humanities research in Australia, apart from the occasional grants from some larger corporations to assist with book publication. Such patronage as emanates from these companies and from charitable foundations tends to focus on support for the performing arts, particularly ballet and music. For the most part, humanities researchers in Australian universities struggle to raise any funding from the private sector, and projects involving digital libraries and electronic collections are no exception to this rule.</p></sec><sec><title>Future directions</title><p>In an atmosphere of seemingly continual crisis for the humanities in Australia, characterized by declining support from governments and other funding bodies, information technology is struggling to find a satisfactory foothold in humanities teaching and research. There are plenty of ideas and a growing level of interest, illustrated by the variety of projects currently in progress – many of which focus on developing electronic versions of collections of texts and other artifacts. These projects are part of a global process which is fundamentally challenging and altering the content of the humanities and the way in which they are studied and taught. But these new shoots run the risk of withering before they can become fully established.</p><p>The report of the Review of the Humanities recognized the need to support and promote these developments, but only in a very generalized sense. It recommends “the adoption of an Australia‐wide library and information technology policy to assure the infrastructural support necessary to Australian humanities research” (Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1998a, p. xxi). Among its proposals to achieve this is a National Information Infrastructure Committee, which would include among its tasks the investigation of ways of supporting locally produced databases which are of national importance but cannot be self‐funding (Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1998a, pp. xxxi‐ii).</p><p>The report also recommends the development of national policies for digitizing data, but its authors envisage that most of the conversion of primary source materials into electronic form will be done outside Australia (Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1998a, p. 75). This ignores the whole question of digitizing Australian materials, which will surely not be undertaken in Europe or North America. More realistically, a recent meeting of representatives from several of Australia’s major libraries enthusiastically endorsed the American Memory project of the Library of Congress as a model for a similar development in Australia.</p><p>A wide‐ranging corpus of digitized versions of Australian literary and cultural resources in a variety of media both historical and contemporary should now be developed as a matter of urgency. Electronic editions of key Australian texts should be constructed, bringing together copies of manuscripts and other originals, variants and associated materials. Digital versions of objects and photographs held in cultural institutions should be systematically created. While these materials are being produced separately by individual researchers and institutions, an overarching framework for linking and integrating them will also need to be constructed. Centers of excellence in digitization should be identified and supported, to serve as a source of training and a stimulus to the broader community.</p><p>Partnerships between different types of humanities organizations – galleries, museums, libraries, and performing arts groups – will be essential. Collaboration between humanities organizations and information technology groups should also be pursued. Recognition of digitization activities as a worthwhile area for funding by government funding schemes should be pursued. So too should recognition of this kind of work in procedures for academic peer review and promotion. Support should also be sought from industry in the form of technical sponsorship.</p><p>Pursuing these developments in a time of shrinking funding will not be easy. At the very least, some funds will have to be redirected from traditional activities. Research grants, sponsorship, and community support will need to be vigorously sought. Much of the responsibility for this will lie with individual organizations and their leaders: deans of humanities faculties, directors of cultural institutions, and so on. They will need to work individually and in concert. Organizations in different sectors will need to overcome the existing, somewhat artificial, distinctions between them and work towards a greater integration of their resources. Individual humanities scholars and artists will also need to keep these goals in mind and use them as the basis for lobbying the relevant organizations and leaders, and for promoting the humanities in the wider community.</p><p>Until now, the various projects involving electronic texts and digital libraries in Australia have been carried out with very little coordination. But there are signs that the idea of a nationally coordinated and planned approach is beginning to gain some acceptance. To make this happen, researchers and cultural institutions will need to work together to establish the appropriate financial and organizational frameworks necessary to create a true digital library – or network of digital libraries – in Australia.</p></sec><sec><title>Notes</title><list list-type="order"><list-item><label>1. </label><p>1 University of Sydney, Arts Information Technology Unit. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arts.su.edu.au/Arts/departs/itu">http://www.arts.su.edu.au/Arts/departs/itu</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>2. </label><p>2 University of Western Australia, Multimedia Centre, Faculty of Arts. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/MMC/index.html">http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/MMC/index.html</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>3. </label><p>3 Scholarly Electronic Text and Image Service, University of Sydney. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/">http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>4. </label><p>4 Scholars’ Centre, University of Western Australia. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/aboutlib/sublibs_sections/scholars/">http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/aboutlib/sublibs_ sections/scholars/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>5. </label><p>5 Australian Scholarly Editions Centre. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.adfa.oz.au/ASEC/">http://www.adfa.oz.au/ASEC/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>6. </label><p>6 Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, University of Newcastle. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.newcastle.edu.au/department/lc/">http://www.newcastle.edu.au/department/lc/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>7. </label><p>7 Australian Co‐operative Digitisation Project. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nla.gov.au/acdp/serials.html">http://www.nla.gov.au/acdp/serials.html</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>8. </label><p>8 Periodicals Contents Index. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://pci.chadwyck.com">http://pci.chadwyck.com</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>9. </label><p>9 AustLit. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.lib.adfa.edu.au/austlit.html">http://www.lib.adfa.edu.au/austlit.html</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>10. </label><p>10 State Library of New South Wales, Papers of Sir Joseph Banks. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.slnsw.gov.au/Banks/">http://www.slnsw.gov.au/Banks/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>11. </label><p>11 State Library of New South Wales, PICMAN. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.slnsw.gov.au/picman/">http://www.slnsw.gov.au/picman/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>12. </label><p>12 State Library of South Australia. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au">http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>13. </label><p>13 State Library of Victoria. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.slv.vic.gov.au">http://www.slv.vic.gov.au</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>14. </label><p>14 Library and Information Service of Western Australia, Western Stories. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.liswa.wa.gov.au/wstories.html">http://www.liswa.wa.gov.au/wstories. html</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>15. </label><p>15 National Library of Australia, Images. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nla.gov.au/images1/">http://www.nla.gov.au/images1/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>16. </label><p>16 ArtServe. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rubens.anu.edu.au">http://rubens.anu.edu.au</ext-link>; ImageServe <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://rubens.anu.edu.au/imageserve/">http://rubens.anu.edu.au/imageserve/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>17. </label><p>17 Berndt Museum of Anthropology. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.berndt.uwa.edu.au">http://www.berndt. uwa.edu.au</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>18. </label><p>18 National Centre for Australian Studies, Monash University. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/ncashome.html">http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/ ncashome.html</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>19. </label><p>19 Committee for University Teaching and Staff Development. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://services.canberra.edu.au/CUTSD/">http://services.canberra.edu.au/CUTSD/</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>20. </label><p>20 National Priority (Reserve) Fund. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.anu.edu.au/caul/org/scir.htm">http://www.anu.edu.au/caul/org/scir.htm</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>21. </label><p>21 Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/home.htm">http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/home.htm</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>22. </label><p>22 Moorditj. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.duit.uwa.edu.au/Moorditj/Index.htm">http://www.duit.uwa.edu.au/Moorditj/Index.htm</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><label>23. </label><p>23 Research Infrastructure (Equipment and Facilities) Program. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.detya.gov.au/highered/research/grants/grantap1.html">http://www.detya.gov.au/highered/research/grants/grantap1.html</ext-link>#rief</p></list-item></list></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation><person-group 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Despite this, various innovative projects, aimed at creating electronic versions of texts and other cultural materials, are currently in progress. A range of different cultural institutions is involved, though the university and state libraries are the most active participants. Funding for such projects is difficult to come by, and the future looks somewhat uncertain. If a more coordinated and coherent approach to building digital libraries is to succeed in Australia, researchers and cultural institutions will need to work together to establish the appropriate financial and organizational frameworks.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Australia</topic><topic>Electronic publishing</topic><topic>Electronic information resources</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Library Hi Tech</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-IKM">Information & knowledge management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-ICT">Information & communications technology</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-INT">Internet</topic></subject><subject><genre>Emerald Subject Group</genre><topic authority="SubjectCodesPrimary" authorityURI="cat-LISC">Library & information science</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IBRT">Information behaviour & retrieval</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LLM">Librarianship/library management</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-IUS">Information user studies</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-MTD">Metadata</topic><topic authority="SubjectCodesSecondary" authorityURI="cat-LTC">Library technology</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0737-8831</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">lht</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/lht</identifier><part><date>1999</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>17</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>248</start><end>256</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">2836CCA570C8707D407EC0D70EFD32614D37982A</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1108/07378839910289330</identifier><identifier type="filenameID">2380170304</identifier><identifier type="original-pdf">2380170304.pdf</identifier><identifier type="href">07378839910289330.pdf</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© MCB UP Limited</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>EMERALD</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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